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{{Short description|Genus of fishes}}
{{Taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| name=Lenoks
| image = Brachymystax lenokBMNHM.jpg
| image = Brachymystax lenok.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_alt =
| image_caption = ''[[Brachymystax lenok]]''
| image_caption = ''[[Brachymystax lenok]]''
| fossil_range = {{fossil_range|Miocene|Recent}}
| fossil_range = {{fossil_range|Miocene|Recent}}
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| taxon = Brachymystax
⚫
| authority = [[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1866<ref>{{ITIS |id=623307 |taxon=''Brachymystax''}}</ref>
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| type_species =
| classis = [[Actinopterygii]]
| type_species_authority =
| ordo = [[Salmoniformes]]
| familia = [[Salmonidae]]
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision_ref = <ref name=fishbase/>
| subfamilia = [[Salmoninae]]
| genus = '''''Brachymystax'''''
⚫
| genus_authority = [[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1866<ref>{{ITIS |id=623307 |taxon=''Brachymystax''}}</ref>
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
| subdivision =
⚫
* ''[[Brachymystax lenok]]'' <small>([[Peter Simon Pallas|Pallas]], 1773)</small>
⚫
* ''[[Brachymystax savinovi]]'' <small>[[Valery Petrovich Mitrofanov|Mitrofanov]], 1959</small>
* ''[[Brachymystax tumensis]]'' <small>[[Tamezo Mori|T. Mori]], 1930</small>
* ''[[Brachymystax tsinlingensis]]'' <small>[[Li Sze-Chung|S. C. Li]], 1966</small>
| synonyms =
| synonyms_ref = {{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}
}}
}}


'''Lenoks''' (otherwise known as '''Asiatic trout''' or '''Manchurian trout''')<ref name="jamescard">http://jamescard.net/flyfishing/</ref> are a [[genus]], '''''Brachymystax''''', of [[Salmonidae|salmonid]] [[fish]]es native to [[Mongolia]], [[Siberia]], the far East of [[Russia]], Northern [[China]], the [[Sea of Japan]]<ref>http://ibss.febras.ru/files/00001742.pdf</ref> and South [[Korea]].<ref name="jamescard"/><ref name="Alekseev">{{cite doi|10.1134/S0032945206070022}}</ref><ref name="cherrytrout">http://www.cherrytrout.com/fish.html</ref>
'''Lenoks''', otherwise known as '''Asiatic trout''' or '''Manchurian trout''',<ref name="jamescard">James Card: ''[http://jamescard.net/flyfishing/ Fly fishing in South Korea.]'' Retrieved 22 June 2015.</ref> are [[salmonid]] [[fish]] of the [[genus]] '''''Brachymystax''''', native to rivers and lakes in [[Mongolia]], [[Kazakhstan]], wider [[Siberia]] (including [[Russian Far East]]), [[Northern China]] and [[Korea]].<ref name="jamescard"/><ref name=Kartavtseva2013>Kartavtseva, I.V.; Ginatulina, L.K.; Nemkova, G.A.; and Shedko, S.V. (2013). ''[http://www.biosoil.ru/files/00011638.pdf Chromosomal study of the lenoks, Brachymystax (Salmoniformes, Salmonidae) from the South of the Russian Far East.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729010904/http://www.biosoil.ru/files/00011638.pdf |date=2014-07-29 }}'' Journal of Species Research 2(1): 91-98.</ref><ref name="Alekseev">{{cite journal | doi = 10.1134/S0032945206070022 | last1 = Alekseev | first1 = S. S. | year = 2006 | last2 = Osinov | first2 = A. G. | title = Blunt-snouted lenoks (genus ''Brachymystax'': Salmoniformes, Salmonidae) from the Ob' basin: New data on morphology and allozyme variation | journal = Journal of Ichthyology | volume = 46 | issue = 7 | pages = 500–516 | s2cid = 23102867 }}</ref>


==Species==
==Species==
There are three species in this genus recognised by [[FishBase]] as of February 2012:<ref>{{FishBase genus | genus = Brachymystax| month = February | year = 2012}}</ref>
There are four species in this genus, of which three are listed by [[FishBase]]:<ref name=fishbase>{{FishBase genus | genus = Brachymystax| month = September | year = 2015}}</ref>
* ''[[Brachymystax lenok]]'' <small>([[Peter Simon Pallas|Pallas]], 1773)</small>
* ''[[Brachymystax lenok]]'' <small>([[Peter Simon Pallas|Pallas]], 1773)</small> – sharp-snouted lenok<ref name=Kartavtseva2013/>
⚫
** ''[[Brachymystax lenok lenok]]'' <small>([[Peter Simon Pallas|Pallas]], 1773)</small>
⚫
** ''[[Brachymystax lenok tsilingensis]]'' <small>([[Li]], 1996)</small>
* ''[[Brachymystax savinovi]]'' <small>[[Valery Petrovich Mitrofanov|Mitrofanov]], 1959</small>
* ''[[Brachymystax savinovi]]'' <small>[[Valery Petrovich Mitrofanov|Mitrofanov]], 1959</small>
* ''[[Brachymystax tumensis]]'' <small>[[Tamezo Mori|T. Mori]], 1930</small>
* ''[[Brachymystax tumensis]]'' <small>[[Tamezo Mori|T. Mori]], 1930</small> – blunt-snouted lenok<ref name=Kartavtseva2013/>

A fourth species, ''[[Brachymystax tsinlingensis]]'' <small>[[Li Sze-Chung|S. C. Li]], 1966</small>, was revalidated in 2015.<ref name=Xing2015>{{cite journal |author=Xing, Y.-C. |author2=Lv, B.-B. |author3=Ye, E.-Q. |author4=Fan, E.-Y. |author5=Li, S.-Y. |author6=Wang, L.-X. |author7=Zhang, C.G. |author8=Zhao, Y.-H. | year = 2015 | title = Revalidation and redescription of ''Brachymystax tsinlingensis'' Li, 1966 (Salmoniformes: Salmonidae) from China | journal = Zootaxa | volume = 3962 | issue = 1 | pages = 191–205 | url = http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2015/f/zt03962p205.pdf | doi=10.11646/zootaxa.3962.1.12| pmid = 26249386 }}</ref>

Traditionally, only ''B. lenok'' was recognized, including both sharp-snouted and blunt-snouted forms. Based on differences in [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]] and [[genetics]], the blunt-snouted form was split off as a separate species, ''B. tumensis''.<ref name=Kartavtseva2013/><ref name=Bo2007>Bo, M. A.; and Jiang, Zuo-fa (2007). ''Genetic diversity and relationship between two species of Brachymystax in Wusuli River revealed by microsatellites.'' Journal of Fishery Sciences of China 14: 39-45.</ref><ref>Balakirev, E.S.; Romanov, N.S.; and Ayala, F.J. (2014). ''Complete mitochondrial genome of blunt-snouted lenok Brachymystax tumensis (Salmoniformes, Salmonidae).'' Mitochondrial DNA 27: 1-2</ref><ref name=Froufe2008>Froufe, E.; Alekseyev, S.; Alexandrino, P.; and Weiss, S. (2008). ''The evolutionary history of sharp- and blunt-snouted lenok (Brachymystax lenok (Pallas, 1773)) and its implications for the paleo-hydrological history of Siberia.'' BMC Evolutionary Biology 8: 40. {{doi|10.1186/1471-2148-8-40}}</ref> [[Hybrid (biology)|Hybrids]] between these two are known.<ref name=Froufe2008/> The third species, ''B. savinovi'', is sometimes considered a [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonym]] of ''B. lenok''.<ref name=Kartavtseva2013/> The name ''B. savinovi'' has occasionally been used for the blunt-snouted lenok,<ref name=Ratschan2013>Ratschan, C. (2013). ''[http://www.ratschan.at/downloads/Lenok_ChasingSilver.pdf Trout's Siberian Siblings]''. Chasing Silver 1: 86-96.</ref> but this is incorrect.<ref name=Kartavtseva2013/><ref name=Froufe2008/>


==Appearance==
==Appearance==
Lenoks can belong to the sharp-nosed or blunt-nosed form. Populations of blunt-nosed lenoks are generally found in different areas than populations of sharp-nosed lenoks.<ref name="Alekseev"/>{{clarification needed|date=October 2011}}<!-- species? these are given in the abstract as forms of a genus, which is very unclear --> ''Brachymystax savinovi'' typically grow to about {{convert|20|in}}.<ref>http://thewebsiteofeverything.com/animals/fish/Salmoniformes/Salmonidae/Brachymystax-savinovi</ref>{{unreliable source|date=October 2011}} They are relatively round in shape, and speckled with dark brown spots.<ref name="jamescard"/><ref name="ibex">http://www.ibextours.com/Eng/exclusive_salmon.htm</ref> They usually weigh up to {{convert|15|kg}}.<ref name="ibex"/> Their [[ventral]]s are usually colored a reddish hue, and their pectoral fins yellowish.<ref>{{cite book|title=General zoology, or Systematic natural history, Volume 5, Part 1|first=George|last=Shaw|first2=James Francis|last2=Stephens}}</ref>
Lenoks can be sharp-snouted (''B. lenok'') or blunt-snouted (''B. tumensis'').<ref name=Kartavtseva2013/><ref name=Froufe2008/> Traditionally both these were included in ''B. lenok'', but today they are generally recognized as separate. They are relatively round in shape, and speckled with dark brown spots.<ref name="jamescard"/> Their [[Ventral fin|ventrals]] are usually colored a reddish hue, and their pectoral fins yellowish.<ref>{{cite book|title=General zoology, or Systematic natural history, Volume 5, Part 1|url=https://archive.org/details/generalzoology1121800shaw|first1=George|last1=Shaw|first2=James Francis|last2=Stephens|year=1800}}</ref> They weigh up to {{convert|15|kg}},<ref name="ibex">Ibex: {{cite web|url=http://www.ibextours.com/Eng/exclusive_salmon.htm |title=Salmon - Fishing in Siberia, Russia |access-date=2010-07-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203171330/http://www.ibextours.com/Eng/exclusive_salmon.htm |archive-date=December 3, 2008 }}</ref> and can reach a total length of {{convert|1.05|m|ft|abbr=on|1}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fishing-worldrecords.com/scientificname/Brachymystax%20lenok/show |title=Brachymystax lenok | publisher=fishing-worldrecords.com }}</ref>


==Habitat, range and status==
Lenoks in Korea are now on the verge of extinction due to deforestation.<ref name="cherrytrout"/>
Lenoks tend to live in rivers of any sort, but usually upstream, where the water is colder.<ref name="cherrytrout">Cherrytrout: {{cite web|url=http://www.cherrytrout.com/fish.html |title=Fish |access-date=2010-07-04 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204065146/http://www.cherrytrout.com/fish.html |archive-date=February 4, 2015 }}</ref> They are also found in lakes such as [[Lake Baikal|Baikal]].<ref name=Kartavtseva2013/>


As currently defined, the sharp-snouted lenok (''B. lenok'') is widespread in central and eastern Russia, and also found widely in northern [[Mongolia]], locally in northeastern [[Kazakhstan]] ([[Irtysh River|Irtysh Basin]]) and northeastern China ([[Amur River|Amur Basin]]).<ref name=Kartavtseva2013/><ref name=Bo2007/><ref name=Ratschan2013/> The blunt-snouted lenok (''B. tumensis'') is found widely in southeastern Russia and more locally in northeastern and central parts of the country, as well as northeastern Mongolia (Amur Basin), northern China and Korea.<ref name=Kartavtseva2013/><ref name=Ratschan2013/> Although the two generally are found in separate areas, there are also regions where their ranges overlap such as the Amur Basin.<ref name=Kartavtseva2013/><ref name="Alekseev"/><ref name=Bo2007/><ref name=Froufe2008/>
==Habitat==

Lenoks tend to live in rivers of any sort,<ref>http://www.gofishn.com/content/russia</ref> but usually upstream, where the water is colder.<ref name="cherrytrout"/>
''Brachymystax savinovi'' is found in Markakol Lake and adjacent rivers in eastern Kazakhstan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mamilov |first=N. |date=2020 |title=Brachymystax savinovi |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/156767157/156767203 |access-date=26 June 2022 |website=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species}}</ref>

The recently revalidated ''[[Brachymystax tsinlingensis]]'' is distributed in streams in the [[Yellow River|Yellow]] and [[Yangtze|Yangtze River]] basins in the [[Qinling Mountains]] of China.<ref name="Xing2015" />

Though overall widespread, lenoks in [[South Korea]] are now on the verge of extinction due to deforestation and they have also declined in China.<ref name="cherrytrout"/><ref>Yingzhe, X.; Yan, S.; and Yiyu, C. (2006). ''DNA sequence variation in the mitochondrial control region of lenok (Brachymystax lenok) populations in China.'' Chinese Biodiversity 14(1): 48-54.</ref>


==History==
==History==
During the glacial epoch, lenoks were landlocked inland of the Korean peninsula.<ref name="cherrytrout"/>
In the Korean peninsula, lenoks were landlocked inland during the [[glacial epoch]].<ref name="cherrytrout"/>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
* [http://www.fishing-worldrecords.com/scientificname/Brachymystax%20lenok/show A record Brachymystax lenok]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q12607217}}


[[Category:Salmonidae]]
[[Category:Fish of Asia]]
[[Category:Fish of Asia]]
[[Category:Brachymystax|*]]
[[Category:Brachymystax|*]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Albert Günther]]


{{Salmoniformes-stub}}

Revision as of 04:23, 31 December 2023

Lenok
Temporal range: Miocene–Recent
Brachymystax lenok
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Salmoniformes
Family: Salmonidae
Subfamily: Salmoninae
Genus: Brachymystax
Günther, 1866[1]
Species[2]

Lenoks, otherwise known as Asiatic trout or Manchurian trout,[3] are salmonid fish of the genus Brachymystax, native to rivers and lakes in Mongolia, Kazakhstan, wider Siberia (including Russian Far East), Northern China and Korea.[3][4][5]

Species

There are four species in this genus, of which three are listed by FishBase:[2]

A fourth species, Brachymystax tsinlingensis S. C. Li, 1966, was revalidated in 2015.[6]

Traditionally, only B. lenok was recognized, including both sharp-snouted and blunt-snouted forms. Based on differences in morphology and genetics, the blunt-snouted form was split off as a separate species, B. tumensis.[4][7][8][9] Hybrids between these two are known.[9] The third species, B. savinovi, is sometimes considered a synonym of B. lenok.[4] The name B. savinovi has occasionally been used for the blunt-snouted lenok,[10] but this is incorrect.[4][9]

Appearance

Lenoks can be sharp-snouted (B. lenok) or blunt-snouted (B. tumensis).[4][9] Traditionally both these were included in B. lenok, but today they are generally recognized as separate. They are relatively round in shape, and speckled with dark brown spots.[3] Their ventrals are usually colored a reddish hue, and their pectoral fins yellowish.[11] They weigh up to 15 kilograms (33 lb),[12] and can reach a total length of 1.05 m (3.4 ft).[13]

Habitat, range and status

Lenoks tend to live in rivers of any sort, but usually upstream, where the water is colder.[14] They are also found in lakes such as Baikal.[4]

As currently defined, the sharp-snouted lenok (B. lenok) is widespread in central and eastern Russia, and also found widely in northern Mongolia, locally in northeastern Kazakhstan (Irtysh Basin) and northeastern China (Amur Basin).[4][7][10] The blunt-snouted lenok (B. tumensis) is found widely in southeastern Russia and more locally in northeastern and central parts of the country, as well as northeastern Mongolia (Amur Basin), northern China and Korea.[4][10] Although the two generally are found in separate areas, there are also regions where their ranges overlap such as the Amur Basin.[4][5][7][9]

Brachymystax savinovi is found in Markakol Lake and adjacent rivers in eastern Kazakhstan.[15]

The recently revalidated Brachymystax tsinlingensis is distributed in streams in the Yellow and Yangtze River basins in the Qinling Mountains of China.[6]

Though overall widespread, lenoks in South Korea are now on the verge of extinction due to deforestation and they have also declined in China.[14][16]

History

In the Korean peninsula, lenoks were landlocked inland during the glacial epoch.[14]

References

  1. ^ "Brachymystax". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
  2. ^ a b Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Species in genus Brachymystax". FishBase. September 2015 version.
  3. ^ a b c James Card: Fly fishing in South Korea. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Kartavtseva, I.V.; Ginatulina, L.K.; Nemkova, G.A.; and Shedko, S.V. (2013). Chromosomal study of the lenoks, Brachymystax (Salmoniformes, Salmonidae) from the South of the Russian Far East. Archived 2014-07-29 at the Wayback Machine Journal of Species Research 2(1): 91-98.
  5. ^ a b Alekseev, S. S.; Osinov, A. G. (2006). "Blunt-snouted lenoks (genus Brachymystax: Salmoniformes, Salmonidae) from the Ob' basin: New data on morphology and allozyme variation". Journal of Ichthyology. 46 (7): 500–516. doi:10.1134/S0032945206070022. S2CID 23102867.
  6. ^ a b Xing, Y.-C.; Lv, B.-B.; Ye, E.-Q.; Fan, E.-Y.; Li, S.-Y.; Wang, L.-X.; Zhang, C.G.; Zhao, Y.-H. (2015). "Revalidation and redescription of Brachymystax tsinlingensis Li, 1966 (Salmoniformes: Salmonidae) from China" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3962 (1): 191–205. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3962.1.12. PMID 26249386.
  7. ^ a b c Bo, M. A.; and Jiang, Zuo-fa (2007). Genetic diversity and relationship between two species of Brachymystax in Wusuli River revealed by microsatellites. Journal of Fishery Sciences of China 14: 39-45.
  8. ^ Balakirev, E.S.; Romanov, N.S.; and Ayala, F.J. (2014). Complete mitochondrial genome of blunt-snouted lenok Brachymystax tumensis (Salmoniformes, Salmonidae). Mitochondrial DNA 27: 1-2
  9. ^ a b c d e Froufe, E.; Alekseyev, S.; Alexandrino, P.; and Weiss, S. (2008). The evolutionary history of sharp- and blunt-snouted lenok (Brachymystax lenok (Pallas, 1773)) and its implications for the paleo-hydrological history of Siberia. BMC Evolutionary Biology 8: 40. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-8-40
  10. ^ a b c Ratschan, C. (2013). Trout's Siberian Siblings. Chasing Silver 1: 86-96.
  11. ^ Shaw, George; Stephens, James Francis (1800). General zoology, or Systematic natural history, Volume 5, Part 1.
  12. ^ Ibex: "Salmon - Fishing in Siberia, Russia". Archived from the original on December 3, 2008. Retrieved 2010-07-04.
  13. ^ "Brachymystax lenok". fishing-worldrecords.com.
  14. ^ a b c Cherrytrout: "Fish". Archived from the original on February 4, 2015. Retrieved 2010-07-04.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  15. ^ Mamilov, N. (2020). "Brachymystax savinovi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
  16. ^ Yingzhe, X.; Yan, S.; and Yiyu, C. (2006). DNA sequence variation in the mitochondrial control region of lenok (Brachymystax lenok) populations in China. Chinese Biodiversity 14(1): 48-54.
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