Verrucomicrobia

Verrucomicrobia
Scientific classification
Domain:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Verrucomicrobia
Classes, orders, families & genera
Candidatus Epixenosoma ejectans ♠ Lentimonas marisflavi ♠ Methylacidiphilales ♠    Methylacidiphilaceae ♠     Methylacidiphilum ♠ Hou et al. 2008 emend. Op den Camp et al. 2009 Spartobacteria    Chthoniobacterales     Chthoniobacteraceae      Chthoniobacter ♠ Sangwan et al. 2004      Candidatus Xiphinematobacter ♠ Vandekerckhove et al. 2000 Opitutae Choo et al. 2007    Opitutales Choo et al. 2007     Opitutaceae Choo et al. 2007      Opitutus Chin et al. 2001      Alterococcus Shieh and Jean 1999    Puniceicoccales Choo et al. 2007     Puniceicoccaceae Choo et al. 2007      Pelagicoccus Yoon et al. 2007      Puniceicoccus Choo et al. 2007      Coraliomargarita Yoon et al. 2007      Cerasicoccus Yoon et al. 2007 Verrucomicrobiae Hedlund et al. 1998 emend. Yoon et al. 2008    Verrucomicrobiales Ward-Rainey et al. 1996 emend. Yoon et al. 2008     Pedosphaeraceae ♠     Pedosphaera ♠ Ozyurt 2008     Rubritaleaceae      Rubritalea Scheuermayer et al. 2006     Verrucomicrobiaceae Ward-Rainey et al. 1996 emend. Takeda et al. 2008      Akkermansia Derrien et al. 2004      Fucophilus ♠ Sakai et al. 2001b      Haloferula Yoon et al. 2008 emend. Bibi et al. 2011      Persicirhabdus Yoon et al. 2008      Luteolibacter Yoon et al. 2008      Roseibacillus Yoon et al. 2008      Prosthecobacter (ex Staley et al. 1976) Staley et al. 1980 emend. Takeda et al. 2008      Verrucomicrobium Schlesner 1988

Verrucomicrobia is a recently described phylum of bacteria. This phylum contains only a few described species (Verrucomicrobium spinosum, is an example, the phylum is named after this). The species identified have been isolated from fresh water and soil environments and human feces. A number of as-yet uncultivated species have been identified in association with eukaryotic hosts including extrusive explosive ectosymbionts of protists and endosymbionts of nematodes residing in their gametes. While verrucae is another name for the warts often found on hands and feet, this phylum is so called not because it is a causative agent thereof, but because of its wart-like morphology.

Evidence suggests that verrucomicrobia are abundant within the environment, and important (especially to soil cultures). This phylum is considered to have two sister phyla: Chlamydiae and Lentisphaerae.

Cavalier-Smith has postulated that the Verrucomicrobia belong in the clade Planctobacteria in the larger clade Gracilicutes. 16S rRNA data corroborate that view. Recently the whole genome of Methylacidiphilum infernorum was sequenced (2.3 Mbp). On the single circular chromosome, 2473 predicted proteins were found, 731 of which had no detectable homologs. These analyses also revealed many possible homologies with Proteobacteria.

Phylogeny

See also: Bacterial taxonomy

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LSPN) and the phylogeny is based on 16S rRNA-based LTP release 106 by The All-Species Living Tree Project

?Candidatus Epixenosoma ejectans ♠ ?Lentimonas marisflavi ♠ Choo & Cho 2006   ?Methylacidiphilum ♠ M. fumariolicum ♠ (Pol et al. 2007) Op den Camp et al. 2009 M. infernorum ♠ (Dunfield et al. 2007) Hou et al. 2008 M. kamchatkense ♠ Islam et al. 2008   Opitutae   Puniceicoccaceae Puniceicoccus vermicola Choo et al. 2007 Coraliomargarita akajimensis Yoon et al. 2007   Cerasicoccus C. arenae Yoon et al. 2007 C. frondis ♠ Yoon et al. 2010 C. maritimus ♠ Yoon et al. 2010   Opitutales   Pelagicoccus P. croceus Yoon et al. 2007 P. mobilis Yoon et al. 2007 P. albus Yoon et al. 2007 P. litoralis Yoon et al. 2007   Opitutaceae Opitutus terrae Chin et al. 2001 Alterococcus agarolyticus Shieh and Jean 1999   Chthoniobacteraceae Chthoniobacter flavus ♠ Sangwan et al. 2004  Candidatus Xiphinematobacter ♠ Candidatus X. americani ♠ Vandekerckhove et al. 2000 Candidatus X. brevicolli ♠ Vandekerckhove et al. 2000 Candidatus X. rivesi ♠ Vandekerckhove et al. 2000   Verrucomicrobiales ?Fucophilus fucoidanolyticus ♠ Sakai et al. 2001b ?Pedosphaera parvula ♠ Ozyurt 2008   Verrucomicrobiaceae Verrucomicrobium spinosum Schlesner 1988   Prosthecobacter P. fluviatilis Takeda et al. 2008 P. vanneervenii Hedlund et al. 1998 P. dejongeii Hedlund et al. 1998 P. debontii Hedlund et al. 1998 P. fusiformis (ex Staley et al. 1976) Staley et al. 1980   Rubritaleaceae Akkermansia muciniphila Derrien et al. 2004   Luteolibacter L. algae Yoon et al. 2008 L. pohnpeiensis Yoon et al. 2008   Haloferula ?H. luteola Bibi et al. 2011 H. sargassicola Yoon et al. 2008 H. helveola Yoon et al. 2008 H. phyci Yoon et al. 2008 H. harenae Yoon et al. 2008 H. rosea Yoon et al. 2008   Roseibacillus R. persicicus Yoon et al. 2008 R. ishigakijimensis Yoon et al. 2008 R. ponti Yoon et al. 2008 Persicirhabdus sediminis Yoon et al. 2008   Rubritalea ?R. halochordaticola Yoon et al. 2011 R. sabuli Yoon et al. 2008 R. squalenifaciens Kasai et al. 2007 R. marina Scheuermayer et al. 2006 R. spongiae Yoon et al. 2007 R. tangerina Yoon et al. 2007

Notes:
♠ Strain found at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) but has no standing with the Bacteriological Code (1990 and subsequent Revision) as detailed by List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) as a result of the following reasons:
• No pure culture isolated or available for Prokayotes.
• Not validly published because the effective publication only documents deposit of the type strain in a single recognized culture collection.
• Not approved and published by the International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology or the International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (IJSB/IJSEM).