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{{Short description|Military tactic}}
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{{Redirect|Human wave|the crowd act associated with sporting and entertainment events|Audience wave}}
[[File:Waga gun Hôôjô senryô su, Dai Nihon rikugun daishôri, banzai by Ikeda Terukata.jpg|thumb|300px|Japanese woodcut print depicting an infantry charge in the [[Russo-Japanese War]]]]
A '''human wave attack''', also known as a '''human sea attack''',<ref name=appleman362/> is an offensive [[infantry tactic]] in which an attacker conducts an unprotected [[frontal assault]] with densely concentrated [[infantry]] formations against the enemy line, intended to overrun and overwhelm the defenders by engaging in [[melee combat]]. The name refers to the concept of a coordinated mass of soldiers falling upon an enemy force and sweeping them away with sheer weight and momentum, like an [[ocean wave]] breaking on a beach.

{{history of war}}

==Definition==
According to U.S. Army analyst Edward C. O'Dowd, the technical definition of a human wave attack tactic is a frontal assault by [[Force concentration|densely concentrated]] infantry formations against an enemy line, without any attempts to shield or to mask the attacker's movement.{{sfn|O'Dowd|2007|p=145}} The goal of a human wave attack is to maneuver as many people as possible into close range, hoping that the shock from a large mass of attackers engaged in melee combat would force the enemy to disintegrate or fall back.{{sfn|O'Dowd|2007|p=145}}

The human wave attack's reliance on melee combat usually makes the organization and the training of the attacking force irrelevant, but it requires either great physical [[courage]], [[coercion]], or [[morale]] for the attackers to advance into enemy fire.{{sfn|O'Dowd|2007|pp=145-146}} However, when matched against modern weaponry such as automatic firearms, artillery and aircraft, a human wave attack is an extremely dangerous and costly tactic in the face of devastating firepower.{{sfn|O'Dowd|2007|p=145}} Thus, for a human wave attack to succeed on the modern battlefield, it is imperative for the attackers to [[Charge (warfare)|charge]] into the enemy line in the shortest time and in the greatest numbers possible, so that a sufficient mass can be preserved when the attackers reach melee range.{{sfn|O'Dowd|2007|p=145}}

However, this solution usually means that the attackers must sacrifice concealment and cover for numbers and speed.{{sfn|O'Dowd|2007|p=145}} Because of this trade-off, human wave attacks can be used by an attacker which lacks tactical training or one which lacks firepower and the ability to manoeuvre, but which can motivate and control its personnel.{{sfn|O'Dowd|2007|p=144}}

==Use==
Human wave attacks have been used by several armed forces around the world, including European and American armies during the [[American Civil War]] and [[World War I]],{{sfn|O'Dowd|2007|p=143}} the [[Boxer movement|Boxers]] during the [[Boxer Rebellion]], the [[Spanish Republican Army]] during the [[Spanish Civil War]], the [[Red Army]], [[Imperial Japanese Army]] and the [[National Revolutionary Army]] during the [[World War II]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110810105450123 | title=National Revolutionary Army }}</ref><ref name=":0">[https://www.historynet.com/red-army-assault-at-seelow-heights-may-99-world-war-ii-feature/ RED ARMY ASSAULT AT SEELOW HEIGHTS – MAY '99 WORLD WAR II FEATURE]</ref> The [[People's Volunteer Army]] during the [[Korean War]] and the [[People's Liberation Army]] during the [[Vietnam War]] and [[Sino-Vietnamese War]],<ref name=appleman353 />  the Iranian [[Basij]] during the [[Iran–Iraq War]],<ref name="anderson">{{citation | last = Anderson| first = Jon Lee | url = http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/newsdesk/2009/06/jon-lee-anderson-understanding-the-basij.html | title = Understanding The Basij | date=2009-06-19 | magazine = [[The New Yorker]] | location = New York, NY | access-date = 2010-11-22}}</ref> and the [[Russian Ground Forces]] during the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kluth |first=Andreas |date=February 14, 2023 |title=Russia's 'Human Wave Attacks' Are Another Step Into Hell |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/russias-human-wave-attacks-are-another-stepinto-hell/2023/02/14/574e7202-ac27-11ed-b0ba-9f4244c6e5da_story.html |access-date=February 14, 2023 |url-access=limited |newspaper=[[Washington Post]]}}</ref>

===Boxer Rebellion===
Human wave attacks were used during the [[Boxer Rebellion]] (1899-1901) in [[China]].<ref name="Wilhelm1994">{{cite book|author=Alfred D. Wilhelm|title=The Chinese at the Negotiating Table: Style and Characteristics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yd79PoqggT0C&pg=PA232|year=1994|publisher=DIANE Publishing|isbn=978-0-7881-2340-5|pages=232–}}</ref> Boxer rebels performed human wave attacks against [[Eight-Nation Alliance]] forces during the [[Seymour Expedition]]<ref name="Xiang2014">{{cite book|author=Lanxin Xiang|title=The Origins of the Boxer War: A Multinational Study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sbLKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA262|date=4 February 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-86582-4|pages=262–}}</ref> and the [[Battle of Langfang]]<ref name="Xiang2014 1">{{cite book|author=Lanxin Xiang|title=The Origins of the Boxer War: A Multinational Study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sbLKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA263|date=4 February 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-86582-4|pages=263–}}</ref> where the Eight Nation Alliance was forced to retreat.<ref name="Xiang2014 2">{{cite book|author=Lanxin Xiang|title=The Origins of the Boxer War: A Multinational Study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sbLKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA264|date=4 February 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-86582-4|pages=264–}}</ref>

On June 11 and June 14 1900, Boxers armed only with bladed melee weapons directly charged the Alliance troops at Langfang armed with rifles and machine guns in human wave attacks and the Boxers also blocked the retreat of the expedition via train by destroying the Tianjin-Langfang railway.<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1X5AgAAQBAJ&q=battle+of+langfang&pg=PT67 |title=The Savage Wars Of Peace: Small Wars And The Rise Of American Power |first= Max |last=Boot |author-link = Max Boot |year= 2014| edition=revised| publisher=Basic Books | isbn= 978-0465038664 | access-date= 2014-11-11}}</ref>

The Boxers and [[Dong Fuxiang]]'s army worked together in the joint ambush with the Boxers relentlessly assaulting the Allies head on with human wave attacks displaying "no fear of death" and engaging the Allies in melee combat and putting the Allied troops under severe mental stress by mimicking vigorous gunfire with firecrackers. The Allies however suffered most of their losses at the hands of General Dong's troops, who used their expertise and persistence to engage in "bold and persistent" assaults on the Alliance forces, as remembered by the German Captain Usedom: the right wing of the Germans was almost at the point of collapse under the attack until they were rescued from Langfang by French and British troops; the Allies then retreated from Langfang in trains full of bullet holes.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lanxin|first=Xiang|title=The Origins of the Boxer War: A Multinational Study|date=2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1136865893|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ECbKAgAAQBAJ&q=battle+of+langfang&pg=PA264|page=264}}</ref>

===Russo-Japanese War===
During the [[Siege of Port Arthur]] (1904-1905), human wave attacks were conducted on Russian artillery and machine guns by the Japanese which ended up becoming suicidal.<ref name="Miller2014">{{cite book|author=John H. Miller|title=American Political and Cultural Perspectives on Japan: From Perry to Obama|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uN1XAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA41|date=2 April 2014|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-8913-9|pages=41–}}</ref> Since the Japanese suffered massive casualties in the attacks,<ref name="Edgerton1997">{{cite book|author=Robert B. Edgerton|title=Warriors of the Rising Sun: A History of the Japanese Military|url=https://archive.org/details/warriorsofrising00edge|url-access=registration|year=1997|publisher=Norton|isbn=978-0-393-04085-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/warriorsofrising00edge/page/167 167]–}}</ref> one description of the aftermath was that "a thick, unbroken mass of corpses covered the cold earth like a coverlet."<ref name="O'ConnellBatchelor2002">{{cite book|author1=Robert L. O'Connell|author2=John H. Batchelor|author2-link=John H. Batchelor|title=Soul of the Sword: An Illustrated History of Weaponry and Warfare from Prehistory to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eoEagVTujdcC&pg=PA243|year=2002|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-684-84407-7|pages=243–}}</ref>

===Spanish Republicans===
Human wave attacks have also been deployed by the [[Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)|Republicans]] in Spain during the [[Spanish Civil War]] most notably their defense of [[Casa de Campo]] during the [[Siege of Madrid]], particularly the counterattack by the [[Durruti Column]] led by [[Buenaventura Durruti]].<ref>[https://carolineangus.com/tag/casa-de-campo/ This Week in Spanish Civil War History – Week 18: 14 – 21 November 1936]</ref>
Also, as recounted by various former members of the [[Lincoln Battalion]], it was not uncommon for Republican commanders to order units onto attacks that were warned by field officers to be ill-advised or suicidal.<ref>{{citation |first=Calen |last=Crain |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/04/18/the-americans-soldiers-of-the-spanish-civil-war/amp |url-access=limited |title=Lost Illusions: The Americans who fought in the Spanish Civil War |date=April 11, 2016 |magazine=The New Yorker}}</ref>

===Soviet Red Army===
There were elements of human waves being utilized in the [[Russian Civil War]] recounted by [[American Expeditionary Force, North Russia|American soldiers in Russia]] supporting the [[White Army]].<ref>{{citation |first=Erick |last=Trickey |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/forgotten-doughboys-who-died-fighting-russian-civil-war-180971470/ |title=The Forgotten Story of the American Troops Who Got Caught Up in the Russian Civil War |website=Smithsonian Magazine |date=February 12, 2019}}</ref>

In the [[Winter War]] of 1939–1940 the [[Red Army|Soviet Red Army]] used human wave charges repeatedly against fortified [[Finland|Finnish]] positions, allowing the enemy machine gunners to mow them down, a tactic described as "incomprehensible fatalism" by the Finnish commander [[Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim|Mannerheim]]. This led to massive losses on the Soviet side and contributed to why the clearly weaker Finnish forces (both in manpower and armament) were able to temporarily resist the Soviet attacks on the Karelian Isthmus.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Engle |first1=Eloise |last2=Paananen |first2=Lauri |title=The Winter War: The Soviet Attack on Finland 1939-1940 |date=1973 |publisher=Stackpole Books |location=Mechanicsburg, PA |pages=123–125}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kamieński |first1=Łukasz |title=Shooting Up: A short history of drugs and war |date=2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |pages=140–141}}</ref> Soviet attacks in other sectors were successfully halted by the Finns.

[[Richard Overy]] in his book, ''The Oxford History of World War II'', talks about the eventual technological advancement of Soviet spearhead forces, becoming as effective as German forces, however he still acknowledges that elements of "unthinkable self-sacrifice, 'human wave' tactics, and draconian punishment" existed.

===Imperial Japanese Army===
[[File:GuadNakagumaMatanikauDeadJapanese.jpg|thumb|Dead Japanese soldiers lie on the beach after a failed [[banzai charge]] during the [[Guadalcanal campaign|Battle of Guadalcanal]], 1942]]
The [[Imperial Japanese Army]] was known for its use of human wave attacks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.warhistoryonline.com/instant-articles/banzai-cliff-site-hundreds-suicides-end-battle-saipan-mm.html|title=Banzai Cliff was the Site of Hundreds of Suicides at the Battle of Saipan|first=Holly|last=Godbey|date=5 September 2017|website=Warhistoryonline.com|access-date=22 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dw.com/en/japan-plans-final-push-to-bring-home-its-war-dead/a-19197835|title=Japan plans final push to bring home its war dead - Asia - DW - 19.04.2016|website=Dw.com|access-date=22 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ON65DQAAQBAJ&q=human+wave+attacks+banzai+charges&pg=PA643|title=Global Americans|first1=Maria|last1=Montoya|first2=Laura A.|last2=Belmonte|first3=Carl J.|last3=Guarneri|first4=Steven|last4=Hackel|first5=Ellen|last5=Hartigan-O'Connor|date=5 October 2016|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=9781337101127|access-date=22 November 2017|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6rvlCAAAQBAJ&q=banzai+charges+units&pg=PA117|title=The Routledge History of Genocide|first1=Cathie|last1=Carmichael|first2=Richard C.|last2=Maguire|date=1 May 2015|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=9781317514848|access-date=22 November 2017|via=Google Books}}</ref> There were even specialized units who were trained in this type of assault.

The charge was used successfully in the [[Russo-Japanese War]] and the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]], where the highly disciplined Japanese soldiers were fighting against enemies with comparatively lower discipline and without many automatic weapons such as machine guns, oftentimes outnumbering them as well. In such instances, a determined charge could break into the enemy lines and win the day. The effectiveness of such strategies in China made them a standard tactic for the Imperial Japanese Army. These tactics became mostly known to Western audiences during the [[Pacific War]], where Japanese forces used this approach against Allied forces. However, Allied forces drastically outnumbered the Japanese, and they were equipped with a very high number of automatic weapons. They also consisted of well-trained forces who would quickly adapt to Japanese charges. If the Allied forces could establish a defensive perimeter, their superior firepower would often result in crippling Japanese casualties and a failure of the attack. The Japanese battle-cry "Banzai" led to this form of charge being called the "[[Banzai charge]]" by the Allied forces.

In addition to its strategic use by Japanese military forces, the frequency of its use has been explained, in part, as Japanese troops adhering to their traditional [[Bushido]] honor code that viewed surrender as shameful or unacceptable, whereas the bravery of a human wave charge, even if suicidal, was an honorable choice. These banzai charges by Japanese soldiers against Allied troops equipped with machine guns, light mortars, semi-automatic rifles and sub-machine guns were often ineffective in altering the outcome of a battle, but American troops later reported severe psychological pressure from defending against these out-gunned human waves.

===People's Volunteer Army===
During the [[Korean War]], the term "human wave attack" was used to describe the Chinese '''short attack''', a combination of [[infiltration tactics|infiltration]] and [[shock tactics]] employed by the [[People's Volunteer Army]] (PVA).<ref name=appleman363>{{harvnb|Appleman|p=363|1990}}.</ref><ref name=roe435>{{harvnb|Roe|2000|p=435}}.</ref> According to some accounts, Marshal [[Peng Dehuai]]—the overall commander of the PVA forces in Korea—is said to have invented this tactic.<ref name=roe93>{{harvnb|Roe|2000|p=93}}.</ref>

A typical Chinese short attack was carried out at night by numerous [[fireteam]]s on a narrow front against the weakest point in enemy defenses.<ref name=roe435/> The PVA assault team would crawl undetected within grenade range, then launch surprise attacks against the defenders in order to breach the defenses by relying on maximum shock and confusion.<ref name=roe435/> If the initial shock failed to breach the defenses, additional fireteams would press on behind them and attack the same point until a breach was created.<ref name=roe435/> Once penetration was achieved, the bulk of the Chinese forces would move into the enemy rear and attack from behind.<ref name=alexander331>{{harvnb|Alexander|1986|p=311}}.</ref> During the attacks, the Chinese assault teams would disperse while masking themselves using the terrain, and this made it difficult for UN defenders to target numerous Chinese troops.<ref name=marshall5_6>{{harvnb|Marshall|1988|pp=5–6}}</ref> Attacks by the successive Chinese fireteams were also carefully timed to minimize casualties.<ref name=mahoney73>{{harvnb|Mahoney|2001|p=73}}.</ref> Due to primitive communication systems and tight political controls within the Chinese army, short attacks were often repeated indefinitely until either the defenses were penetrated or the attacker's ammunition supply were exhausted, regardless of the chances of success or the human cost.<ref name=roe435/>

This persistent attack pattern left a strong impression on UN forces that fought in Korea, giving birth to the description of "human wave."<ref name=appleman353>{{harvnb|Appleman|1989|p=353}}.</ref> U.S. Army historian Roy Edgar Appleman observed that the term "human wave" was later used by journalists and military officials to convey the image that the American soldiers were assaulted by overwhelming numbers of Chinese on a broad front.<ref name=appleman362>{{harvnb|Appleman|p=362|1990}}.</ref> [[S.L.A. Marshall]] also commented that the word "mass" was indiscriminately used by the media to describe Chinese infantry tactics, and it is rare for the Chinese to actually use densely concentrated infantry formations to absorb enemy firepower.<ref name=marshall5>{{harvnb|Marshall|1988|p=5}}.</ref> In response to the media's stereotype of Chinese assault troops deployed in vast "human seas", a joke circulated among the US servicemen was "How many hordes are there in a Chinese [[platoon]]?"<ref name=appleman353/><ref name=roe435/><ref name=george4_5>{{harvnb|George|1967|pp=4–5}}.</ref>

In Chinese sources, this tactic is referred to as "three-three fireteams," after the composition of the attack: three men would form one fireteam, and three fireteams would form one squad. A Chinese platoon, consisting of 33 to 50 soldiers (depending on if they had a heavy weapons team), would form their squads in ranks in a staggered arrowhead formation, which would be employed to attack "one point" from "two sides."<ref>林彪 (1948).《一点两面与班组的三三制战术》. 辽吉第五军分区.</ref>

Although abandoned by the PVA by 1953,{{sfn|O'Dowd|2007|p=148}} outside observers such as [[Allen S. Whiting]] expected China to use the tactic if necessary.<ref name="burr2001">{{Cite web |date=2001-06-12 |editor-last=Burr |editor-first=William |title=The Sino-Soviet Border Conflict, 1969 |url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB49/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091013105812/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB49/ |archive-date=2009-10-13 |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=National Security Archive |publisher=George Washington University}}</ref> The Chinese army re-adopted this tactic during the [[Vietnam War]] and [[Sino-Vietnamese War]] due to the stagnation of the Chinese military modernization programs during the [[Cultural Revolution]].{{sfn|O'Dowd|2007|pp=150, 165}} Their use in the Vietnam War and Sino-Vietnamese War is a rare example of an army with superior firepower, in this case the PLA, throwing away its advantage.{{sfn|O'Dowd|2007|pp=144, 164}}

===Iran–Iraq War===
{{Main|Basij|Iran–Iraq War|Martyrdom in Iran#Iran–Iraq War}}

{{Needs expansion|date=May 2023}}

During the [[Iran–Iraq War]], some of the attacks conducted by Iranian forces in large operations, were considered to be human wave attacks.<ref>{{citation |last=Gallagher |first=Mike |title=The 'beauty' and the horror of the Iran-Iraq war |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-34353349 |date=2015-09-26}}</ref><ref name="anderson"/>
=== Eritrean-Ethiopian War ===
In the [[Eritrean–Ethiopian War|Eritrean–Ethiopian War of 1998-2000]], the widespread use of trenches has resulted in comparisons of the conflict to the [[trench warfare]] of [[World War I]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Tareke |first=Gebru |title=The Ethiopian Revolution: War in the Horn of Africa |publisher=Yale University |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-300-14163-4 |location=New Haven |page=345}}</ref> According to some reports, trench warfare led to the loss of "thousands of young lives in human-wave assaults on Eritrea's positions".<ref>{{cite news |last=Fisher |first=Ian |date=23 August 1999 |title=Peace Deal May Be Near for Ethiopia and Eritrea |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/08/23/world/peace-deal-may-be-near-for-ethiopia-and-eritrea.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-19 |title=Eritrean disaster looms as a million flee from rapidly advancing |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/eritrean-disaster-looms-as-a-million-flee-from-rapidly-advancing-ethiopian-forces-5370972.html |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref>

=== Russian invasion of Ukraine ===
During the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]] starting in 2022, the Ukrainian military, Western media and prominent Russian [[milbloggers]] have reported that the Russian military uses human wave attacks to overcome Ukrainian defenses.<ref name=StepIntoHell>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/russias-human-wave-attacks-are-another-stepinto-hell/2023/02/14/574e7202-ac27-11ed-b0ba-9f4244c6e5da_story.html|title=Russia's 'Human Wave Attacks' Are Another Step Into Hell|author=Andreas Kluth|publisher=Bloomberg|date=February 14, 2023}}</ref><ref name=AtlCouncilApr2023>{{cite news|author=Olivia Yanchik|title=Human wave tactics are demoralizing the Russian army in Ukraine |url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ukrainealert/human-wave-tactics-are-demoralizing-the-russian-army-in-ukraine/ |work=UkraineAlert|publisher=Atlantic Council |date=8 April 2023}}</ref><ref name=TelegraphMarch2023>{{cite news|author=Nataliya Vasilyeva|title= 'Why should I fight?': How Russian soldiers are mutinying in face of 'certain death' |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/03/10/new-russian-army-unit-sent-find-soldiers-lost-chaos-faltering/|date=March 10, 2023|newspaper=The Telegraph}}</ref><ref name="k637">{{cite web | last=Yanchik| first=Olivia| title=Human wave tactics are demoralizing the Russian army in Ukraine | website=Atlantic Council | date=8 April 2023 | url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ukrainealert/human-wave-tactics-are-demoralizing-the-russian-army-in-ukraine/ | access-date=8 May 2024}}</ref><ref name="s169">{{cite web | last=Axe | first=David | title=Modern Banzai Charge: Russian Troops Pile Onto Vehicles, Speed Toward Ukrainian Lines ... And Die. But The Tactic Is Helping Russia Advance. | website=Forbes | date=26 February 2024 | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2024/02/26/modern-banzai-russian-troops-pile-onto-vehicles-speed-toward-ukrainian-lines--and-die-but-the-tactic-is-helping-russia-advance/?sh=e4f7e33b5ef8 | access-date=28 May 2024}}</ref><ref name="q661">{{cite web | title=Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, March 24, 2023 | website=Institute for the Study of War | date=24 March 2023 | url=https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-march-24-2023 | access-date=30 October 2024}}</ref>

During the battles of [[Battle of Bakhmut|Bakhmut]], [[Battle of Vuhledar|Vuhledar]],<ref name=AtlCouncilApr2023/> and [[Battle of Avdiivka (2023–2024)|Avdiivka]], it was claimed that Russian Army regulars were sent into the battles using human wave tactics to capture the towns.<ref name=MeatAssault>{{cite news |title=Russia pursues Avdiivka with 'meat assaults' in a replay of Bakhmut |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/1/russia-pursues-avdiivka-with-meat-assaults-in-a-replay-of-bakhmut |work=Al Jazeera |date=1 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Russia's bloody fight for a ruined Ukrainian town has been a mess, and its forces are getting slaughtered, milbloggers say |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/russia-bloody-fight-in-avdiivka-has-slaughtered-its-forces-milbloggers-2023-10 |work=Business Insider |date=31 October 2023}}</ref> [[Wagner Group]] paramilitary units also used "human wave attacks" using [[Russian penal military units|convicts recruited from prisons]] to fight in Ukraine,<ref name=StepIntoHell/> including those in the [[Storm-Z]] and [[Storm-V]] units.<ref name=MeatAssault/> It was also claimed that the Russian infantry sent in "human wave" attacks are poorly trained and equipped, with minimal or no [[Mechanized infantry|mechanized]] or [[air support]].<ref name=MeatAssault/> Rear Admiral [[John Kirby (admiral)|John Kirby]], spokesperson for the [[United States National Security Council|U.S. National Security Council]], claimed that Russia threw "masses of poorly trained soldiers right into the battlefield without proper equipment, and apparently without proper training and preparation."<ref>{{citation |first=Matt |last=Berg |title=Russia launched 'renewed offensive' against Ukraine, Kirby says |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2023/10/13/russia-ukraine-war-00121464 |website=Politico |date=2023-10-13}}</ref> Russian troops have claimed that they were threatened with being shot by [[barrier troops]] if they retreated from attacks.<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 March 2023|title='They threatened to shoot us if we didn't advance' — Russian soldiers deployed near Ukraine's Vuhledar ask Putin for help|url=https://novayagazeta.eu/articles/2023/03/26/they-threatened-to-shoot-us-if-we-didnt-advance-russian-soldiers-deployed-near-ukraines-vuhledar-ask-putin-for-help-en-news|access-date=27 August 2024|website=Novaya Gazeta Europe}}</ref>

The term ″meat grinder″ has been used to describe these tactics used by Russia in attempts to wear down Ukrainian forces and expose their positions to Russian artillery.<ref name="Ivshina Brewer 2024 l201">{{cite web | last=Ivshina | first=Olga | last2=Brewer | first2=Becky Dale & Kirstie | title=Russia's meat grinder soldiers | website=BBC Home | date=17 April 2024 | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-68819853 | access-date=3 May 2024}}</ref> According to NATO and Western military officials, around 1,200 Russian soldiers were killed or wounded in Ukraine every day on average in May and June 2024, mainly due to the use of [[Red Army tactics in World War II|Soviet tactics]] and human wave attacks. These attacks have also been compared to the [[Imperial Japanese Army]]'s [[banzai charge]]s.<ref>{{cite news |title=Russia Sends Waves of Troops to the Front in a Brutal Style of Fighting |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/27/us/politics/russia-casualties-ukraine-war.html |work=The New York Times |date=27 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ukraine calls them meat assaults: Russia's brutal plan to take ground |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c80xjne8ryxo |work=BBC News |date=4 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2024/02/26/modern-banzai-russian-troops-pile-onto-vehicles-speed-toward-ukrainian-lines--and-die-but-the-tactic-is-helping-russia-advance/|title= Modern Banzai Charge: Russian Troops Pile Onto Vehicles, Speed Toward Ukrainian Lines ... And Die. But The Tactic Is Helping Russia Advance.|date=Feb 26, 2024}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Attrition warfare]]
* [[Cannon fodder]]
* [[Swarming (military)]]
* [[Creeping Barrage|Creeping barrage]]
* [[M18 Claymore]] – [[land mine]] designed in 1952 as a response to human wave attacks in Korea

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
* {{citation
 |last=Alexander
 |first=Bevin R.
 |year=1986
 |title=Korea: The First War We Lost
 |publisher=Hippocrene Books, Inc
 |isbn=978-0-87052-135-5
 |location=New York, NY
}}
* {{citation
 | last = Appleman
 | first = Roy
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== External links ==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MN_ZZO77o7w Footage of human wave attacks during the Korean war]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pez9Nrue95E Documentary clip highlighting Iran's Human Wave Attacks vs. Iraq 1982]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Human Wave Attack}}
[[Category:Assault tactics]]
[[Category:Infantry]]
[[Category:Land warfare]]
[[Category:Tactical formations]]