USP20
| USP20 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Aliases | USP20, LSFR3A, VDU2, hVDU2, ubiquitin specific peptidase 20 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| External IDs | OMIM: 615143; MGI: 1921520; HomoloGene: 4861; GeneCards: USP20; OMA:USP20 - orthologs | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 20 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the USP20 gene.[5][6]
Ubiquitin-specific protease 20 (USP20), also known as ubiquitin-binding protein 20 and VHL protein-interacting deubiquitinating enzyme 2 (VDU2), is a cysteine protease deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB). The catalytic site of USP20, like other DUBs, contains conserved cysteine and histidine residues that catalyse the proteolysis of an isopeptide bond between a lysine residue of a target protein and a glycine residue of a ubiquitin molecule.[7] USP20 is known to deubiquitinate a number of proteins including thyronine deiodinase type 2 (D2), Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α), and β2 adrenergic receptor (β2AR).[8][9][10]
Gene
The USP20 gene is located on chromosome 9 at the locus 9q34.11.[6][11]
Structure
USP20 is a 914-amino acid protein that shows 59% homology with another DUB, USP33.[12] It contains 4 known domains, an N-terminal Zf UBP domain, a catalytic domain containing conserved histidine and cysteine residues, and two C-terminal DUSP domains.[13]
Function
DUBs are categorised into 5 main groups, ubiquitin-specific proteases (USP), ubiquitin c-terminal hydrolases (UCH), ovarian tumour proteases (OTU), Machado-Joseph disease proteases (MJD), and JAB1/MPN/MOV34 proteases (JAMM/MPN+). The first four groups are cysteine proteases, whereas the last group are Zn metalloproteases. USP20 belongs to the USP group and, like most DUBs, catalyse the breakage of an isopeptide bond between a lysine residue of the target protein and the terminal glycine residue of a ubiquitin protein. This occurs via a conserved cysteine and histidine residue in the catalytic site of the enzyme. The histidine molecule is protonated by the cysteine residue and this allows the cystein residue to undergo a nucleophilic attack on the isopeptide bond, which removes the ubiquitin from the substrate protein.[14]
Thyronine deiodinase type 2
USP20 deubiquitinates thyronine deiodinase type 2 (D2), an enzyme that converts thyroxine (T4) into active 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3). D2 is ubiquitinated after binding of T4, which signals for the degradation of D2 via the proteasome and also causes an inactivating conformational change of the protein. Deubiquitination by USP20 rescues D2 from degradation and also returns D2 to its active conformation.[8][15]
Hypoxia inducible factor 1α
The von Hippel-Lindau tumour suppressor protein (pVHL) ubiquitinates hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) when cell oxygen levels are normal. This leads to the degradation of HIF1α and prevents the transcription of hypoxic response genes such as vascular endothelial growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor B, and erythropoietin. USP20 deubiquitinates HIF1α, preventing its proteasomal degradation, and allows it to transcribe the hypoxic response genes.[16]
β2 adrenergic receptor
USP20 is involved in the recycling of the β2-adrenergic receptor. After agonist stimulation, the receptor is internalised and ubiquitinated. USP20 serves to deubiquitinate the receptor and prevent its degradation by the proteasome. This allows it to be recycled to the cell surface in order to resensitize the cell to signalling molecules.[10]
Regulation
In addition to the regulation of HIF1α, pVHL regulates USP20. USP20 binds to the β-domain of pVHL and is subsequently ubiquitinated. This signals USP20 for degradation via the proteasome.[12]
Model organisms
Model organisms have been used in the study of USP20 function. A conditional knockout mouse line called Usp20tm1a(EUCOMM)Hmgu was generated at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.[17] Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen[18] to determine the effects of deletion.[19][20][21][22] Additional screens performed: - In-depth immunological phenotyping[23]
| Characteristic | Phenotype |
|---|---|
| All data available at.[18][23] | |
| Homozygous viability at P14 | Normal |
| Homozygous Fertility | Normal |
| Body weight | Normal |
| Neurological assessment | Normal |
| Grip strength | Normal |
| Dysmorphology | Normal |
| Indirect calorimetry | Normal |
| Glucose tolerance test | Normal |
| Auditory brainstem response | Normal |
| DEXA | Normal |
| Radiography | Normal |
| Eye morphology | Normal |
| Clinical chemistry | Normal |
| Haematology 16 Weeks | Normal |
| Peripheral blood leukocytes 16 Weeks | Normal |
| Heart weight | Normal |
| Salmonella infection | Normal |
| Cytotoxic T Cell Function | Normal |
| Spleen Immunophenotyping | Normal |
| Mesenteric Lymph Node Immunophenotyping | Normal |
| Bone Marrow Immunophenotyping | Normal |
| Epidermal Immune Composition | Normal |
References
- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000136878 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000026854 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ Puente XS, Sánchez LM, Overall CM, López-Otín C (Jul 2003). "Human and mouse proteases: a comparative genomic approach". Nature Reviews. Genetics. 4 (7): 544–58. doi:10.1038/nrg1111. PMID 12838346. S2CID 2856065.
- ^ a b "Entrez Gene: USP20 ubiquitin specific peptidase 20".
- ^ Komander D, Clague MJ, Urbé S (Aug 2009). "Breaking the chains: structure and function of the deubiquitinases". Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology. 10 (8): 550–63. doi:10.1038/nrm2731. PMID 19626045. S2CID 19149247.
- ^ a b Curcio-Morelli C, Zavacki AM, Christofollete M, Gereben B, de Freitas BC, Harney JW, Li Z, Wu G, Bianco AC (Jul 2003). "Deubiquitination of type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase by von Hippel-Lindau protein-interacting deubiquitinating enzymes regulates thyroid hormone activation". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 112 (2): 189–96. doi:10.1172/JCI18348. PMC 164294. PMID 12865408.
- ^ Li Z, Wang D, Messing EM, Wu G (Apr 2005). "VHL protein-interacting deubiquitinating enzyme 2 deubiquitinates and stabilizes HIF-1alpha". EMBO Reports. 6 (4): 373–8. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400377. PMC 1299287. PMID 15776016.
- ^ a b Berthouze M, Venkataramanan V, Li Y, Shenoy SK (Jun 2009). "The deubiquitinases USP33 and USP20 coordinate beta2 adrenergic receptor recycling and resensitization". The EMBO Journal. 28 (12): 1684–96. doi:10.1038/emboj.2009.128. PMC 2699358. PMID 19424180.
- ^ "Genecards". Retrieved 10 October 2012.
- ^ a b Li Z, Wang D, Na X, Schoen SR, Messing EM, Wu G (Jun 2002). "Identification of a deubiquitinating enzyme subfamily as substrates of the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 294 (3): 700–9. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(02)00534-X. PMID 12056827.
- ^ de Jong RN, Ab E, Diercks T, Truffault V, Daniëls M, Kaptein R, Folkers GE (Feb 2006). "Solution structure of the human ubiquitin-specific protease 15 DUSP domain". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 281 (8): 5026–31. doi:10.1074/jbc.M510993200. PMID 16298993.
- ^ Nijman SM, Luna-Vargas MP, Velds A, Brummelkamp TR, Dirac AM, Sixma TK, Bernards R (Dec 2005). "A genomic and functional inventory of deubiquitinating enzymes". Cell. 123 (5): 773–86. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.11.007. hdl:1874/20959. PMID 16325574. S2CID 15575576.
- ^ Daviet L, Colland F (Feb 2008). "Targeting ubiquitin specific proteases for drug discovery". Biochimie. 90 (2): 270–83. doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2007.09.013. PMID 17961905.
- ^ Kondo K, Kaelin WG (Mar 2001). "The von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor gene". Experimental Cell Research. 264 (1): 117–25. doi:10.1006/excr.2000.5139. PMID 11237528.
- ^ Gerdin AK (2010). "The Sanger Mouse Genetics Programme: high throughput characterisation of knockout mice". Acta Ophthalmologica. 88: 925–7. doi:10.1111/j.1755-3768.2010.4142.x. S2CID 85911512.
- ^ a b "International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium".
- ^ Skarnes WC, Rosen B, West AP, Koutsourakis M, Bushell W, Iyer V, Mujica AO, Thomas M, Harrow J, Cox T, Jackson D, Severin J, Biggs P, Fu J, Nefedov M, de Jong PJ, Stewart AF, Bradley A (Jun 2011). "A conditional knockout resource for the genome-wide study of mouse gene function". Nature. 474 (7351): 337–42. doi:10.1038/nature10163. PMC 3572410. PMID 21677750.
- ^ Dolgin E (Jun 2011). "Mouse library set to be knockout". Nature. 474 (7351): 262–3. doi:10.1038/474262a. PMID 21677718.
- ^ Collins FS, Rossant J, Wurst W (Jan 2007). "A mouse for all reasons". Cell. 128 (1): 9–13. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.12.018. PMID 17218247. S2CID 18872015.
- ^ White JK, Gerdin AK, Karp NA, Ryder E, Buljan M, Bussell JN, Salisbury J, Clare S, Ingham NJ, Podrini C, Houghton R, Estabel J, Bottomley JR, Melvin DG, Sunter D, Adams NC, Tannahill D, Logan DW, Macarthur DG, Flint J, Mahajan VB, Tsang SH, Smyth I, Watt FM, Skarnes WC, Dougan G, Adams DJ, Ramirez-Solis R, Bradley A, Steel KP (Jul 2013). "Genome-wide generation and systematic phenotyping of knockout mice reveals new roles for many genes". Cell. 154 (2): 452–64. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.06.022. PMC 3717207. PMID 23870131.
- ^ a b "Infection and Immunity Immunophenotyping (3i) Consortium".
Further reading
- Nagase T, Ishikawa K, Suyama M, Kikuno R, Hirosawa M, Miyajima N, Tanaka A, Kotani H, Nomura N, Ohara O (Feb 1999). "Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. XIII. The complete sequences of 100 new cDNA clones from brain which code for large proteins in vitro". DNA Research. 6 (1): 63–70. doi:10.1093/dnares/6.1.63. PMID 10231032.
- Gilley J, Fried M (Jul 1999). "Extensive gene order differences within regions of conserved synteny between the Fugu and human genomes: implications for chromosomal evolution and the cloning of disease genes". Human Molecular Genetics. 8 (7): 1313–20. doi:10.1093/hmg/8.7.1313. PMID 10369878.
- Li Z, Wang D, Na X, Schoen SR, Messing EM, Wu G (Jun 2002). "Identification of a deubiquitinating enzyme subfamily as substrates of the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 294 (3): 700–9. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(02)00534-X. PMID 12056827.
- Curcio-Morelli C, Zavacki AM, Christofollete M, Gereben B, de Freitas BC, Harney JW, Li Z, Wu G, Bianco AC (Jul 2003). "Deubiquitination of type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase by von Hippel-Lindau protein-interacting deubiquitinating enzymes regulates thyroid hormone activation". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 112 (2): 189–96. doi:10.1172/JCI18348. PMC 164294. PMID 12865408.
- Li Z, Wang D, Messing EM, Wu G (Apr 2005). "VHL protein-interacting deubiquitinating enzyme 2 deubiquitinates and stabilizes HIF-1alpha". EMBO Reports. 6 (4): 373–8. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400377. PMC 1299287. PMID 15776016.
- Kimura K, Wakamatsu A, Suzuki Y, Ota T, Nishikawa T, Yamashita R, Yamamoto J, Sekine M, Tsuritani K, Wakaguri H, Ishii S, Sugiyama T, Saito K, Isono Y, Irie R, Kushida N, Yoneyama T, Otsuka R, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Kondo H, Wagatsuma M, Murakawa K, Ishida S, Ishibashi T, Takahashi-Fujii A, Tanase T, Nagai K, Kikuchi H, Nakai K, Isogai T, Sugano S (Jan 2006). "Diversification of transcriptional modulation: large-scale identification and characterization of putative alternative promoters of human genes". Genome Research. 16 (1): 55–65. doi:10.1101/gr.4039406. PMC 1356129. PMID 16344560.
- Olsen JV, Blagoev B, Gnad F, Macek B, Kumar C, Mortensen P, Mann M (Nov 2006). "Global, in vivo, and site-specific phosphorylation dynamics in signaling networks". Cell. 127 (3): 635–48. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.09.026. PMID 17081983. S2CID 7827573.