User:Mr. Ibrahem/Opioid use disorder

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Opioid use disorder
Other namesOpioid addiction,[1] problematic opioid use,[1] opioid abuse,[2] opioid dependence[3]
Molecular structure of morphine
SpecialtyPsychiatry
SymptomsStrong desire to use opioids, increased tolerance to opioids, failure to meet obligations, trouble with reducing use, withdrawal syndrome with discontinuation[4][5]
ComplicationsOpioid overdose, hepatitis C, marriage problems, unemployment[4][5]
DurationLong term[6]
CausesOpioids[3]
Diagnostic methodBased on criteria in the DSM-5[4]
Differential diagnosisAlcoholism
TreatmentOpioid replacement therapy, behavioral therapy, twelve-step programs, take home naloxone[7][8][9]
MedicationBuprenorphine, methadone, naltrexone[7][10]
Frequency27 million (c. 0.4%)[11][4]
Deaths122,000 (2015)[12]

Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a pattern of opioid use that causes significant impairment or distress.[3] Symptoms of the disorder include a strong desire to use opioids, increased tolerance to opioids, difficulty fulfilling obligations, trouble reducing use, and withdrawal syndrome with discontinuation.[4][5] Opioid withdrawal symptoms may include nausea, muscle aches, diarrhea, trouble sleeping, agitation, and a low mood.[5] Addiction and dependence are components of a substance use disorder.[13] Complications may include opioid overdose, suicide, HIV/AIDS, hepatitis C, marriage problems, or unemployment.[4][5]

Opioids include substances such as heroin, morphine, fentanyl, codeine, oxycodone, and hydrocodone.[5][6] In the United States, a majority of heroin users begin by using prescription opioids, which may also be bought illegally.[14][15] Risk factors for misuse include a history of substance use, substance use among family and friends, mental illness, low socioeconomic status, and race.[16][17] Diagnosis may be based on criteria by the American Psychiatric Association in the DSM-5.[4] If more than two of eleven criteria are present during a year, the diagnosis is said to be present.[4] If a person is appropriately taking opioids for a medical condition, issues of tolerance and withdrawal do not apply.[4]

Individuals with an opioid use disorder are often treated with opioid replacement therapy using methadone or buprenorphine.[7] Being on such treatment reduces the risk of death.[7] Additionally, individuals may benefit from cognitive behavioral therapy, other forms of support from mental health professionals such as individual or group therapy, twelve-step programs, and other peer support programs.[8] The medication naltrexone may also be useful to prevent relapse.[10] Naloxone is useful for treating an opioid overdose and giving those at risk naloxone to take home is beneficial.[9]

In 2013, opioid use disorders affected about 0.4% of people.[4] As of 2016, about 27 million people are affected.[11] Long term opioid use occurs in about 4% of people following their use for trauma or surgery related pain.[18] Onset is often in young adulthood.[4] Males are affected more often than females.[4] It resulted in 122,000 deaths worldwide in 2015,[12] up from 18,000 deaths in 1990.[19] In the United States during 2016, there were more than 42,000 deaths due to opioid overdose, of which more than 15,000 were the result of heroin use.[20]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b "FDA approves first buprenorphine implant for treatment of opioid dependence". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Press release). 26 May 2016. Archived from the original on 30 November 2017. Retrieved 16 March 2017.
  2. ^ "3 Patient Assessment". Clinical Guidelines for the Use of Buprenorphine in the Treatment of Opioid Addiction. Rockville (MD): Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US). 2004. Archived from the original on 19 February 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
  3. ^ a b c "Commonly Used Terms". www.cdc.gov. 29 August 2017. Archived from the original on 10 December 2019. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l American Psychiatric Association (2013), Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.), Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing, pp. 540–546, ISBN 978-0890425558
  5. ^ a b c d e f Substance Use and Mental Health Services Administration (2014-09-30). "Substance Use Disorders". Archived from the original on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
  6. ^ a b "Opioid Use and Opioid Use Disorder in Pregnancy". ACOG. August 2017. Archived from the original on 16 July 2018. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
  7. ^ a b c d Sordo L, Barrio G, Bravo MJ, Indave BI, Degenhardt L, Wiessing L, Ferri M, Pastor-Barriuso R (April 2017). "Mortality risk during and after opioid substitution treatment: systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies". BMJ. 357: j1550. doi:10.1136/bmj.j1550. PMC 5421454. PMID 28446428.
  8. ^ a b "Treatment for Substance Use Disorders". Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. October 2014. Archived from the original on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
  9. ^ a b McDonald R, Strang J (July 2016). "Are take-home naloxone programmes effective? Systematic review utilizing application of the Bradford Hill criteria". Addiction. 111 (7): 1177–87. doi:10.1111/add.13326. PMC 5071734. PMID 27028542.
  10. ^ a b Sharma B, Bruner A, Barnett G, Fishman M (July 2016). "Opioid Use Disorders". Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 25 (3): 473–87. doi:10.1016/j.chc.2016.03.002. PMC 4920977. PMID 27338968.
  11. ^ a b "WHO | Information sheet on opioid overdose". WHO. Archived from the original on 1 December 2014. Retrieved 2019-04-06.
  12. ^ a b GBD 2015 Mortality Causes of Death Collaborators (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281. {{cite journal}}: |author1= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ Volkow ND, Koob GF, McLellan AT (January 2016). "Neurobiologic Advances from the Brain Disease Model of Addiction". The New England Journal of Medicine. 374 (4): 363–71. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1511480. PMC 6135257. PMID 26816013. Addiction: A term used to indicate the most severe, chronic stage of substance-use disorder, in which there is a substantial loss of self-control, as indicated by compulsive drug taking despite the desire to stop taking the drug. In the DSM-5, the term addiction is synonymous with the classification of severe substance-use disorder.
  14. ^ "Prescription opioid use is a risk factor for heroin use". National Institute on Drug Abuse. Archived from the original on 14 July 2018. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
  15. ^ Hughes, Evan (2 May 2018). "The Pain Hustlers". New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 May 2018. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
  16. ^ Santoro, T. N.; Santoro, J. D. (2018). "Racial Bias in the US Opioid Epidemic: A Review of the History of Systemic Bias and Implications for Care". Cureus. 10 (12): e3733. doi:10.7759/cureus.3733. PMC 6384031. PMID 30800543.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  17. ^ Webster, LR (November 2017). "Risk Factors for Opioid-Use Disorder and Overdose". Anesthesia and Analgesia. 125 (5): 1741–1748. doi:10.1213/ANE.0000000000002496. PMID 29049118.
  18. ^ Mohamadi A, Chan JJ, Lian J, Wright CL, Marin AM, Rodriguez EK, von Keudell A, Nazarian A (August 2018). "Risk Factors and Pooled Rate of Prolonged Opioid Use Following Trauma or Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-(Regression) Analysis". The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 100 (15): 1332–1340. doi:10.2106/JBJS.17.01239. PMID 30063596.
  19. ^ GBD 2013 Mortality Causes of Death Collaborators (January 2015). "Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". Lancet. 385 (9963): 117–71. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. PMC 4340604. PMID 25530442. {{cite journal}}: |author1= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  20. ^ "Data Brief 294. Drug Overdose Deaths in the United States, 1999–2016" (PDF). CDC. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 April 2018. Retrieved 18 May 2018.
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