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Third Battle of Petrozsény

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For other battles at the same location, see First Battle of Petrozsény and Second Battle of Petrozsény.
Third Battle of Petrozsény
Part of the Battle of Transylvania of the Romanian Campaign of World War I

Course of the battle from 1 to 5 October
Date30 September – 5 October 1916
Location
Petrozsény and the surrounding area, Transylvania, Austria-Hungary (today Petroșani, Romania)
Result Central Powers victory
Belligerents
 Romania  Austria-Hungary
 German Empire
Commanders and leaders
Kingdom of Romania Ioan Culcer
Kingdom of Romania Dumitru Cocorăscu		 German Empire Erich von Falkenhayn
German Empire Johannes von Busse
Units involved

1st Army

  • 11th Division

9th Army

  • 301st Division
    • 144th Austro-Hungarian Infantry Brigade
    • 2nd Austro-Hungarian Mountain Brigade
    • 2 German battalions
    • 2 German batteries
Casualties and losses
Unknown Unknown

The Third Battle of Petrozsény was a World War I military engagement between Romanian forces on one side and Central Powers forces (Austria-Hungary and Germany) on the other side. It was part of the wider Battle of Transylvania and the last engagement in the area around Petrozsény. The battle resulted in a Central Powers victory.

Background

Romania declared war on the Central Powers on 27 August 1916, and proceeded to invade the region of Transylvania. On 29 August, the Romanian I Corps of the 1st Army (General Ioan Culcer) defeated the Hungarian coal miner battalions defending the vital Transylvanian coal mining center at Petrozsény (Petroșani), inflicting heavy losses, and occupied the town.[1][2][3] Given that this was a region of valuable coal mines which were vital for the Hungarian railways, this was the area where the first Central Powers counterattack against the Romanian invasion of Transylvania was launched. Taking place on 8 September, it was also the first military engagement during the Battle of Transylvania to involve German forces, three days after the first German unit to arrive in Transylvania unloaded at Marosillye (Ilia) on 5 September. Despite German support, the Austro-Hungarian commander of the 144th Infantry Brigade, Colonel Ludwig Berger, "inexplicably" ordered a retreat. Thus, the Romanians had little difficulty repulsing the first Central Powers counterattack against their invasion of Transylvania.[4][5]

German General Hermann von Staabs, the commander of the XXXIX Corps which had assumed responsibility on 8 September for operations in the southern region of Transylvania, reacted quickly to the Austrian withdrawal. Aside from the Austro-Hungarian 144th Infantry Brigade and the German 187th Regiment of the German 187th Infantry Division (the first German unit to enter Transylvania), von Staabs also sent to Puj the 189th Regiment, the artillery belonging to the 187th Division, as well as the Bavarian light infantry regiment of the Alpenkorps (the first unit of the Alpenkorps to arrive in Transylvania). This force, commanded by Major General Edwin Sunkel (the commander of the German 187th Infantry Division), began its advance on 14 September. Meantime the Romanian forces in the area were severely reduced. At the beginning of September, the Romanian units in the area comprised the bulk of General Culcer's 1st Army: the 2nd, 11th and 12th Divisions. However, following the Romanian defeat in the Dobruja, the 2nd and 12th divisions were transferred to the south. The transfer of Culcer's two divisions started before 9 September. On the 9th, Major Radu R. Rosetti from the Romanian headquarters stated to General Andrei Zayonchkovski - the Russian commander in Dobruja - that the 2nd and 12th Divisions "were coming from Transylvania". The remaining 11th Division in the Petrozsény sector was commanded by General Ioan Muică. Culcer also involved himself more directly in local operations by sending the command of the I Corps - the group of Romanian 1st Army divisions operating in Transylvania - to Nagytalmács (Tălmaciu/Talmesch), to direct the operations of the two divisions located there. Initially, the I Corps directed operations in both the area around Petrozsény (Jiu Valley) and the area around Nagytalmács (Olt Valley). General Ioan Popovici, commander of the I Corps, arrived in Nagytalmács along with his staff on 16 September.[6]

The three divisions of the German 9th Army concentrating at Szászsebes (Sebeș/Mühlbach) could be enveloped by the Romanians from the region of the two mountain passes, and - according to German planning - this was the possibility to be dealt with first.[7] The German-led Central Powers force disposed of an exceedingly strong concentration of howitzers and mountain guns, amounting to an overwhelming superiority in artillery.[8] The task of throwing back the Romanian forces in the area over the frontier was accomplished between 14 and 22 September (Battle of Nagybár and First Battle of Petrozsény).[9] On 21 September, a Berlin dispatch announced that the Vulcan Pass was taken by German forces. However, on the following day, the Romanians were still fighting at this point.[10] On 22 September, the two German battalions remaining in the area stormed the Vulcan Pass. The remainder of the German forces were shifted to another sector of the Transylvanian front.[11] This shifting of forces began during the night of 22-23 September, as the Germans appeared to have imagined that they had finished off their opponents.[12] The Central Powers force left behind to mask the Vulcan and Szurdok passes thus remained mostly Austro-Hungarian, consisting of the 144th Brigade reinforced by two German battalions and two batteries.[13] However, sympathetic ethnic-Romanians living in the region immediately made General Culcer's headquarters aware that the bulk of the Germans had pulled out of the area. The Romanian general promptly took advantage of this development, launching his counterattack on 25 September. Culcer personally directed operations.[14] The Central Powers were driven back to Merisor.[15]

German General Erich von Falkenhayn sent the newly-formed 301st Division to take charge at Petrozsény. This division had no units other than a headquarters staff, its function being to provide an additional control element. The 301st Division was commanded by General Johannes von Busse. Von Busse arrived in the Petrozsény Basin on 28 September and managed to assemble the five battalions of the Austro-Hungarian 2nd Mountain Brigade much faster than anyone thought possible. Both the 2nd Mountain Brigade and the 144th Infantry Brigade were placed under the command of the German 301st Division. The Romanian command was likewise altered. On 19 September, Brigadier-General Ioan Muică's 11th Division abandoned the Szurdok Pass, retreating to Bumbești, back across the border. Apparently, this action was not part of the plan of Muică's superior, General Ioan Culcer. This is evidenced by the fact that, during the 11th Division's successful counterattack launched on 25 September, it was Culcer himself who directed operations. The relieved Muică was ultimately replaced by General Dumitru Cocorăscu.[16][17]

Battle

Much to Falkenhayn's relief, von Busse's forces attacked west of Petrozsény on 30 September.[18] On 1 October, the Romanian forces held a line extending from west of Mount Tulișa to Mount Oboroca - running north of Hobicaurikány (Uricani) and Kimpulunyág (Câmpu lui Neag), Lupény (Lupeni) and Zsilyvajdejvulkán (Vulcan) - then continuing northeast through Petrozsény and Petrilla (Petrila).[19] The Austro-Hungarian 144th Brigade fought at Petrilla at the beginning of October.[20] On 1 October, the Germans reached Petrozsény.[21] The fighting for Petrozsény itself took place between 1 and 3 October.[22] The official Austro-Hungarian communique of 2 October announced the seizure of Mount Oboroca. However, it was only on 3 October that a Romanian communique acknowledged the loss of Mount Oboroca to Austro-Hungarian troops. The Romanian communique appears to be the correct one, given that post-war Austrian sources state that the fighting for Oboroca took place on 3 October. The Austro-Hungarian unit involved was the 2nd Mountain Brigade.[23][24] The Romanian communique of 4 October announced the Romanian withdrawal from the region, but not before destroying Petrozsény's coal mines.[25] The battle ended on 5 October, with both Petrozsény and the Szurdok Pass being recaptured by the Central Powers.[26]

Aftermath

Before being finally left in the hands of the Austro-Hungarians, Petrozsény was reduced to rubble.[27] The Romanians succeeded in destroying the town's vital coal mines before retreating.[28][29] On 23 October, the Central Powers launched the First Battle of the Jiu Valley.

References

  1. ^ Michael B. Barrett, Indiana University Press, Oct 23, 2013, Prelude to Blitzkrieg: The 1916 Austro-German Campaign in Romania, pp. 21-22
  2. ^ Erich Ludendorff, Harper & brothers, 1919, Ludendorff's own story, Volume 1, p. 293
  3. ^ John Buchan, T. Nelson, 1922, A History of the Great War: From the battle of Verdun to the third battle of Ypres, p. 227
  4. ^ Michael B. Barrett, Indiana University Press, Oct 23, 2013, Prelude to Blitzkrieg: The 1916 Austro-German Campaign in Romania, pp. 98 and 387
  5. ^ Prit Buttar, Bloomsbury Publishing, Sep 22, 2016, Russia's Last Gasp: The Eastern Front 1916–17, p. 322
  6. ^ Michael B. Barrett, Indiana University Press, Oct 23, 2013, Prelude to Blitzkrieg: The 1916 Austro-German Campaign in Romania, pp. 52, 89, 98-99 and 103-104
  7. ^ Erich Ludendorff, Harper & brothers, 1919, Ludendorff's own story, Volume 1, p. 335
  8. ^ The Times, 1917, The Times History and Encyclopaedia of the War, Volume 11, p. 225
  9. ^ Encyclopædia britannica Company, Limited, 1922, The Encyclopædia Britannica: The New Volumes, Constituting, in Combination with the Twenty-nine Volumes of the Eleventh Edition, the Twelfth Edition of that Work, and Also Supplying a New, Distinctive, and Independent Library of Reference Dealing with Events and Developments of the Period 1910 to 1921 Inclusive. The First-third of the New Volumes, Volume 30, p. 915
  10. ^ Leonard Wood, Austin Melvin Knight, Frederick Palmer, Frank Herbert Simonds, Arthur Brown Ruhl, P. F. Collier & sons, 1917, The story of the great war: with complete historical record of events to date, Volume 11, p. 3283 (note: the volumes in this series have a single continuous page count, starting with the first page of the first volume and ending with the last page of the last volume)
  11. ^ Michael B. Barrett, Indiana University Press, Oct 23, 2013, Prelude to Blitzkrieg: The 1916 Austro-German Campaign in Romania, p. 113
  12. ^ The Times, 1917, The Times History and Encyclopaedia of the War, Volume 11, p. 225
  13. ^ Encyclopædia britannica Company, Limited, 1922, The Encyclopædia Britannica: The New Volumes, Constituting, in Combination with the Twenty-nine Volumes of the Eleventh Edition, the Twelfth Edition of that Work, and Also Supplying a New, Distinctive, and Independent Library of Reference Dealing with Events and Developments of the Period 1910 to 1921 Inclusive. The First-third of the New Volumes, Volume 30, p. 916
  14. ^ Michael B. Barrett, Indiana University Press, Oct 23, 2013, Prelude to Blitzkrieg: The 1916 Austro-German Campaign in Romania, p. 113
  15. ^ Army War College (U.S.), U.S. Infantry Association, 1923, Campaigns of the World War, p. 108
  16. ^ Michael B. Barrett, Indiana University Press, Oct 23, 2013, Prelude to Blitzkrieg: The 1916 Austro-German Campaign in Romania, pp. 99, 113-114 and 333
  17. ^ Encyclopædia britannica Company, Limited, 1922, The Encyclopædia Britannica: The New Volumes, Constituting, in Combination with the Twenty-nine Volumes of the Eleventh Edition, the Twelfth Edition of that Work, and Also Supplying a New, Distinctive, and Independent Library of Reference Dealing with Events and Developments of the Period 1910 to 1921 Inclusive. The First-third of the New Volumes, Volume 30, p. 916
  18. ^ Michael B. Barrett, Indiana University Press, Oct 23, 2013, Prelude to Blitzkrieg: The 1916 Austro-German Campaign in Romania, p. 114
  19. ^ Edmund Glaise-Horstenau, Österreich-Ungarns letzter Krieg 1914 – 1918. Vol. 5: Das Kriegsjahr 1916 ; 2 ; Beil, Verl. der Militärwiss. Mitteilungen, Wien, 1932
  20. ^ Austria. Bundesministerium für Landesverteidigung, Verlag der Militärwissenschaftlichen Mitteilungen, 1930, Öesterreich-Ungarns letzter Krieg, 1914-1918, p. 93
  21. ^ Martin Gilbert, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1994, First World War, p. 289
  22. ^ John E. Jessup, Garland Pub., 1986, Balkan Military History: A Bibliography, p. 305
  23. ^ Ana Siljak, Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 2001, The New York Times Twentieth Century in Review, The Balkans, Volume 1: 1875 - 1949, pp. 122-123
  24. ^ Austria. Bundesministerium für Landesverteidigung, Verlag der Militärwissenschaftlichen Mitteilungen, 1930, Öesterreich-Ungarns letzter Krieg, 1914-1918, p. 93
  25. ^ EVENING POST, VOLUME XCII, ISSUE 83, 5 OCTOBER 1916
  26. ^ Michael B. Barrett, Indiana University Press, Oct 23, 2013, Prelude to Blitzkrieg: The 1916 Austro-German Campaign in Romania, p. 114
  27. ^ Prit Buttar, Bloomsbury Publishing, Sep 22, 2016, Russia's Last Gasp: The Eastern Front 1916–17, p. 322
  28. ^ Michael B. Barrett, Indiana University Press, Oct 23, 2013, Prelude to Blitzkrieg: The 1916 Austro-German Campaign in Romania, p. 114
  29. ^ The Times, 1917, The Times History and Encyclopaedia of the War, Volume 11, p. 226

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