User:Madalibi/sandbox

Origins of the Boxers

Main page: User:Madalibi/The Boxers

Mentioned:

• "Secret society" (?)
• Martial arts groups
• Bagua sect (?)
• "Calisthenics" (?)
• Spirit possession
• Rituals of invulnerability
• Big Swords Society
• Yuxian (a bit too much on him?)
• No broad movement or unity of purpose
• Plum Flower Boxers (though not explained)
• Zhu Hongdeng (Ming descendant but "revive the Qing"?!)
• Women Boxer, or "Red Lanterns"

Not mentioned but should be:

• White Lotus (to explain older theories)
• Should be discussed in parallel: Big Swords, Plum Flower Boxers that become the Yihequan, Spirit Boxers, Red Boxers (each with one section, if this were an independent article)
• Next section should be "Merging", starting at the turn of 1899. Major turn: new name (Yihetuan), shift from healing to rituals of invulnerability, increased anti-Christian activities for the Spirit Boxers, and anti-foreign slogans.
• Yuxian and the Christian reaction
• Expansionist phase: among a lot of other things, identification with trigrams, which some scholars have seen as evidence of a connection to the Eight Trigrams religion, a branch of the White Lotus.

Causes of conflict and unrest

• Too much reliance on Thompson for "local color" quotes
• Paragraph on the Hundred Days' Reform is too long and it ends up being pointless
• Last paragraph on increased imperialism is good.
• Need to explain the link between Treaty of Tianjin (1858) and the following Convention of Peking (1860) on the one hand, and Christian missionaries on the other.

Death of Ketteler

• His killing reported four days before it actually took place (Harrington, p. 40)

Casualties

Trying to find sources for casualties because the figures cited in the infobox look very dubious. A few random notes to begin with.

China's Bloody Century, citing Roger Pelissier's The Awakening of China (1967, translated from a 1963 French book) gives the figure of 250,000 civilians dead. The snippet from Pelissier's book gives the citation as "A friend of mine reckoned that 250,000 persons lost their lives in Peking that summer" (p. 225). This is a quotation from a primary source, but I can't see the analysis.

This is the kind of issue we will need a large collection of sources to document, and probably an entire section to discuss. We will probably need to say "have been estimated as going from XXX to ZZZ" and cite the sources that support different figures. We could also integrate the casualties under each section (massacre of Christians, Seymour Expedition, siege of the legations, etc.)

There should be casualty figures for the following events and groups

1. Seymour Expedition (could be merged with 2)

   62 dead and 228 wounded (Diana Preston, The Boxer Rebellion, p. 104)

2. Gaselee Expedition (could be merged with 1)
3. Missionaries: 270 (Perdue lecture), 250 (Pelissier cited in Rummel, p. 47, a table), 236 (136 Protestant missionaries and 53 children, plus 47 foreign priests and nuns; Larry Clinton Thompson, p. 184)
4. Siege itself:
   • 473 foreign civilians, 409 soldiers (from the 8 nations [how many altogether]), approx. 2,800 Chinese Christians (Perdue lecture)

Missionary deaths

"Calculations of missionary deaths differ slightly depending upon the source" (Thompson, p. 228, note 32)

• 270 (Perdue lecture)
• 250 (Pelissier cited in Rummel, p. 47, a table)
• 241 (53 Catholics and 188 Protestants; from Ying Bai & Kung, James Kai-sing. Diffusing Knowledge While Spreading God's Message: Protestantism and Economic Prosperity in China, 1840–1920, p. 19, citing Yang Senfu 楊森富, History of Christianity in China, 中國基督教史 [Taipei: Commercial Press, 1968], no page number given)
• 236 (136 Protestant missionaries and 53 children, plus 47 foreign priests and nuns; Larry Clinton Thompson, p. 184; "most disastrous year in the history of Protestant missionaries" [p. 184])
• 236 or fewer: 130 in Shanxi (including 44 in Taiyuan by Yuxian; pp. 304-5), 49 in Inner Mongolia (40 Protestant and 9 Catholic); 15 in Baoding (p. 305). With 179 dead, Shanxi and Inner Mongolia accounted for "over three fourths" of the missionary deaths, which would mean a total of fewer than 237 dead (237 representing 100% if 179 is 75%).
• "At least 220 foreign missionaries" (Robert Bickers, "Chinese Burns: Britain in China, 1842–1900", History Today 50(8).

Chinese Christians

• 18,722 (Perdue, who says "maybe 20,000" and they were the main Christian victims of the Boxers)
• 30,000 Catholics; 2,000 Protestants; 200–400 of the Russian Orthodox Beijing mission's 700 converts (Thompson, p. 184)

Esherick

• Missionaries: 130 in Shanxi (including 44 in Taiyuan by Yuxian; pp. 304-5), 49 in Inner Mongolia (40 Protestant and 9 Catholic); 15 in Baoding (p. 305). With 179 dead, Shanxi and Inner Mongolia accounted for "over three fourths" of the missionary deaths, which would mean a total of fewer than 237 dead (237 representing 100% if 179 is 75%).
• Chinese Christians: 300 in Shandong (p. 304), 2,000 in Shanxi (p. 305), 3,000 in Inner Mongolia (mostly Catholics; p. 305); certainly thousands in Zhili, where the "greatest loss of life" and the "fiercest struggle" took place (p. 305)
• Seymour Expedition: 62 dead and 212 wounded (p. 288)

Foreign soldiers

General:

• More than 1,000 Western and Japanese soldiers (Larry Clinton Thompson, William Scott Ament and the Boxer Rebellion, p. 184: "author's estimate based on totaling casualty estimates for the various battles" [p. 228, note 34])

Seymour Expedition:

• 62 dead and 228 wounded (Preston, The Boxer Rebellion, p. 104)
• 62 dead and 212 wounded (Esherick, p. 288)

Gaselee Expedition:

Perdue lecture

Actually reading someone else's lecture:

• 2,500 foreign soldiers
• 526 civilian foreigners
• several thousand Chinese Christians
• 20,000 imperial troops
• "All" Boxers: [100,000 - 300,000?]
• Civilians:18,952+

Thompson

Larry Clinton Thompson, William Scott Ament and the Boxer Rebellion, p. 184: "author's estimate based on totaling casualty estimates for the various battles" (explanation from p. 228, note 34)

Massacre of Christians

Mention more clearly:

• First missionary killed on 31 December 1899 (Brooks, first foreign victim of the Boxers; see Esherick, pp. 269-70)
• Two English missionaries killed in Yongping on June 1, the first missionary victims since Brooks, and the second group of foreigners to be attacked in two days, as 4 of 36 Belgian and French railway engineers had been killed on May 31. (Esherick, p. 287)

Question on Boxer footnotes

Citation format is another issue we will need to address if we want to take this article to GA or FA standards. The citations are very messy right now. We go from "Thompson, p. 9" (unlinked) to a full {{cite book}} template with ISBN, url, publishing information, book subtitle, etc. I usually find the {{sfn}} ("simplified footnote") template convenient to edit, but it only gives basic citations like "Esherick 1987, p. 52", which is not convenient for readers. I think we have many choices, from the most basic to the most complicated:

• [{{Sfn}} template with link to a citation in the bibliography.]
• [No template.]
• [Full {{cite book}} template.]
• [Abridged {{cite book}} template.]
• [{{Harvnb}} template (for link to a citation in the bibliography) mixed with regular citation and link to the page cited.]

We can also remove the link to Google Books for p. 123. The notes will display as follows:

Bibliography:

• Esherick, Joseph (1987), The Origins of the Boxer Uprising, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press

So, what format do you think would be most convenient for readers? Madalibi (talk) 13:14, 23 February 2014 (UTC)

Publications of the Northeast Project

东北史地研究丛书 series (part of NEP?)

All at 吉林人民出版社: seem directly related, but may not have been part of the NEP:

• 姜维东 郑春颖 高娜著: 正史高句丽传校注, 2006
• 杨雨舒 蒋戎: 唐代渤海国五京研究, 2008
• 付百臣: 吉林建省百年纪事（1907-2007）, 2007
• 刘炬: 海东大外交--公元七世纪东北亚各国关系研究, 2009
• 刘炬 付百臣等著: 高句丽政治制度研究, 2008
• 于波主 (ed.): 夫余史料汇编, 2009
• 李德山: 隋唐时期东北边疆民族与中央王朝关系史研究, 2008
• 刘矩 姜维东: 唐征高句丽史, 2006
• 赵红梅著: 汉四郡研究, 2008

边疆史地丛书 series

All at 黑龙江教育出版社：many titles.

Other books

Titles close to research topics of the NEP as announced on the NEP website:

• Huang Dingtian 黄定天 (editor in chief), 二十世纪中国东北边疆文化研究, 黑龙江人民出版社, 2003.

Other publications

Dongbei shidi 东北史地 (founded in 2004).

Chinese food therapy

Main article: Chinese food therapy

Like many other cultures, Chinese people adopted the hot/cold system to interpret their food. In Chinese folk understandings of the effects of food on health and the body, "cold" foods are indicated for "hot" conditions, and vice-versa.

In more systematic theorizing, food items are assigned one of five "flavors" and one of five "thermostatic" effects on qi: heating, warming, neutral, cooling, and cold-inducing.

• Anderson, Eugene N. (1987), "Why is humoral medicine so popular?", Social Science & Medicine, 25 (4): 331–37, doi:10.1016/0277-9536(87)90271-1
• Topley, Marjorie (1970), Chinese Traditional Ideas and the Treatment of Disease: Two Examples from Hong Kong

"Flavors" and other tenets

As with a similar classification of drugs, the notion of "five flavors" refers to more than the taste of food products. Each "flavor" has purported medical effects. To emphasize the difference between taste, the Chinese term is often translated as "sapor", which has the same root as "savory".

The classification into five flavors sometimes.

Food interdictions: persimmon and crab, which is still common in China.

Effectiveness

Joseph Needham claimed in a classic article that the principles of "Chinese dietetics" had contributed to the cure of nutritional deficiency disorders in ancient China, such as beriberi (caused by a lack of vitamin B1 resulting from diets based on polished rice), rickets. The ancient Chinese had an "empirical knowledge of diet, especially in relation to certain deficiency diseases", although they had no knowledge of vitamins and other missing nutrients.

H. T. Huang, who wrote the volume on food and fermentation of Science and Civilization in China after Needham died in 1995, also included a section on deficiency disorders such as goiter, beriberi, rickets, and night blindness.

According to fieldwork conducted in South China by Eugene Anderson, "cooling" foods that Chinese informants used to cure "hot" illnesses were "fresh vegetables" rich in vitamins A and C that successfully cured ailments — which the locals classified as "hot" — that had resulted from deficiency in these vitamins. referred to food with high tenor in vitamins that could indeed solve certain problems, though not for the reasons stated by the informants themselves.

Timeline

1610s

Year	Ming	Qing
1616
1617
1618
1619

Notes