User:Ciar/sandbox

User:Ciar/sandbox2

Scientific Name	Host	Common Name
Classified Cytomegaloviruses Human herpesvirus 5 (HHV-5) Cercopithecine herpesvirus 5 (CeHV-5) Cercopithecine herpesvirus 8 (CeHV-8) Panine herpesvirus 2 (PaHV-2) Pongine herpesvirus 4 (PoHV-4)	Human African green monkey Rhesus monkey Chimpanzee Orangutan	Human CMV (HCMV) Simian CMV (SCCMV) Rhesus CMV (RhCMV) Chimpanzee CMV (CCMV) "
Unclassified Cytomegaloviruses Primate CMVs Aotine herpesvirus 1 (AoHV-1) Aotine herpesvirus 3 (AoHV-3) Baboon cytomegalovirus Cercocebus agilis cytomegalovirus 1 Cercopithecus cephus cytomegalovirus 1 Colobus badius cytomegalovirus 1 Colobus guereza cytomegalovirus 1 Gorilla gorilla cytomegalovirus 1.1 Gorilla gorilla cytomegalovirus 2.1 Gorilla gorilla cytomegalovirus 2.2 Macaca fascicularis cytomegalovirus 1 Mandrillus cytomegalovirus Pan troglodytes cytomegalovirus 1.1 Pan troglodytes cytomegalovirus 1.2 Pan troglodytes cytomegalovirus 2.1 Pan troglodytes cytomegalovirus 2.2 Pan troglodytes cytomegalovirus 2.3 Pongo pygmaeus cytomegalovirus 1 Pongo pygmaeus cytomegalovirus 1.2 Simian cytomegalovirus Squirrel monkey cytomegalovirus 1 Rodent CMVs Apodemus flavicollis cytomegalovirus 1 Apodemus flavicollis cytomegalovirus 2 Apodemus flavicollis cytomegalovirus 3 Apodemus sylvaticus cytomegalovirus 1 Arvicola terrestris cytomegalovirus 1 Bandicota indica cytomegalovirus 1 Bandicota indica cytomegalovirus 2 Bandicota indica cytomegalovirus 3 Bandicota indica cytomegalovirus 4 Crocidura russula cytomegalovirus 1 Microtus agrestis cytomegalovirus 1 Microtus arvalis cytomegalovirus 1 Mus cervicolor cytomegalovirus 1 Mus musculus cytomegalovirus 2 Myodes glareolus cytomegalovirus 1 Ondatra zibethicus cytomegalovirus 1 Rattus exulans cytomegalovirus 1 Rattus rattus cytomegalovirus 1 Rattus tiomanicus cytomegalovirus 1 Other host species CMVs Cytomegalovirus Eptesicus fuscus/IT/USA/2009 Phacochoerus africanus cytomegalovirus 1 Porcine cytomegalovirus	Night monkey " Baboon Agile Mangabey Moustached Monkey Western Red Colobus Mantled Guereza Gorilla " " Crab-eating Macaque Mandrill Chimpanzee " " " " Orangutan " New World monkey Squirrel monkey Yellow-necked Mouse " " Wood mouse European Water Vole Greater Bandicoot Rat " " " Greater White-toothed Shrew Field vole Common Vole Fawn-colored Mouse House mouse Bank vole Muskrat Polynesian Rat Black rat Malayan Field Rat Big brown bat Warthog Pig

Miscellaneous facts

Interferon-alpha

• The IFN-alpha family represents a family of related and homologous proteins, each exhibiting a unique activity profile. Each IFN-a species seems to exhibit a distinct profile of activities [antiviral, antiproliferative, and stimulation of cytotoxic activities of natural killer (NK) cells and T cells]

• For the most part, the IFN-alpha species are not glycosylated, although some contain carbohydrates.

• Within each subtype of mammalian Type I IFN, there is additional variability in gene duplication. The IFN-a genes are duplicated to a much greater extent than any other subtype of Type I IFN. This observation in conjunction with the observation that the IFN-a subtypes generally possess the highest specific antiviral activity imply that physiologically, the body likely uses IFN-a as the primary antiviral defense protein and that the major function of IFN-a is defense.

Structure

• STRUCTURE: The Type I IFNs consist of five a-helices (labeled A–E) which are linked by one overhand loop (AB loop) and three shorter segments (BC, CD, and DE loops). Helices A, B, C, and E are arranged in an antiparallel fashion to form a left-handed four-helix bundle. The AB loop contains short segments of 3_10 helix and is best described in three segments labeled AB1, AB2, and AB3. In all Type I IFNs, the AB1 loop encircles and is linked to helix E by a disulfide bond. An additional disulfide bond is observed in most IFN-a subtypes but not IFN-b, which connects the N-terminus of the molecule to helix C. The AB loop is critical for high-affinity IFNAR2 binding and suggest that sequence differences in this region may hold the key to differences in biological activity between the different IFN-a subtypes.

• IFNa2 contain 165 amino acids; according to circular dichroism measurements ~68% of the residues adopt helical conformation.INFa2 is composed of five a-helices, labeled A–E, linked by one long overhand connection (AB loop) and three short segments (BC, CD and DE loops). The topology of the molecule resembles the classical up-up-down-down four-helixbundle motif; helices A, B, C, and E comprise the helix bundle.

Receptors

• The IFNs and IFN-like molecules signal through the Jak-Stat pathway. The receptor for the Type I IFNs consists of two chains, IFN-aR1 and IFN-aR2c. The ligand INF-alpha is a monomer that binds to the two-chain complex of IFN-aR1 and INF-aR2c.

Unsorted

• Type I IFNs are stable at acidic pH (pH 2) and are represented by two major subtypes, the fibroblast or beta interferon (IFN-b) and the leukocyte or alpha family of interferons (IFN-a).

The only known interferon of type II is IFN-g, which is produced exclusively by lymphocytes.

• Interferon is species-specific: the substance prepared from infected eggs protected only chicken cells from virus infection, while the similar substance prepared from mice protected only mouse cells.

• Produced by many cells in the human body by a receptor dependent feedback mechanism.

• Interferons are part of the "first-wave" immune response of the innate immune system, acting within hours, whereas antibody production takes days.

• In general, exposure of human cells to viruses or double stranded RNAs induces the production of IFN-a, IFN-b, and IFN-o species.

• The IFNs were the first of the proteins we now recognize as members of the Class II cytokine family.