Violaceae
| Violaceae | |
|---|---|
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| Viola banksii | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | |
| (unranked): | |
| (unranked): | |
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| Order: | |
| Family: | Violaceae |
The Violaceae /v[invalid input: 'eye']əˈl[invalid input: 'ay']s[invalid input: 'ee']/ (including Alsodeiaceae J.G.Agardh, Leoniaceae DC. and Retrosepalaceae Dulac) are a family of flowering plants consisting of about 800 species in 25[1] genera. It takes its name from the genus Viola, the violets and pansies.
Older classifications such as the Cronquist system placed the Violaceae in an order named after it, the Violales. However, newer classifications such as that of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group locate it in the Malpighiales.
Description
Though the best-known genus, Viola, is herbaceous, most species are shrubs or small trees. The simple leaves are alternate or opposite, often with leafy stipules or the stipules are reduced in size. Some species have palmate or deeply dissected leaves. Many species are acaulescent. Inflorescences have solitary flowers or are paniculate; some species have cleistogamous flowers produced after or before the production of typically petaled flowers. Flowers are bisexual or unisexual (e.g. Melicytus), typically zygomorphic or actinomorphic with a calyx of five sepals that are persistent after flowering. Corollae have five mostly unequal petals, and the anterior petal is larger and often spurred. Plants have five stamens with the abaxial stamen often spurred at the base. The gynoecium is a compound pistil of three united carpels with one locule. Styles are simple, with the ovary superior, and many ovules. The fruits are capsules split by way of three seams. Seeds have endosperm.
Taxonomy
Three subfamilies are recognized: the Violoideae, Leonioideae, and Fusispermoideae.[citation needed]
Subfamily Fusispermoideae
Subfamily Leonioideae
Subfamily Violoideae
Tribe Rinoreeae
Subtribe Hymenantherinae
Subtribe Isodendriinae
Subtribe Paypayrolinae
Subtribe Rinoreinae
- Allexis Pierre
- Decorsella A.Chev. (including Gymnorinorea Keay)
- Gloeospermum Triana & Planch.
- Rinorea Aubl. (including Alsodeia Thouars, Phyllanoa Croizat, Scyphellandra Thwaites)
- Rinoreocarpus Ducke
Tribe Violeae
- Agatea A.Gray (included Agation Brongn.)
- Anchietea A.St.-Hil.
- Corynostylis Mart.
- Hybanthopsis Paula-Souza
- Hybanthus Jacq. (included Acentra Phil., Clelandia J.M.Black, Cubelium Raf. ex Britton & A.Br., Ionidium Vent., Pigea DC.)
- Mayanaea Lundell
- Noisettia Kunth
- Orthion Standl. & Steyerm.
- Schweiggeria Spreng.
- Viola L. (including Erpetion Sweet, Mnemion Spach