User:Mr. Ibrahem/Autism

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Autism
Boy stacking cans
Repetitively stacking or lining up objects is commonly associated with autism.
SpecialtyPsychiatry
SymptomsTrouble with social interaction, impaired communication, restricted interests, repetitive behavior[1]
ComplicationsSocial isolation, employment problems, family stress, bullying, self-harm, suicide[2][3][4]
Usual onsetBy age two or three[5][6]
DurationLong term[5]
CausesGenetic and environmental factors[7]
Diagnostic methodBased on behavior and developmental history[5]
Differential diagnosisReactive attachment disorder, intellectual disability, schizophrenia[8]
TreatmentBehavioral therapy, speech therapy, psychotropic medication[9][10][11]
MedicationAntipsychotics, antidepressants, stimulants (associated symptoms)[12][13][14]
PrognosisFrequently poor[15]
Frequency24.8 million (2015)[16]

Autism is a developmental disorder characterized by difficulties with social interaction and communication, and by restricted and repetitive behavior.[6] Parents often notice signs during the first three years of their child's life.[1][6] These signs often develop gradually, though some children with autism experience worsening in their communication and social skills after reaching developmental milestones at a normal pace.[17]

Autism is associated with a combination of genetic and environmental factors.[7] Risk factors during pregnancy include certain infections, such as rubella, toxins including valproic acid, alcohol, cocaine, pesticides, lead, and air pollution, fetal growth restriction, and autoimmune diseases.[18][19][20] Controversies surround other proposed environmental causes; for example, the vaccine hypothesis, which has been disproven.[21] Autism affects information processing in the brain and how nerve cells and their synapses connect and organize; how this occurs is not well understood.[22] The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), combines autism and less severe forms of the condition, including Asperger syndrome and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) into the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD).[6][23]

Early behavioral interventions or speech therapy can help children with autism gain self-care, social, and communication skills.[9][10] Although there is no known cure,[9] there have been cases of children who recovered.[24] Some autistic adults are unable to live independently.[15] An autistic culture has developed, with some individuals seeking a cure and others believing autism should be accepted as a difference to be accommodated instead of cured.[25][26]

Globally, autism is estimated to affect 24.8 million people as of 2015.[16] In the 2000s, the number of people affected was estimated at 1–2 per 1,000 people worldwide.[27] In the developed countries, about 1.5% of children are diagnosed with ASD as of 2017,[28] from 0.7% in 2000 in the United States.[29] It occurs four-to-five times more often in males than females.[29] The number of people diagnosed has increased dramatically since the 1960s, which may be partly due to changes in diagnostic practice.[27] The question of whether actual rates have increased is unresolved.[27]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Landa RJ (2008). "Diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders in the first 3 years of life". Nat Clin Pract Neurol. 4 (3): 138–147. doi:10.1038/ncpneuro0731. PMID 18253102.
  2. ^ "Autism spectrum disorder - Symptoms and causes". Mayo Clinic. Archived from the original on 14 July 2019. Retrieved 13 July 2019.
  3. ^ Ruggieri V (2020). "[Autism, depression and risk of suicide]". Medicina. 80 Suppl 2: 12–16. PMID 32150706.
  4. ^ Richa S, Fahed M, Khoury E, Mishara B (2014). "Suicide in autism spectrum disorders". Archives of Suicide Research. 18 (4): 327–39. doi:10.1080/13811118.2013.824834. PMID 24713024. S2CID 25741716.
  5. ^ a b c "NIMH " Autism Spectrum Disorder". nimh.nih.gov. October 2016. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
  6. ^ a b c d Autism Spectrum Disorder, 299.00 (F84.0). In: American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013.
  7. ^ a b Chaste P, Leboyer M (2012). "Autism risk factors: genes, environment, and gene-environment interactions". Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. 14 (3): 281–292. PMC 3513682. PMID 23226953.
  8. ^ Corcoran J, Walsh J (9 February 2006). Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis in Social Work Practice. Oxford University Press, New York. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-19-516830-3. LCCN 2005027740. OCLC 466433183.
  9. ^ a b c Myers SM, Johnson CP (November 2007). "Management of children with autism spectrum disorders". Pediatrics. 120 (5): 1162–1182. doi:10.1542/peds.2007-2362. PMID 17967921. Archived from the original on 2019-03-23. Retrieved 2020-08-06.
  10. ^ a b Sanchack KE, Thomas CA (December 2016). "Autism Spectrum Disorder: Primary Care Principles". American Family Physician. 94 (12): 972–979. PMID 28075089.
  11. ^ Sukhodolsky DG, Bloch MH, Panza KE, Reichow B (November 2013). "Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety in children with high-functioning autism: a meta-analysis". Pediatrics. 132 (5): e1341-50. doi:10.1542/peds.2013-1193. PMC 3813396. PMID 24167175.
  12. ^ Ji N, Findling RL (March 2015). "An update on pharmacotherapy for autism spectrum disorder in children and adolescents". Current Opinion in Psychiatry. 28 (2): 91–101. doi:10.1097/YCO.0000000000000132. PMID 25602248.
  13. ^ Oswald DP, Sonenklar NA (June 2007). "Medication use among children with autism spectrum disorders". Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 17 (3): 348–355. doi:10.1089/cap.2006.17303. PMID 17630868.
  14. ^ Doyle CA, McDougle CJ (September 2012). "Pharmacologic treatments for the behavioral symptoms associated with autism spectrum disorders across the lifespan". Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. 14 (3): 263–279. PMC 3513681. PMID 23226952.
  15. ^ a b Steinhausen HC, Mohr Jensen C, Lauritsen MB (June 2016). "A systematic review and meta-analysis of the long-term overall outcome of autism spectrum disorders in adolescence and adulthood". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 133 (6): 445–452. doi:10.1111/acps.12559. PMID 26763353.
  16. ^ a b GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators (8 October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282. {{cite journal}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ Stefanatos GA (2008). "Regression in autistic spectrum disorders". Neuropsychol Rev. 18 (4): 305–319. doi:10.1007/s11065-008-9073-y. PMID 18956241. S2CID 34658024.
  18. ^ Ornoy A, Weinstein-Fudim L, Ergaz Z (2015). "Prenatal factors associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)". Reproductive Toxicology. 56: 155–169. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.05.007. PMID 26021712.
  19. ^ Vohr BR, Poggi Davis E, Wanke CA, Krebs NF (2017). "Neurodevelopment: The Impact of Nutrition and Inflammation During Preconception and Pregnancy in Low-Resource Settings". Pediatrics (Review). 139 (Suppl 1): S38–S49. doi:10.1542/peds.2016-2828F. PMID 28562247.
  20. ^ Samsam M, Ahangari R, Naser SA (2014). "Pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorders: revisiting gastrointestinal involvement and immune imbalance". World J Gastroenterol (Review). 20 (29): 9942–9951. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i29.9942. PMC 4123375. PMID 25110424.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  21. ^ Rutter M (2005). "Incidence of autism spectrum disorders: changes over time and their meaning". Acta Paediatr. 94 (1): 2–15. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2005.tb01779.x. PMID 15858952.
  22. ^ Levy SE, Mandell DS, Schultz RT (2009). "Autism". Lancet. 374 (9701): 1627–1638. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61376-3. PMC 2863325. PMID 19819542.
  23. ^ Johnson CP, Myers SM (2007). "Identification and evaluation of children with autism spectrum disorders". Pediatrics. 120 (5): 1183–1215. doi:10.1542/peds.2007-2361. PMID 17967920. Archived from the original on 8 February 2009.
  24. ^ Helt M, Kelley E, Kinsbourne M, Pandey J, Boorstein H, Herbert M, Fein D (December 2008). "Can children with autism recover? If so, how?". Neuropsychology Review. 18 (4): 339–366. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.695.2995. doi:10.1007/s11065-008-9075-9. PMID 19009353. S2CID 4317267. Archived from the original on 2019-10-17. Retrieved 2020-08-06.
  25. ^ Silverman C (2008). "Fieldwork on another planet: social science perspectives on the autism spectrum". BioSocieties. 3 (3): 325–341. doi:10.1017/S1745855208006236. S2CID 145379758.
  26. ^ Frith, Uta (October 2014). "Autism – are we any closer to explaining the enigma?". The Psychologist. Vol. 27. British Psychological Society. pp. 744–745. Archived from the original on 2019-05-10. Retrieved 2020-08-06.
  27. ^ a b c Newschaffer CJ, Croen LA, Daniels J, Giarelli E, Grether JK, Levy SE, Mandell DS, Miller LA, Pinto-Martin J, Reaven J, Reynolds AM, Rice CE, Schendel D, Windham GC (2007). "The epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders". Annual Review of Public Health. 28: 235–258. doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.28.021406.144007. PMID 17367287.
  28. ^ Lyall K, Croen L, Daniels J, Fallin MD, Ladd-Acosta C, Lee BK, Park BY, Snyder NW, Schendel D, Volk H, Windham GC, Newschaffer C (March 2017). "The changing epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders". Annual Review of Public Health. 38: 81–102. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031816-044318. PMC 6566093. PMID 28068486.
  29. ^ a b "ASD data and statistics". CDC.gov. Archived from the original on 18 April 2014. Retrieved 11 July 2016.
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