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{{Short description|Movement in resistance to the German occupation of Denmark during World War II}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = Danish Resistance
| place             = Denmark
| combatant1        = {{flagicon|Denmark}} Danish resistance groups<br>
{{flag|Denmark}} (from 1943)
| combatant2        = {{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Denmark in World War II#Protectorate government (1940–43)|Occupation Government]] (until 1943)<br>{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Nazi Germany|Germany]]
| date              = '''Nonviolent resistance:'''<br>9 April 1940 – 29 August 1943<br>'''Violent resistance:'''<br>August 29, 1943 – 5 May 1945
| image             = {{Photo montage
| photo1a = Members of the resistance movement in fight with German soldiers Flakhaven in Odense 5th of May 1945.jpg
| photo1b = København, 1945.jpg
| size = 300
}}
| caption           = Danish resistance fighters battling German soldiers 5 May 1945. Flakhaven, Odense (left), Danish SS soldiers disarmed by resistance fighters in Copenhagen, 1945 (right)
| partof            = [[European theatre of World War II]] and [[Occupation of Denmark]]
| result            = [[German Instrument of Surrender|German Surrender]]<br/>[[Liberation of Denmark]]<br/>[[Landing at Bornholm]]
| units2            = [[Schalburg Corps]]<br>{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[German Army (1935–1945)|Heer]] soldiers<br>{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Gestapo]]<br/>{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|navy}} [[Kriegsmarine]]<br>{{flagicon image|Flag Schutzstaffel.svg}} [[Waffen-SS]]
* [[Free Corps Denmark]] (until 1943)
| casualties1       = about 850 resistance fighters
| casualties3       = 600 Danish civilians
| commander1        = {{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Frode Jakobsen]]<br>{{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Bent Faurschou Hviid]]{{KIA}}<br>{{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Marius Fiil]]{{KIA}}<br>{{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Povl Falk-Jensen]]<br>{{flagicon|Denmark}} Various Danish resistance leaders
| commander2        = {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Leonhard Kaupisch]]<br>{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Werner Best]]<br>{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}}{{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Frits Clausen]]{{KIA|Suicide}}
{{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Christian Frederik von Schalburg]]{{KIA}}
| units1            = {{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Danish Brigade in Sweden]]
}}
{{Denmark during World War II}}
{{Scandinavia in World War II}}
{{anti-fascism sidebar}}
{{Righteous Among the Nations}}
The '''Danish resistance movements''' ({{langx|da|Den danske modstandsbevægelse}}) were an [[resistance movement|underground insurgency]] to resist the [[Nazi Germany|German]] [[Denmark in World War II|occupation of Denmark]] during [[World War II]]. Due to the initially lenient arrangements, in which the [[Nazi]] occupation authority allowed the democratic government to stay in power, the resistance movement was slower to develop effective tactics on a wide scale than in some other countries.

Members of the Danish resistance movement were involved in underground activities, ranging from producing illegal publications to [[espionage|spying]] and [[sabotage]]. Major groups included the communist [[BOPA]] ({{langx|da|Borgerlige Partisaner}}, Civil Partisans) and [[Holger Danske (resistance group)|Holger Danske]], both based in [[Copenhagen]]. Some small resistance groups such as the Samsing Group and the [[Churchill Club]] also contributed to the sabotage effort. Resistance agents killed an estimated 400 Danish Nazis, informers and collaborators until 1944. After that date, they also killed some German nationals.

In the postwar period, the Resistance was supported by politicians within Denmark and there was little effort to closely examine the killings. Studies in the late 20th and early 21st centuries revealed cases of improvised and contingent decision making about the targets, including morally ambiguous choices.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}}{{Clarify|date=February 2021}} Several important books and films have been produced on this topic.

== Nonviolent resistance: 1940–1943 ==

===The "model protectorate"===
During the [[German invasion of Denmark (1940)|invasion of Denmark]] on April 9, 1940 and subsequent [[Occupation of Denmark|occupation]], the Danish king and government chose not to flee the country and instead collaborated with the German authorities who allowed the Danish government to remain in power. The Germans had reasons to do so, especially as they wanted to showcase Denmark as a "model [[protectorate]]", earning the nickname ''the Cream Front'' ({{langx|de|Sahnefront}}), due to the relative ease of the occupation and copious amount of dairy products.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Poulsen|first1=Henning|editor1-last=Bohn|editor1-first=Robert|editor2-last=Elvert|editor2-first=Jürgen|editor3-last=Rebas|editor3-first=Hain|editor4-last=Salewski|editor4-first=Michael|title=Neutralität und Totalitäre Aggression|date=1 January 1991|publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag|location=Stuttgart|isbn=978-3-515-05887-2|page=379|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GfShF3M8Qa0C&q=%22Sahnefront%22+D%C3%A4nemark&pg=PA379|access-date=20 April 2016|language=de|chapter=Die Deutschen Besatzungspolitik in Dänemark}}</ref> As the [[democracy|democratically]] elected Danish government remained in power, Danish citizens had less motivation to fight the occupation than in countries where the Germans established puppet governments, such as [[Norwegian resistance movement|Norway]] or [[French Resistance|France]]. The [[Police of Denmark|police]] also remained under Danish authority and led by Danes.

Daily life in Denmark remained much the same as before the occupation. The Germans did make certain changes: imposing official [[censorship]], prohibiting dealings with the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]], and stationing German troops in the country. The Danish government actively discouraged violent resistance because it feared a severe backlash from the Germans against the civilian population.

===Resistance groups===
Immediately after the occupation began, isolated attempts were made to set up resistance and intelligence activities. Intelligence officers from the Danish army, known as the "Princes," began channeling reports to [[London]] allies as early as April 13, 1940. Soon afterwards, [[Ebbe Munck]], a journalist from ''[[Berlingske Tidende]],'' arranged to be transferred to [[Stockholm]]. From there he could more easily report to and communicate with the British.<ref>Per Eilstrup, Lars Lindeberg: ''De så de ske under Besættelsen.'' Forlaget Union, Copenhagen, 1969.</ref>

Following Germany's [[Operation Barbarossa|invasion of the Soviet Union]] on June 22, 1941 the Germans banned the [[Danish Communist Party]] and had the Danish police arrest its members.<ref>{{cite book|last= Nielsen |first= Martin |authorlink= Martin Nielsen (politician) |year= 1947 |language= da |pages= 170 pages |no-pp=yes |title= Rapport fra Stutthof |trans-title=Report from Stutthof |publisher= Gyldendal}}</ref> Those members who either avoided arrest or later escaped thus went underground and created resistance [[Clandestine cell system|cells]]. From October 1942, they published a clandestine newspaper, ''[[Land og Folk]]'' ("Land and People"), based on the previous Communist Party newspaper, ''Arbejderbladet'', which was distributed widely across the country. [[Print circulation|Circulation]] grew to 120,000 copies per day by the end of the occupation.<ref>''Resistance in Western Europe'', edited by Bob Moore, p. 105.</ref> At the beginning of 1943, the cells were centrally coordinated under [[BOPA]] (''Borgerlige Partisaner'' – Civil Partisans), which also began to plan acts of sabotage.

As time went on, many other [[insurgent]] groups formed to oppose the occupation. These included the [[Hvidsten group]], which received weapons parachuted by the British, and [[Holger Danske (resistance group)|Holger Danske]], which was successful in organizing [[sabotage]] activities and the assassinations of [[Wartime collaboration|collaborators]]. The [[Churchill club]], one of the first resistance groups in Denmark, was a group of eight schoolboys from [[Aalborg]]. They performed some 25 acts of sabotage against the Germans, destroying Nazi German assets with makeshift grenades and stealing Nazi German weapons.

When the Germans forced the Danish government to sign the [[anti-Comintern pact]], a large [[protest]] broke out in [[Copenhagen]].{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

The number of Danish [[Nazi]]s was low before the war, and this trend continued throughout the occupation. This was confirmed in the [[1943 Danish Folketing election|1943 parliamentary elections]], in which the population voted overwhelmingly for the four traditional parties, or abstained. The latter option was widely interpreted as votes for the Danish Communist Party. The election was a disappointment for the [[National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark]] (DNSAP) and German ''[[Plenipotentiary|Reichsbevollmächtigter]]''. Dr. [[Werner Best]] abandoned plans to create a government under Danish Nazi leader [[Frits Clausen]], due to Clausen's lack of public support.

In 1942–43, resistance operations gradually shifted to more violent action, most notably acts of sabotage. Various groups succeeded in making contacts with the British [[Special Operations Executive]] (SOE) which began making airdrops of agents and supplies. There were not many drops until August 1944, but they increased through the end of the occupation. In total throughout the war, over 600 tons of weapons, equipment and explosives were airdropped to the Danish resistance by the Allies, while fifty-three SOE agents were dispatched to Denmark.<ref name="Holbraad">{{cite book |last1=Holbraad |first1=Carsten |title=Danish Reactions to German Occupation |date=2017 |publisher=UCL Press |location=London |isbn=9781911307495}}</ref>

===Military intelligence operations===
On 23 April 1940,<ref name="Oberst Lunding">H.M. Lunding (1970), ''Stemplet fortroligt'', 3rd edition, Gyldendal, pp. 68-72. {{in lang|da}}</ref> members of Danish military intelligence established contacts with their British counterparts through the British diplomatic mission in Stockholm. The first intelligence dispatch was sent by messenger to the Stockholm mission in the autumn of 1940. This evolved into regular dispatches of military and political intelligence, and by 1942–43, the number of dispatches had increased to at least one per week.<ref name="Oberst Lunding"/> In addition, an employee of [[Danmarks Radio]] was able to transmit short messages to Britain through the national broadcasting network.

The intelligence was gathered mostly by officers in the Danish army and navy; they reported information about political developments, the location and size of German military units, and details about the Danish section of the [[Atlantic Wall]] fortifications. In 1942, the Germans demanded the removal of the Danish military from [[Jutland]], but intelligence operations continued. It was carried out by plainclothes personnel or by reserve officers, since this group was not included in the evacuation order.<ref name="Oberst Lunding"/> Following the liberation of Denmark, [[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|Field Marshal]] [[Bernard Law Montgomery]] described the intelligence gathered in Denmark as "second to none".<ref>[http://befrielsen1945.emu.dk/temaer/befrielsen/jubel/index.html Bjørn Pedersen: ''Jubel og glæde''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212002426/http://befrielsen1945.emu.dk/temaer/befrielsen/jubel/index.html |date=2008-02-12 }}. {{in lang|da}} Retrieved 21 April 2008.</ref>

== Violent resistance: 1943–1945 ==
[[File:Denmark Fights for Freedom.ogv|thumb|''Denmark Fights for Freedom'', a 1944 U.S. propaganda film about the Danish resistance movement.]][[File:M1917 Enfield 1201287.jpg|thumb|[[M1917 Enfield]] used by a resistance group in [[Haslev]].]]
As the years went by, the number of acts of sabotage and violence grew. In 1943, the number grew dramatically, to the point that the German authorities became dissatisfied with the Danish authorities' handling of the situation. At the end of August, the Germans took over full administration in Denmark, which allowed them to deal with the population as they wished. The Germans raided every police station in Denmark, disarmed, arrested and deported all 2,000 Danish police officers to Germany.<ref name=Holbraad/> Policing became easier for the Nazis, but more and more people became involved with the movement because they were no longer worried about protecting the Danish government.

In particular, the [[Danish Freedom Council]] was set up in September 1943, bringing together the various resistance groups in order to improve their efficiency and resolve. An underground government was established. Allied governments, who had been skeptical about Denmark's commitment to fight Germany, began recognising it as a full ally.<ref>Jerry Voorhis, “Germany and Denmark: 1940-45,” ''Scandinavian Studies'' 44:2 (1972) p. 183.</ref>

Due to concerns about prisoners and information held in [[Gestapo]] headquarters at the ''Shellhus'' in the centre of [[Copenhagen]], the resistance repeatedly requested a tactical [[RAF]] raid on the headquarters to destroy records and release prisoners. [[Great Britain|Britain]] initially turned down the request due to the risk of civilian casualties, but eventually launched [[Operation Carthage]], a very low-level raid by 20 [[de Havilland Mosquito]] fighter-bombers, escorted by 30 [[P-51 Mustang]] fighters. The raid succeeded in destroying the headquarters, releasing 18 prisoners of the Gestapo, and disrupting anti-resistance operations throughout Denmark. However, 125 civilians lost their lives due to the errant bombing of a nearby boarding school.<ref name=info2012>{{cite web|url= http://www.information.dk/296555 |title= Bombning af Den Franske Skole blev redigeret ud af erindringen |publisher= [[Dagbladet Information]] |first= Anita Brask |last= Rasmussen |date= 21 March 2012 |access-date= 4 December 2014 |trans-title= The bombing of the French School was edited out of the remembrance |language= da}}</ref>

== Actions ==
[[File:DanishResistanceAC2795.jpg|thumb|right|Railway shop workers in [[Frederiksværk]] built this [[Armored car (military)|armored car]] for offensive use by the Danish resistance. It was employed against Danish Nazis, known as the [[Lorenzen group]], entrenched in the plantation of Asserbo in North Zealand. May 5, 1945]]
[[File:J. D. McFarlane.jpg|thumb|An American pilot in occupied Copenhagen photographed by the Danish resistance while a German pilot looks on. March, 1945]]
In 1943, the movement scored a great success in [[Rescue of the Danish Jews|rescuing all but 500]] of Denmark's [[Jewish]] population of 7,000–8,000 from being sent to the [[Nazi concentration camps]] by helping transport them to neutral [[Sweden]], where they were offered asylum.<ref>[https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/denmark.html The Rescue of Danish Jews], Jewish Virtual Library, Retrieved 17 April 2008.</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=UNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM|title=RESCUE IN DENMARK|url=http://www.ushmm.org/outreach/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007740}}</ref> The Danish resistance movement has been honoured as a collective at [[Yad Vashem]] in [[Israel]] as being part of the "[[Righteous Among the Nations]]".<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/denmark.html|title= The Rescue of Danish Jews|website= Jewish Virtual Library|access-date= 2016-02-08}}</ref> They were honoured as a collective rather than as individuals at their own request.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.yadvashem.org/righteous/stories/the-rescue-of-denmark-jews.html|title= The Rescue of Denmark's Jews|website= Yad Vashem|access-date= 2016-02-08|quote="The Underground did not receive the Righteous Among the Nations title, which is only awarded to individuals, not to groups. This was also in the spirit of the request expressed by the members of the Danish underground not to honor them as individuals."}}</ref>

Another success was the disruption of the Danish railway network in the days after [[D-Day]], which delayed the movement of German troops to [[France]] as reinforcements.

By the end of the war, the organized resistance movement in Denmark had scored many successes. It is believed to have killed nearly 400 persons (the top official number is 385) from 1943 through 1945, who were Danish Nazis, informers or collaborators thought to pose a threat to the Resistance, or Danes working for the Gestapo.<ref name="maier">Clement Maier, ''Making Memories: The Politics of in Postwar Norway and Denmark'', pp. 259-263, 2007 thesis at European University Institute, available online as pdf.</ref> The rationale behind the executions was discussed, and several accounts by participants said a committee identified targets, but no historic evidence of this system has been found.<ref name="maier"/> In the postwar period, while the killings were criticized, they were also defended by such politicians as [[Frode Jakobsen]] and [[Per Federspiel]].

The movement lost slightly more than 850 members [[killed in action|in action]], in [[prison]], in [[Nazi concentration camps]], or (in the case of 102 resistance members<ref name="Quistgaard">{{cite book|last= Quistgaard |first= Georg |authorlink= Georg Quistgaard |year= 1944 |publication-date = 1946 |title= [[:en:File:G.B.Quistgaard Book.pdf|Fængselsdagbog og breve]] |publisher= Nyt Nordisk Forlag, Arnold Busck |trans-title=Prison Diary and Letters |others= Prefaced by Elias Bredsdorff |no-pp=yes|pages= 101 pages |location= Copenhagen |language= da }}</ref>) [[executed]] following a [[court-martial]].

The [[Danish National Museum]] maintains the [https://en.natmus.dk/museums-and-palaces/the-museum-of-danish-resistance/ Museum of Danish Resistance] in [[Copenhagen]].

Since the late 20th century, there has been more discussion about the morality of some of the killings carried out by the resistance, sparked by a TV series about the death of [[Jane Horney]], a Danish citizen killed at sea in what Frode Jakobsen defended as an act of war.<ref>Maier (2007), ''Making Memories'', pp. 276-278</ref>

With the 60th anniversary of the end of the war, the issue was re-examined in two new studies: Stefan Emkjar's ''Stikkerdrab'' and Peter Ovig Knudsen's ''Etter drabet'', "the first profound approaches into the topic."<ref name="Maier 2007 pp. 269-272">Maier (2007), ''Making Memories'', pp. 269-272</ref> Both authors used veterans of the resistance movement, and covered the sometimes contingent, improvised nature of some of the actions. It suggested that some of the noted [[Bent Faurschou-Hviid]] (''Flammen'')'s executions may have been mistakenly directed by a double agent.<ref>Maier (2007), ''Making Memories'', pp. 271-272</ref> Knudsen's work was adapted as a two-hour documentary film, ''With the Right to Kill'' (2003), which was shown on TV and later released in theaters.<ref>Maier (2007), ''Making Memories'', p. 272</ref> These works have contributed to a national discussion on the topic. ''[[Flame and Citron]]'' ([[Flammen og Citronen]], 2008) is a fictionalized drama film based on historic accounts of the two prominent Danish resistance fighters, directed by [[Ole Christian Madsen]]. It portrays some of the moral ambiguity of their actions.

== Prominent members ==
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* Christer Lyst Hansen
* Henning Bysted
* Jørgen Jenk<ref>{{cite web|URL=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/05/06/obituaries/jorgen-jenk-65-rescued-jews.html|title=Jørgen Jenk, 65, Rescued Jews|publisher=New York Times|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Mogens Fog]]
* [[Flemming Muus]]
* [[Monica Wichfeld]]
* [[Varinka Wichfeld-Muus]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kvinfo.dk/side/597/bio/1503/origin/170/|title=Varinka Wichfeld Muus (1922 - 2002 )|work=Dansk Kvindebiografisk Leksikon|publisher=KVINFO|language=da|access-date=5 August 2018}}</ref>
* Niels Eberhard Petersen
* Ove Kampmann
* Anton Poul Andersen
* Poul Kristian Brandt Rehberg
* Poul Bruun
* [[Marius Fiil]]
* [[Niels Fiil]]
* [[Jørgen Kieler]]
* [[Thomas Sneum]]
* [[Jørgen Haagen Schmith]] (Citronen)
* [[Bent Faurschou-Hviid]] (Flammen)
* [[John Christmas Møller]]
* [[Ole Lippmann]]
* [[Børge Bak]]
* Tom Dencker-Grant
* [[Lorenzen Group|Jørgen Strange Lorenzen]]
* Sven Fage-Pedersen
* Poul Nielsen
* Find Sandgren
* David John Valdemar Schultz (1923–2014)<ref>David Schultz was born in Riga, Latvia. Due to his father's work as the Vice Consul in the Danish Foreign Service, David's family lived in a variety of countries while he was a child: first in Tallinn, Estonia [1926], then in Oslo, Norway [1934], and finally in Copenhagen, Denmark [1937]. He attended a School of Commerce in Copenhagen for two years, and during an apprenticeship in Slagelse when he was 17 (1941), he began taking part in Resistance activities. The Resistance was discovered in 1943, at which point David fled to Sweden. He returned to Denmark in 1944 for another year of Resistance activities before escaping to Sweden again in 1945. David was one of the Resistance fighters presented to Sir Winston Churchill in 1950 to honour and thank the Danish Resistance for their support and sacrifices during the German occupation of Denmark. In 1995, David received the Danish nation's Award of Honour for his work in the Resistance.</ref>
* [[Kim Malthe-Bruun]]
* [[Knud Pedersen]]
* [[Povl Falk-Jensen]]
* Preben Munch-Nielsen
* [[Lone Maslocha]]
* [[Ellen Christensen]]
* Hans Edvard Teglers
* Niels Aage Skov 
{{Div col end}}

==Strategic result==
The extent to which the Danish resistance played an important strategic role in the war has been the subject of much discussion. Immediately after the war and until about 1970, the vast majority of accounts overrated the degree to which the resistance had been effective in battling against the Germans by acts of sabotage and by providing key intelligence to the Allies. More recently, however, after re-examining the archives, historians concur that, while the resistance provided a firm basis for moral support and paved the way for post-war governments, the strategic effect during the occupation was limited. The Germans did not need to send reinforcements to suppress the movement, and garrisoned the country with a comparatively small number of [[Wehrmacht]] troops. The resistance did not enter into active combat. Even the overall importance of Danish intelligence in the context of [[Ultra (cryptography)|Ultra]] is questionable.<ref>"Denmark, Historical Role," by Hans Kirchoff in ''Resistance in Western Europe'' (p. 112 et seq).</ref>

In his history, ''No Small Achievement: Special Operations Executive and the Danish Resistance 1940-1945'' (2002), Knud Jespersen examined the relationship between British Intelligence and the Danish Resistance. He quoted a report from [[SHAEF]] stating that the resistance in Denmark. 
<blockquote>"caused strain and embarrassment to the enemy...[and a] striking reduction in the flow of troops and stores from Norway [that] undoubtedly had an adverse effect on the reinforcements for the battles East and West of the Rhine."<ref name="peake"/></blockquote>Examining the British archives, Jespersen also found a report concluding "that the overall effect of Danish resistance was to restore national pride and political unity."<ref name="peake"/> He agreed that this was the movement's most important contribution to the nation.<ref name="peake">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070613112820/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol48no1/article10.html Hayden B. Peake, "The Intelligence Officer's Bookshelf", includes a review of Knud Jespersen's ''No Small Achievement''], ''CSI Studies'', Vol. 48, No.1, Retrieved 19 April 2008.</ref>

== Representation in other media ==
[[File:Sabotørspillet 1203321.jpg|thumb|Sabotørspillet, "The Saboteur Game", published in 1945—showcasing the saboteur as a hero]]

===Books===
* [[Carol Matas]]'s 1987 and 1989 novels ''Lisa'' and ''Jesper'' presented fictionalized accounts of Danish resistance missions.
* [[Ken Follett]]'s 2002 suspense novel ''[[Hornet Flight]]'' presents a fictionalized account of early Danish resistance.
* Stefan Emkjar's ''Stikkerdrab'' (''Killing of Informers: The Resistance Movements' Liquidation of Danes during the Occupation'', 2000) and Peter Øvig Knudsen's ''Etter drabet'' (''Following the Death: Reports of the Resistance Liquidations'', 2001), were both non-fiction studies of the resistance, published before the 60th anniversary of the end of the war.<ref name="Maier 2007 pp. 269-272"/> 
* ''[[Number the Stars]]'' (1989), children's historical fiction novel by [[Lois Lowry]], won the [[Newbery Medal]].
* [[Barry Clemson]]'s alternative history novel, ''[[Denmark Rising]]'' (2009), imagines a Denmark that implemented a total resistance to the Nazis via strategic nonviolence.
* [[Povl Falk-Jensen]]'s [http://www.frihedsmuseetsforlag.dk/boeger/boeger-paa-dansk/holger-danske-afd-'eigil'.aspx Holger Danske - Afdeling Eigils sabotager og stikkerlikvideringer under Besættelsen] (2010), Danish resistance member Povl Falk-Jensen's memoir. Povl Falk-Jensen was a leading member of the Danish resistance group [[Holger Danske (resistance group)|Holger Danske]] during World War II and responsible for eleven executions of informers or collaborators.
* [[H. George Frederickson]]'s 1997 text ''The Spirit of Public Administration'' compares the response of the bureaucracy in Denmark to other European nations to the rise of the Nazi party and Adolf Hitler.
* Aage Bertelsen's "October '43" (1954) An autobiographical account of the Jewish escape to Sweden in 1943, written by a prominent member of the Danish resistance. Originally written in Danish, but translated into other languages. Author not to be confused with famous Danish painter Aage Bertelsen.

===Film===
*  The Twentieth Century with Walter Cronkite: episode Sabotage. CBS approximately 1960. Black and white.
* ''[[Flame and Citron]]'' (''[[Flammen og Citronen]]'') (2008) is a drama film based on two prominent Danish resistance fighters,; it is directed by [[Ole Christian Madsen]].
* ''[[Miracle at Midnight]]'' (1998), American made-for-TV movie about the rescue of the Jews in Denmark, starring [[Sam Waterston]] and [[Mia Farrow]], featuring neighbors helping a family escape to Sweden.
* ''[[The Boys from St. Petri]]'', a 1991 Danish drama film.
* ''[[The Only Way (1970 film)|The Only Way]],'' A 1970 war drama film about the rescue of the Danish Jews starring Jane Seymour.
* ''[[This Life (film)|This Life]]'' (''Hvidstengruppen'') (2012) is a Danish drama film based on the activities of the [[Hvidsten Group]].
* ''[[With the Right to Kill]]'' (''Med ret til at dræbe'', 2003), is a documentary adapted from the 2001 book by journalist [[Peter Øvig Knudsen]] and directed by [[Morten Henriksen]]; it explores the liquidation of nearly 400 people by the Resistance during World War II from 1943 through 1945. It won a [[Robert Award]] in 2004 for best full-length documentary.
* ''Omvej til friheden'' (Detour to freedom), a made-for-TV documentary movie about two Jewish families attempting to flee to neutral Sweden and featuring actual Jewish survivors and members of the Danish resistance.
* ''[[Land of Mine]]'', a 2015 Danish film nominated for Oscar for Best Foreign Film, about young German POWs clearing Nazi beach mines. Director: Martin Zandvliet [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3841424/ from IMDB].
* Netflix holds distribution rights to a Danish movie ''The Bombardment'', which was first released in October 2021 in Denmark. The film is also known ''[[The Shadow in My Eye]]'' (''Skyggen i mit øje'' in Danish) and Netflix released the movie in March 2022.

===Music===
* "Denmark 1943", a song by [[Fred Small (singer-songwriter)|Fred Small]] on his album ''[[I Will Stand Fast]]''

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
* Ackerman, Peter and Jack DuVall. ''[[A Force More Powerful]]''. New York: Palgrave, 2000. {{ISBN|0-312-24050-3}}
* Hæestrup, Jørgen. ''Secret Alliance - A Study of the Danish Resistance Movement 1940-45''. Vols I, II & III. Odense University Press, 1976-77. {{ISBN|87-7492-168-1}}, {{ISBN|87-7492-194-0}} & {{ISBN|87-7492-212-2}}.
* Jespersen, Knud J. V. ''No Small Achievement: Special Operations Executive and the Danish Resistance 1940-1945''. Odense, University Press of Southern Denmark. {{ISBN|87-7838-691-8}}
* Lampe, David (1957). ''The Danish Resistance''. New York: Ballantine Books.
* Moore, Bob (editor). ''Resistance in Western Europe'' (esp. Chapter on ''Denmark'' by Hans Kirchoff), Oxford : Berg, 2000, {{ISBN|1-85973-279-8}}.
* ''Besættelsens Hvem Hvad Hvor'' (Who What Where of the Occupation), Copenhagen, Politikens Forlag, 3rd revised edition, 1985. {{ISBN|87-567-4035-2}}.
* Reilly, Robin. ''Sixth Floor: The Danish Resistance Movement and the RAF Raid on Gestapo Headquarters March 1'', 2002.
* Stenton, Michael. ''Radio London and Resistance in Occupied Europe,'' Oxford University Press. 2000. {{ISBN|0-19-820843-X}}
* Voorhis, Jerry. "Germany and Denmark: 1940-45", ''Scandinavian Studies'' 44:2, 1972.
* Zimmerman, Susan, ''[https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/2019/03/20/prisoner-of-the-gestapo-freed-by-words/ Prisoner of the Gestapo: Freed by Words],'' Warfare History Network, 20 March 2019

==External links==
* [https://www.yadvashem.org/righteous/stories/the-rescue-of-denmark-jews.html Danish resistance movement] – description of its activity to save Jews' lives at the [[Holocaust]], at [[Yad Vashem]] website

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