Original enlightenment

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Original enlightenment or innate awakening (Chinese: 本覺; pinyin: běnjué; Japanese pronunciation: hongaku; Korean pronunciation: bongak) is an East Asian Buddhist doctrine often translated as "inherent", "innate", "intrinsic" or "original" enlightenment.[1]

This doctrine holds all sentient beings are already enlightened or awakened in some way. In this view, since all beings have some kind of awakening as their true nature, the attainment of awakening is a process of discovering and recognizing what is already present, not of attaining something distant and external or of constructing something new.[1] Original enlightenment is often contrasted with “acquired", "initial", "actualized" or "the inception of" enlightenment” (始覺, pinyin: shijué, Japanese: shikaku), which is a relative experience that is attained through Buddhist practices and teachings by an individual in this life.[2][3]

Original enlightenment thought is related to Indian Buddhist concepts like Buddha-nature and the luminous mind. The doctrine is articulated in influential East Asian works like the Awakening of Faith and the Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment.[1]

Original enlightenment is an influential doctrine of various schools of East Asian Buddhism, including Chinese Chan, and Huayan. Inherent enlightenment was also often associated with the teachings of sudden enlightenment which was influential for Zen Buddhism. The original enlightenment idea was also important for Korean Buddhism, especially Korean Seon. It was a central teaching in medieval Japanese Buddhist traditions like Shingon, Tendai, and also for some of the new Kamakura schools like Japanese Zen.[4]

History[edit]

Indian roots[edit]

The doctrine of innate enlightenment developed in Chinese Buddhism out various Indian Mahayana ideas, such as the Buddha-nature (tathagatagarbha) doctrine, the luminous mind and the teachings found in various Mahayana sources, including the Śūraṅgama Sūtra, Ghanavyuha, Śrīmālādevī, Tathagatagarbha sutra, Nirvana sutra, and the Ratnagotravibhāga.[5]

The influential Huayan-Chan scholar, Guifeng Zongmi, cites various Indian Mahayana sources for this idea. He cites a passage from the Avatamsaka Sutra which states "'When one first raises the thought [of awakening], one attains unexcelled, perfect awakening.'" He also cites the Nirvana Sutra, which states: "The two, raising the thought [of awakening] and the ultimate, are not separate."[6]

Origins in China[edit]

The Chinese term itself is first mentioned in the Awakening of Faith in the Mahayana (c. 6th century).[3][7] According to this treatise:

The essence of Mind is free from thoughts [心體離念]. The characteristic of that free from thoughts is analogous to the sphere of empty space that pervades everywhere. The one aspect of the world of reality (dharmadhātu) is none other than the undifferentiated Dharma body [dharmakāya], the “essence body” of the Tathāgata. [Since the essence of Mind is] grounded on the dharmakāya, it is to be called the original enlightenment. Why? Because “original enlightenment” indicates [the essence of Mind] in contradistinction to [the essence of Mind in] the process of the actualization of enlightenment; the process of actualization of enlightenment is none other than [the process of integrating] the identity with the original enlightenment.[8]

The Awakening of Faith also identifies inherent enlightenment with “true suchness”（真如, tathātā), the mind which is pure in itself, and the tathagata-garbha.[9] According to Jacqueline Stone, the Awakening of Faith sees original enlightenment as "true suchness considered under the aspect of conventional deluded consciousness and thus denotes the potential for enlightenment in unenlightened beings."[10]

The idea is further discussed in the influential commentary to the Awakening of Faith titled On the Interpretation of Mahāyāna (Shi Moheyan lun, 釈摩訶衍論, Japanese: Shakumakaen-ron, Taisho no. 1668).[3] Original enlightenment is also found in other influential East Asian works, like the Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment and the Vajrasamadhi Sutra.[3]

The term also appears in the 8th century Amoghavajra translation of the Humane King Sutra:

I [the Buddha] constantly say to all sentient beings, “Only sever the ignorance [無 明] of this triple world; this is called becoming a Buddha. That which is pure in itself is called the nature of inherent enlightenment. This indeed is the universal wisdom of all Buddhas. This is the basis [本] for attainment [of Buddhahood] by sentient beings, and the basis for practice by all Buddhas and bodhisattvas. Therefore the bodhisattvas' practice on this basis (T. 8，836b29-837a4).[9]

The Prajña translation of the Buddhāvataṃsaka Sūtra (translated c. 798) also mentions the term, stating: "When the buddhas and bodhisattvas realize enlightenment, they convert the ālaya and attain the wisdom of original enlightenment" (Taisho no. 10 n0293 p0688a08).

The term is also found in the Platform Sutra (c. 8th to 13th century), a central text for Zen Buddhism:

Good friends, when I say 'I vow to save all beings everywhere,' it is not that I will save you, but that sentient beings, each with their own natures, must save themselves. What is meant by 'saving yourselves with your own natures'? Despite heterodox views, passions, ignorance, and delusions, in your own physical bodies you have in yourselves the attributes of inherent enlightenment, so that with correct views you can be saved.[11]

Development in the mainland[edit]

In medieval China, the doctrine of original enlightenment developed in the East Asian Yogacara, Huayan and Chan Buddhist schools. The Huayan scholar Fazang presents an extensive analysis of the idea in his commentary on the Awakening of Faith.[3][12] According to the Japanese scholar of hongaku thought, Tamura Yoshirō (1921–1989), "It was here in Huayen doctrine, a "philosophy of becoming", based on the idea of one principle or one mind, that the concept of original enlightenment first took on special significance".[12]

Original enlightenment was also an important and widely pervasive doctrine in Chinese Chan and in the other continental Zen traditions.[3] The Huayan-Chan scholar monk Guifeng Zongmi wrote about the idea from a Chan perspective, while also promoting the doctrine of sudden enlightenment, followed by gradual cultivation. Korean figures like Wŏnhyo, influenced by the thought of Zongmi, introduced the concept to Korean Buddhism, where it also had a considerable impact. The topic of original enlightenment was widely discussed and developed in Korea by figures like Wônhyo (617-686), Jinul (1158-1210), Kihwa (1376-1433) and Hyujông (1520-1604). According to Charles Muller, "all four of these men wrote extensively on the matter of the relationship between innate and actualized enlightenment."[13] As such, the foundational view of the Korean Sôn tradition is grounded on the view of original enlightenment and essence-function metaphysics influenced by scriptures like the Platform Sutra, Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment, and the Awakening of Faith.[13]

The doctrine of original enlightenment also influenced the idea that insentient things also had buddha-nature, a doctrine popularized in some quarters of the Tiantai school.[3] However, the founder of Tiantai, Zhiyi (538–597) had famously rejected the doctrine of the Awakening of Mahāyāna Faith of an originally pure mind that gives rise to the phenomenal world, and thus some other parties in the Tiantai school rejected the idea.[14] This Tiantai debate was part of the so called "home mountain" (shanjia) vs. "off mountain" (shanwai) debates. The "off mountain" faction supported the original enlightenment view, which was influenced by the thought of Zongmi and Yongming Yanshou, and promoted the existence of the "one pure formless mind" like the Awakening of Mahāyāna Faith.[15] The Tiantai patriarch Siming Zhili (960–1028) famously defended the home mountain faction and argued against the Awakening of Faith - original enlightenment view.[16]

In Japanese Buddhism[edit]

Kūkai (774–835), founder of Shingon Buddhism, was one of the first Japanese authors to discuss original enlightenment. He was fond of the Awakening of Faith (and the Shi Moheyan lun commentary), so his view of the teaching is based on these sources.[9]

The doctrine of innate enlightenment was also very influential in the Tendai school. The Tendai founder Saichō, in various works like his Kenkairon, Jubosatsukaigi, and his commentary on the Sutra of Innumerable Meanings, discusses the concept of the pure mind and the buddha-nature in a way which prefigures later Tendai hongaku thought.[9] For example, in his discussion of the bodhisattva precepts in the Jubosatsukaigi, Saichō writes:

These are the single precepts of the Tathagata, the diamond treasure precepts. They are the precepts which are (based on) the eternally abiding Buddha-nature, the foundational source of all sentient beings, pure in itself and immobile like space. Therefore by means of these precepts one manifests and attains the original, inherent, eternally abiding Dharma-body with its thirty-two special marks (DDZ 1:304).[9]

Original enlightenment thought became particularly important for the tradition during the time from the late Heian cloistered rule era (1086–1185) through the Edo period (1688–1735).[10] During the late Heian and Kamakura periods, new texts were produced which focused specifically on original enlightenment and a new branch of Tendai developed, called hongakumon, which emphasized this teaching. These texts include the Honri taikō shu, Hymns on Inherent Enlightenment (Hongaku-san), with commentaries to it titled Chu-hongaku-san and Hongaku-san shaku, Shuzen-ji ketsu. During this time, lineages of secret oral transmission of hongaku teachings (kuden) also developed within Tendai.[3]

The medieval Tendai view of original enlightenment saw it as encompassing not only all sentient beings, but all living things and all nature, even inanimate objects - all were considered to be Buddha. This also includes all our actions and thoughts, even our deluded thoughts, as expressions of our innately enlightened nature.[10] Tamura Yoshirō saw "original enlightenment though" (本覺思想, hongaku shisō) as being defined by two major philosophical elements.[17] One was a radical Mahayana non-dualism, in which everything was seen as pure, empty and interconnected, so that the differences between ordinary person and Buddha, samsara and nirvana, and all other distinctions, were ultimately ontologically negated. The other feature of medieval hongaku thought was a radical affirmation of the phenomenal world as an expression of the non-dual realm of Buddha nature.[12]

This was expressed in popular phrases such as “the worldly passions are precisely enlightenment”, “birth and death are precisely nirvana,” "Saha is the Pure Land," and "the grasses, trees, mountains, and rivers all attain Buddhahood."[10][3][12] According to Tamura, the negation of the duality between Buddha and human beings is taken to a radical end in Tendai hongaku sources, which affirm human beings as they are, with all their delusions, as true manifestations of Buddhahood."[12] Tamura argues that such a strong emphasis on the actual world is due to influence of non-buddhist elements of Japanese culture.[12]

The Tendai view of hongaku had deep impact on the development of New Kamakura Buddhism (c. 1185 to 1333), for many of those who founded new Kamakura Buddhist schools (Eisai, Honen, Shinran, Dogen and Nichiren) studied Tendai at Mount Hiei as Tendai monks.[10] The teaching of original enlightenment remained a key doctrine for most Japanese Buddhist schools throughout their history, and remains influential today.[3] Original enlightenment thought also influenced the development of other Japanese religions, like Shinto and Shugendō.[3]

During the 1980s a Japanese movement known as Critical Buddhism led by Komazawa University scholars Matsumoto Shirō and Hakamaya Noriaki critiqued original enlightenment as an ideology that supports the status quo, and legitimates social injustice by accepting all things as expressions of Buddha nature.[18][3] These scholars went even further in their critiques, arguing that the buddha-nature doctrine was not really Buddhist, but a kind of foundationalist substance theory similar to the Hindu doctrine of atman-brahman.[3] Their critiques sparked a heated debate, as other Japanese scholars like Takasaki Jikidō and Hirakawa Akira defended the buddha-nature teachings and original enlightenment thought.[3]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c "original enlightenment, 本覺". Digital Dictionary of Buddhism. 2007-12-15. Retrieved 2024-05-03.
  2. ^ Nagatomo, Shigenori (2024), Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.), "Japanese Zen Buddhist Philosophy", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2024 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 2024-05-03
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Swanson, Paul L.. "Why They Say Zen Is Not Buddhism: Recent Japanese Critiques of Buddha-Nature". Pruning the Bodhi Tree: The Storm over Critical Buddhism, edited by Jamie Hubbard and Paul L. Swanson, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1997, pp. 1-29. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780824842697-004
  4. ^ Stone, Jacqueline. “Medieval Tendai Hongaku Thought and the New Kamakura Buddhism: A Reconsideration.” Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, vol. 22, no. 1/2, 1995, pp. 17–48. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/30233536. Accessed 4 May 2024.
  5. ^ Gregory, Peter N. (2002), Tsung-mi and the Sinification of Buddhism, p. 167. University of Hawai’i Press, Kuroda Institute, (originally published Princeton University Press, 1991, Princeton, N.J.), ISBN 0-8248-2623-X
  6. ^ Broughton, Jeffrey (2009), Zongmi on Chan, p. 39. New York: Columbia University Press, ISBN 978-0-231-14392-9
  7. ^ Sueki Fumihiko, "Two Seemingly Contradictory Aspects of the Teaching of Innate Enlightenment (hongaku) in Medieval Japan", Japanese Journal of Religious Study 22 (1-2), pp. 3-16, 1995. PDF
  8. ^ "original enlightenment - Buddha-Nature". buddhanature.tsadra.org. Retrieved 2024-05-03.
  9. ^ a b c d e Shirato, Waka. “Inherent Enlightenment (‘Hongaku Shisō’) and Saichō’s Acceptance of the Bodhisattva Precepts.” Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, vol. 14, no. 2/3, 1987, pp. 113–27. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/30233979. Accessed 4 May 2024.
  10. ^ a b c d e Stone, Jacqueline (1 May 1995). "Medieval Tendai hongaku thought and the new Kamakura Buddhism: A reconsideration". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 22 (1–2). doi:10.18874/jjrs.22.1-2.1995.17-48.
  11. ^ Yampolski, Philip B. (1967), The platform sutra of the sixth patriarch: the text of the Tun-huang manuscript with translation, introduction, and notes (PDF), p. 143, ISBN 978-0-231-08361-4, archived from the original (PDF) on May 21, 2014
  12. ^ a b c d e f Yoshirō Tamura (1987). "Japanese Culture and the Tendai Concept of Original Enlightenment." Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, 14(2-3), 203–210. doi:10.2307/30233983 
  13. ^ a b Muller, Charles. "Innate Enlightenment and No-thought: A Response to the Critical Buddhist Position on Zen". Toyo Gakuen University, A paper delivered to the International Conference on Sôn at Paekyang-sa, Kwangju, Korea, August 22, 1998.
  14. ^ Stone, Jacqueline. Review of Hanano Jūdō [花野充道], Tendai hongaku shisō to Nichiren kyōgaku [天台本覺思想と日 蓮教學] (Tendai Original Enlightenment Thought and Nichiren Doctrinal Studies). Cahiers d’Extrême-Asie 20 (2011): 259–268. École Fançaise d’Extrême-Orient, Paris, 2013.
  15. ^ Ziporyn, Brook (1994). Anti-Chan Polemics in Post-Tang Tiantai. Journal of the international Association of Buddhist Studies 17 (1), 26-65
  16. ^ Ziporyn, Brook. Anti-Chan Polemics in Post-Tang Tiantai. Journal of the international Association of Buddhist Studies Volume 17 • Number 1 • Summer 1994
  17. ^ Tamura Yoshirō (1987), Japanese culture and the Tendai concept of original enlightenment, Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 14 (2-3), 203-205 PDF
  18. ^ Hubbard, Jamie; Swanson, Paul Loren (1997). Pruning the Bodhi Tree: The Storm Over Critical Buddhism. University of Hawaii Press. p. 290. ISBN 9780824819491.

Further reading[edit]

See also[edit]

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