User:1vcsdn/Fertility testing
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Assessment of uterus and fallopian tubes[edit]
There are several diagnostic procedures and clinical instruments which are used for to evaluate anatomical causes of infertility. Some use a combination of imaging such as an X-ray or ultrasound with a contrast agent to visualize anatomic structures within the uterus and fallopian tubes. An electronic, flexible scope with a camera can also be inserted through the cervix to display live images.
X-ray hysterosalpingography[edit]
Hysterosalpingography (HSG) is an invasive x-ray imaging technique used to evaluate the shape and size of the uterus and openness of the fallopian tubes. It is a diagnostic test used in the investigation of infertility from genetic or infectious causes such as uterine fibroids, uterine polyps, uterine anomalies, scarring or tumors.[1]
A HSG is performed after menses and before ovulation during the first half of a menstrual cycle. It is not performed if the patient is pregnant, has a pelvic infection, or heavy bleeding at the time of the test.[2]
The procedure usually takes 30 minutes and often takes place in an outpatient setting such as a hospital or clinic. The patient is draped and positioned on their back as if for a pelvic exam with feet in stirrups. A speculum (device used to look inside the vagina) is used to visualize the cervix. The cervix cleaned with an antiseptic and injected with a local anesthetic to minimize discomfort and pain. A small catheter is used to fill the uterus with an iodinated contrast dye (a liquid used to highlight anatomic structures with an x-ray). X-ray images are taken as the contrast dye makes its way through the uterus and fallopian tubes. After images have been captured, the catheter is removed and contrast dye may either spill outside of the vagina or become absorbed.[1][2]
Risks associated with HSG are rare and include exposure to radiation, infection, allergic reactions to the contrast dye or antiseptic. It is normal for patients to experience mild to moderate abdominal cramping, pain and vaginal spotting for a few days after the procedure.[1]
Hystero contrast sonography (HyCoSy)[edit]
Hystero contrast sonography (HyCoSy) is a transvaginal ultrasound imaging technique used to evaluate the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries. It is a screening test used to determine the need for a diagnostic laparoscopy.[3]
A HyCoSy is typically performed after menses and before ovulation during the first half of a menstrual cycle. Unlike a HSG, a HyCoSy can be used to investigate causes of heavy bleeding.[4]
The procedure usually takes 15-20 minutes and often takes place in an outpatient setting such as a hospital or clinic. The patient is draped and positioned on their back as if for a pelvic exam with feet in stirrups. A speculum (device used to look inside the vagina) is used to visualize the cervix. The cervix cleaned with an antiseptic such as iodine and injected with a local anesthetic to minimize discomfort and pain. A small catheter is used to fill the uterus and fallopian tubes with a contrast agent consisting of a galactose solution called Echovist to enhance visibility. A vaginal ultrasound (an imaging technique that uses sound waves) is inserted into the vagina and manually positioned to visualize the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. Once images have been captured, the ultrasound probe and catheter are removed. The contrast agent used during the study may either spill outside of the vagina or become absorbed.[3]
HyCoSy does not carry the same risks as X-ray hysterosalpingography because it does not use radiation or iodinated contrast dye.
Saline infusion sonohysterography (SHG)
Saline infusion sonohysterography is identical in procedure to hystero contrast sonography (HyCoSy) but uses saline instead of a contrast agent.[3]
Hystero foam sonography (HyFoSy)
An alternative to saline and Echovist, the galactose solution used to enhance visualization of anatomic features via ultrasound in HyCoSy, was needed because of limitations and high costs.[3] A sterile gel foam designed for gynecological use paved the entry for a new technique called hystero foam sonography (HyFoSy). The gel offers more stability than saline and patients may experience less discomfort and fluid leakage.[3]
Hysteroscopy[edit]
A hysteroscopy is used to visualize the inside of the uterus using a thin, lighted, flexible camera that is inserted vaginally and through the cervix. The camera projects live images on an external screen. It is used to evaluate causes of infertility resulting from intrauterine abnormalities.[5]
Laparoscopy with chromotubation and hysteroscopy[edit]
Laparoscopy is a minimally-invasive surgical procedure in which a camera is inserted into the abdominal cavity via a small (0.5 - 1.5 cm) incision. It is often used to diagnose endometriosis. Chromopertubation is a combined laparoscopic procedure commonly referred to as a "laparoscopy and dye" test. It uses the injection of a blue dye solution (methylene blue or indigo carmine) into the uterus to help determine the openness of the fallopian tubes. Though considered to be a "gold standard" for diagnosing disorders of fallopian tube patency, it is an invasive produces requiring general anesthesia.[6]
Three-dimension sonography[edit]
Three-dimension sonography is a 3D ultrasound technique that uses a series of 2D images to render 3D images of the uterus and fallopian tubes.
References[edit]
- ^ a b c Radiology (ACR), Radiological Society of North America (RSNA) and American College of. "Hysterosalpingography". Radiologyinfo.org. Retrieved 2021-09-08.
- ^ a b Chalazonitis, Athanasios; Tzovara, Ioanna; Laspas, Fotios; Porfyridis, Petros; Ptohis, Nikos; Tsimitselis, Georgios (2009-09). "Hysterosalpingography: Technique and Applications". Current Problems in Diagnostic Radiology. 38 (5): 199–205. doi:10.1067/j.cpradiol.2008.02.003.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ a b c d e Lo Monte, Giuseppe; Capobianco, Gianpiero; Piva, Isabella; Caserta, Donatella; Dessole, Salvatore; Marci, Roberto (2015-01). "Hysterosalpingo contrast sonography (HyCoSy): let's make the point!". Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 291 (1): 19–30. doi:10.1007/s00404-014-3465-4. ISSN 0932-0067.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Dessole, S.; Capobianco, G.; Ambrosini, G. (2000). "Timing of sonohysterography in menstruating women". Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 50 (2): 144. doi:10.1159/000010302. ISSN 0378-7346. PMID 10965203.
- ^ Pansky, Moty; Feingold, Michal; Sagi, Ron; Herman, Arie; Schneider, David; Halperin, Reuvit (2006-04). "Diagnostic hysteroscopy as a primary tool in a basic infertility workup". JSLS: Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons. 10 (2): 231–235. ISSN 1086-8089. PMC 3016139. PMID 16882426.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Panchal, Sonal; Nagori, Chaitanya (2014). "Imaging techniques for assessment of tubal status". Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences. 7 (1): 2. doi:10.4103/0974-1208.130797. ISSN 0974-1208. PMC 4018793. PMID 24829524.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)