Thayer's gull

Thayer's Gull
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Charadriiformes
Family:	Laridae
Genus:	Larus
Species:	L. thayeri
Binomial name
Larus thayeri WS Brooks, 1915, Buchanan Bay, Ellesmere Island
Synonyms
Larus glaucoides thayeri

The Thayer's Gull (Larus thayeri) is a large gull native to North America that breeds in the Arctic islands of Canada and primarily winters on the Pacific coast, from southern Alaska to the Gulf of California, though there are also wintering populations on the Great Lakes and the upper Mississippi River. The species has occurred a vagrant to Tamaulipas, Mexico,1 Japan,3 Denmark, and other parts of western Europe.

Somewhat intermediate between American Herring Gull and Iceland Gull in habit and appearance and at times considered conspecific with either species, the adult Thayer's Gull in nonbreeding plumage has a pale gray mantle, with obvious blackish wingtips, and extensive brown streaking on the head and neck. The head, neck, breast, belly, and underwings are primarily white, and the legs are pink. There is a red spot on the lower mandible, and the color of the iris is generally dark. Thayer's Gull reaches a length of 58–63 cm, with a wingspan of 130–140 cm and a weight of approximately 0.72–1.5 kg (del Hoyo et al. 1996). In summer, the head and neck are white, with the bill turning bright yellow with a larger red spot on the lower mandible. Juvenile gulls are brown, with black bills, and black legs which quickly fade to adult pink.

During winter, it is found in small numbers among mixed flocks of large gulls, though it may gather in large numbers in certain locations. In summer, it is found on the tundra of high Arctic islands. These gulls with lay 3 bluish or greenish eggs in nests lined with grass, moss or lichens. Their voice consists of mostly mewing and squealing notes.

There is continuing debate about the taxonomic status of this species, and some authorities consider Thayer's Gull to be the dark-mantled form of Iceland Gull, with Kumlien's Gull (variously treated as a subspecies of either Thayer's or Iceland Gulls) as an intermediate example, forming a cline rather than separate species. The American Ornithologists' Union considered Thayer's Gull a subspecies of American Herring Gull from 1917 until 1973, when they determined it was a separate species from Herring Gull. While numerous papers have since been written suggesting downgrading this species to a subspecies or even a morph of Iceland Gull, the AOU as well as all North American field guides continue to treat Thayer's Gull as a separate species. The British Ornithologists' Union follows the publication Birds of North America in lumping the three as forms of Iceland Gull.

Both the common and species names honor ornithologist John Eliot Thayer.

References

• Template:IUCN2006 Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern
• del Hoyo, J., et al., eds. (1996). Handbook of the Birds of the World 3: 609. Lynx Edicions.
• "Larus thayeri". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 10 March 2006.
• Sibley, David Allen. The Sibley Field Guide to Birds of Western North America ISBN 0-679-45121-8
• Bull, John (1984). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Birds, Eastern Region. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-394-41405-5. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

External links

• Thayer's Gull at Avibase
• Thayer's Gull at eNature
• Thayer's Gull taxonomic history, at Ontario Birds
• Thayer's Gull at USGS
• Flicker Field Guide Birds of the World Photographs