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{{workpage}}

The '''European peoples''' are the various [[nations]] and [[ethnic groups]] of [[Europe]]. '''European ethnology''' is the field of [[anthropology]] focusing on Europe.
 
Pan and Pfeil (2002) count 87 distinct "peoples of Europe", of which 33 form the majority population in at least one sovereign state, while the remaining 54 constitute ethnic minorities. The total number of  national minority populations in Europe is estimated at 105 million people, or 14% of 770 million Europeans.<ref>Christoph Pan, Beate Sibylle Pfeil,''Minderheitenrechte in Europa. Handbuch der europäischen Volksgruppen'' (2002).[http://www.living-diversity.eu/Introduction.html]</ref>

==Overview==
{{see|Demographics of Europe}}

There are eight peoples of Europe with more than 30 million members, the [[Russians]] (with some 90 million settling in the European parts of [[Russia]]), followed by the [[Germans]] (76 million), [[French people|French]] (63 million<ref>Recensement officiel de l'Insee [http://www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/docs_ffc/IP1042.pdf]</ref>), [[Italians]] (58 million), [[English people|English]] (45 million), [[Spanish people|Spanish]] (42 million), [[Poles]] (42 million) and the [[Ukrainian people|Ukrainians]] (41 million). These eight groups between themselves account for some 460 million or about 63% of European population.

About 20-25 million residents  (3%) are members of diasporas of non-European origin. The [[Demographics of the European Union|population of the European Union]], with some five hundred million residents, accounts for two thirds of the European population.

{{Ethnic Europe}}

==Ethno-linguistic classifications==
{{see|Languages of Europe}}
[[Image:Simplified Languages of Europe map.svg|thumb|right|350px|Distribution of major [[languages of Europe]].]]
Of the total population of Europe of some 730 million (as of 2005), some 85% or 630 million fall within three large ethno-linguistic super-groups, viz., [[Slavic Europe|Slavic]], [[Latin Europe|Latin (Romance)]] and [[Germanic Europe|Germanic]]. The largest groups that do not fall within either of these are the [[Greeks]] (though as Indo-European speakers, are still related to the other three) and the [[Hungarians]] (about thirteen million each). 

{{Clear}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
| phylum || super-group || ethno-linguistic group || subgroups || approx. number (millions) || notes
|-
| '''[[Indo-European]]''' ||<span style="display: none;">Indo-European</span> || || ||<span style="display: none;">**</span>'''665''' ||
|-
|<span style="display: none;">Indo-Europeans</span>|| '''[[Slavic Europe]]''' || || ||<span style="display: none;">*</span>'''230'''||
|-
|<span style="display: none;">Indo-Europeans</span> || Slavic, East|| [[Russians]] ||[[Pomors]], presently [[Cossacks]]|| 90 ||
|-
|<span style="display: none;">Indo-Europeans</span> || Slavic, West|| [[Poles]] || || 42 ||
|-
|<span style="display: none;">Indo-Europeans</span> || Slavic, East|| [[Ukrainian people|Ukrainians]] ||[[Rusyns]]{{Dubious|date=May 2008}}, [[Boykos]], [[Hutsuls]], [[Lemkos]], [[Poleszuk]]s|| 41 ||
|-
|<span style="display: none;">Indo-Europeans</span> || Slavic, West|| [[Czechs]] || || 11 ||
|-
|<span style="display: none;">Indo-Europeans</span> || Slavic, South|| [[Serbs]] || || 12 ||
|-
|<span style="display: none;">Indo-Europeans</span> || Slavic, East|| [[Belarusians]] || || 10 ||
|-
|<span style="display: none;">Indo-Europeans</span> || Slavic, South|| [[Bulgarians]] || || <span style="display: none;">0</span>8 ||
|-
|<span style="display: none;">Indo-Europeans</span> || Slavic, South|| [[Croats]] || || <span style="display: none;">0</span>6 ||
|-
|<span style="display: none;">Indo-Europeans</span> || Slavic, West|| [[Slovaks]] || || <span style="display: none;">0</span>5 ||
|-
|<span style="display: none;">Indo-Europeans</span> || Slavic, South|| [[Macedonians (ethnic group)|Macedonians]] || || <span style="display: none;">0</span>2 ||
|-
|<span style="display: none;">Indo-Europeans</span> || Slavic, South|| [[Bosniaks]] || || <span style="display: none;">0</span>2 ||
|-
|<span style="display: none;">Indo-Europeans</span> || Slavic, South|| [[Slovenes]] || || <span style="display: none;">0</span>2 ||
|-
|<span style="display: none;">Indo-Europeans</span> || Slavic, West|| [[Silesians]] || || <span style="display: none;">0</span>2 ||
|-
|<span style="display: none;">Indo-Europeans</span> || Slavic, South|| [[Montenegrins]] || || 0.8 ||
|-
|<span style="display: none;">Indo-Europeans</span> || Slavic, West|| [[Sorbs]] || || 0.06 ||
|-
|<span style="display: none;">Indo-Europeans</span> || '''[[Latin Europe]]''' || || ||<span style="display: none;">*</span>'''200'''
|-
|<span style="display: none;">Indo-Europeans</span> || Latin, Western|| [[Francophonie]] || [[French people|French]], [[Walloons]], [[Romands]], [[Occitans]] || 55 ||
|-
|<span style="display: none;">Indo-Europeans</span> || Latin, Italo-Western|| [[Italians]] || [[Sardinian language|Sardinians]], [[Furlans]], [[Lombard language|Lombards]], [[Venetian language|Venetians]], [[Sicilian language|Sicilians]], [[Neapolitan language|Neapolitans]]   || 60 ||
|-
|<span style="display: none;">Indo-Europeans</span> || Latin, Western|| [[Spanish people|Spaniards]] || [[Castilian people|Castilians]]; [[Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain|non-Castilian ethno-linguistic groups]]: [[Andalusian people|Andalusians]], [[Asturian people|Asturians]], [[Aragonese people|Aragonese]], [[Canarian people|Canarians]], [[Catalan people|Catalans]], [[Galician people|Galicians]]|| 42 ||
|-
|<span style="display: none;">Indo-Europeans</span> || Latin, Eastern||  [[Eastern Romance]] ([[Vlachs]]) || [[Romanians]], [[Megleno-Romanians]], [[Istro-Romanians]], [[Aromanians]] || 25 ||
|-
|<span style="display: none;">Indo-Europeans</span> || Latin, Western|| [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] ||  || 15 ||
|-
|<span style="display: none;">Indo-Europeans</span> || Latin, Western|| [[Romansh people|Romansh]] ||  || 0.07<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sz.html#People CIA - The World Factbook - Switzerland<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref> ||
|-
|<span style="display: none;">Indo-Europeans</span> || Latin, Western|| [[Gibraltarian people|Gibraltarians]] ||  || 0.03 ||
|-
|<span style="display: none;">Indo-Europeans</span> || '''[[Germanic Europe]]''' || || ||<span style="display: none;">*</span>'''200'''
|-
|<span style="display: none;">Indo-Europeans</span> || Germanic, West, Continental || [[German-speaking Europe]] || [[Germans]], [[Austrians]], [[Swiss (people)|Alemannic Swiss]], [[Luxembourgers]] || 90 ||
|-
|<span style="display: none;">Indo-Europeans</span> || Germanic, West, North Sea || [[English people|English]] ||  || 45 || also subsumed under  [[British people|British]] or [[White British]].
|-
|<span style="display: none;">Indo-Europeans</span> || Germanic, North || [[Scandinavians]] || [[Norwegians]], [[Swedish ethnic group|Swedes]] ([[Finland Swedes]]), [[Danish people|Danes]], [[Icelanders]] || 22 ||
|-
|<span style="display: none;">Indo-Europeans</span> || Germanic, West, Continental || [[Netherlandish]] || [[Dutch people]], [[Flemish people]] || 22 ||
|-
|<span style="display: none;">Indo-Europeans</span> || Germanic, West, North Sea || [[Frisians]] ||  || <span style="display: none;">0</span>1.5 ||
|-
|<span style="display: none;">Indo-Europeans</span> ||'''[[Celtic Europe]]''' || || ||  <span style="display: none;">*00</span>'''2-20''' || approx. 2 million speakers of [[Celtic languages]], but depending on the definition, some 20 million may be considered "[[Modern Celts|Celtic]]"
|-
|<span style="display: none;">Indo-Europeans</span> || Anglo-Celtic, Goidelic || [[Irish people|Irish]] || [[Gaeltacht]] || <span style="display: none;">0</span>6 || Some living in [[Northern Ireland]] can also subsumed under [[British people|British]] or [[White British]].
|-
|<span style="display: none;">Indo-Europeans</span> || Anglo-Celtic, Goidelic || [[Scottish people|Scots]] || [[Gàidhealtachd]]  || <span style="display: none;">0</span>6 ||  also subsumed under [[British people|British]] or [[White British]].
|-
|<span style="display: none;">Indo-Europeans</span> || Anglo-Celtic, Brythonic || [[Welsh people|Welsh]] ||  || <span style="display: none;">0</span>5 ||  also subsumed under  [[British people|British]] or [[White British]].
|-
|<span style="display: none;">Indo-Europeans</span> || Franco-Celtic, Brythonic || [[Bretons]] ||  || <span style="display: none;">0</span>5 || also subsumed under [[French people|French]].
|-
|<span style="display: none;">Indo-Europeans</span> || Anglo-Celtic, Brythonic || [[Cornish people|Cornish]] ||  || 0.2 || also subsumed under [[English people|English]], [[British people|British]] or [[White British]].
|-
|<span style="display: none;">Indo-Europeans</span> || Anglo-Celtic, Goidelic || [[Manx people|Manx]]  ||  || 0.04 ||  also subsumed under [[British people|British]] or [[White British]].
|-
|<span style="display: none;">Indo-Europeans</span> || '''Greek''' || [[Greeks]]  ||  || 13 ||
|-
|<span style="display: none;">Indo-Europeans</span> || '''Albanian''' || [[Albanians]]  ||  || <span style="display: none;">0</span>8-10 ||
|-
|<span style="display: none;">Indo-Europeans</span> || '''Indo-Aryan''' || [[Roma people]]  ||  || <span style="display: none;">0</span>5-10 ||
|-
|<span style="display: none;">Indo-Europeans</span> || '''[[Balts|Baltic]]''' ||  ||  || <span style="display: none;">0</span>4.8 ||
|-
|<span style="display: none;">Indo-Europeans</span> ||  || [[Lithuanian people|Lithuanians]] ||  || <span style="display: none;">0</span>3.15 ||
|-
|<span style="display: none;">Indo-Europeans</span> ||  || [[Latvian people|Latvians]] ||  || <span style="display: none;">0</span>1.5 ||
|-
|<span style="display: none;">Indo-Europeans</span> ||  || [[Latgalians]] ||  || 0.15 ||
|-
|<span style="display: none;">Indo-Europeans</span> || Armenian || [[Armenians]] ||  || <span style="display: none;">0</span>4.5 || in [[Transcaucasia]], not Europe proper, see below.
|-
|<span style="display: none;">Indo-Europeans</span> || Iranian ||  [[Ossetians]] ||  || 0.6 || depends on what part of the Caucasus is considered European, see below.
|-
|'''[[Turkic peoples|Turkic]]'''||<span style="display: none;">Turkic</span> || || || <span style="display: none;">*0</span>'''38''' ||
|-
|<span style="display: none;">Turkic peoples</span>  || Turkic, Oghuz || [[Turkish people|Turks]] ||  || 14 ||approx. 14 million in [[Turkish Thrace]] and [[Istanbul Province]], with a large [[Turkish diaspora]] in other parts of Europe of over 3 million, principally in Germany<ref> [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tu.html CIA factbook]. [[Turkey]] is a [[transcontinental]]c country, with 80% of its population [[Turkish people|Turkish]] and 20% [[Turkish Kurdistan|Kurdish]].</ref><ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gm.html CIA factbook] Statistics for Germany. </ref><ref>[http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/AltKategori.do?ust_id=11 Turkish Statistical Institute]</ref>
|-
|<span style="display: none;">Turkic peoples</span> || Turkic, Kypchak || [[Tatars#European Tatars|Tatars]]  || || 10 ||
|-
|<span style="display: none;">Turkic peoples</span> || Turkic, Oghuz || [[Azerbaijanis]]  ||  || <span style="display: none;">0</span>6 ||
|-
|<span style="display: none;">Turkic peoples</span> || Turkic, Oghur || [[Chuvash people|Chuvash]]  ||  || <span style="display: none;">0</span>2 ||
|-
|<span style="display: none;">Turkic peoples</span> || Turkic, Kypchak  || [[Kazakhs]]  ||  || <span style="display: none;">0</span>2 ||approx. 2 million; 1 million in the [[Atyrau Province|Atyrau]] and [[West Kazakhstan Province|West Kazakhstan]] provinces of Kazakhstan and 1 million in Russia
|-
|<span style="display: none;">Turkic peoples</span> || Turkic, Kypchak  || [[Bashkirs]]  ||  || <span style="display: none;">0</span>1.6 ||
|-
|<span style="display: none;">Turkic peoples</span> || Turkic, Kypchak  || [[Karachays]]  ||  || <span style="display: none;">0</span>1.3 ||
|-
|<span style="display: none;">Turkic peoples</span> || Turkic, Kypchak / Oghuz || [[Crimean Tatars|Crimeans]]  || [[Tat Tatars]], [[Yaliboyu Tatars]], [[Noğay Tatars]] || 0.3 ||
|-
|<span style="display: none;">Turkic peoples</span> || Turkic, Oghuz || [[Gagauz people|Gagauz]]   ||  || 0.1 ||
|-
|<span style="display: none;">Turkic peoples</span> || Turkic, Kypchak  || [[Nogais]]  ||  || 0.09 ||
|-
|'''[[Finno-Ugric peoples|Finno-Ugric]]''' ||<span style="display: none;">Finno-Ugric</span> || || || <span style="display: none;">*0</span>'''25''' ||
|-
|<span style="display: none;">Finno-Ugric peoples</span> || Ugric || [[Hungarians]]  ||  || 15 ||
|-
|<span style="display: none;">Finno-Ugric peoples</span> || Finnic, Finno-Lappic || [[Finns]]  || [[Karelians]], [[Sweden Finns]], [[Ingrian Finns]], [[Kven people]] || <span style="display: none;">0</span>6 ||
|-
|<span style="display: none;">Finno-Ugric peoples</span> || Finnic, Finno-Lappic || [[Estonians]]  || [[Setos]], [[Võros]] || <span style="display: none;">0</span>1 ||
|-
|<span style="display: none;">Finno-Ugric peoples</span> || Finnic, Volgaic|| [[Mordvins]]  || [[Erzya]]/Shoksha, [[Moksha people|Moksha]], [[Teryukhan]], [[Qaratay]]|| 0.85 ||
|-
|<span style="display: none;">Finno-Ugric peoples</span> || Finnic, Permic || [[Udmurts]]  ||  || 0.64 ||
|-
|<span style="display: none;">Finno-Ugric peoples</span> || Finnic, Volgaic || [[Mari people|Mari]]  ||  || 0.6 ||
|-
|<span style="display: none;">Finno-Ugric peoples</span> || Finnic, Permic || [[Komi peoples|Komi]]  || Komi-Izhemtsy, Komi-Permyaks  || 0.4 ||
|-
|<span style="display: none;">Finno-Ugric peoples</span> || Finnic, Finno-Lappic || [[Sami people|Sami]]  ||  || 0.1 ||
|-
|<span style="display: none;">Finno-Ugric peoples</span> || Finnic, Finno-Lappic || [[Livonian people|Livonians]] || || 0.000176 ||
|-
|'''[[Caucasian languages|Caucasian]]''' ||<span style="display: none;">Caucasian</span> || || || <span style="display: none;">*0</span>'''6''' ||
|-
|<span style="display: none;">Caucasian</span> || South Caucasian || [[Georgians]]  ||  || 5  || depends on what part of the Caucasus is considered European, see below.
|-
|<span style="display: none;">Caucasian</span> || Northeast Caucasian || [[Chechen people|Chechens]]  ||  ||1  ||depends on what part of the Caucasus is considered European, see below.
|-
|[[Basque language|'''Basque''']] ||Basque || [[Basque people|Basques]]  ||  || <span style="display: none;">0</span>2.5 ||
|-
|'''[[Semitic peoples|Semitic]]''' ||Semitic ||   ||  || 0.4-3 ||
|-
|<span style="display: none;">Semitic</span>||Semitic, Hebrew || [[Ethnic Jews]]  ||  || 2 || also subsumed under various other, see below.
|-
|<span style="display: none;">Semitic</span>  ||Semitic, Maltese|| [[Maltese people|Maltese]] || || 0.4 || ethno-linguistic classification is difficult, since there is significant historical admixture of  Italian, Sicilian, Siculo-Arabic and French influence.
|-
|'''[[Mongolic]]''' ||Mongolic || [[Kalmyks]]  ||  || 0.17 ||
|-
|}
Europe has a population of about 2 million [[ethnic Jews]] (mostly also counted as part of the ethnic group of their respective home countries):
*[[Ashkenazi Jews]] (about 1.4 million, mostly [[German people|German]] and [[Polish people|Polish]])
*[[Sephardi Jews]] (about 0.3 million, mostly [[French people|French]])
*[[Mizrahi Jews]]   (about 0.3 million, mostly [[French people|French]])
*[[Italian Jews]] (some 50,000, mostly [[Italians|Italian]])
*[[Romaniotes]] (some 6,000, mostly [[Greeks|Greek]])

Depending on what parts of the [[Caucasus]] are considered part of Europe, various [[peoples of the Caucasus]] may also be considered "European peoples":

*[[Armenians]]: approx. 4.5 million
*[[Georgians]]: approx. 4 million<ref>As a [[transcontinental country]], Georgia may be considered to be in [[Asia]] and/or [[Europe]]. The [[United Nations|UN]] [http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm classification of world regions] places Georgia in [[Western Asia]]; the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] [[CIA World Factbook|World Factbook]] [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gg.html#Geo], [http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/atlas/index.html?Parent=asia&Rootmap=georgi&Mode=d&SubMode=w National Geographic], and ''[http://www.britannica.com/ebc/article-9365466 Encyclopædia Britannica]'' also place Georgia in Asia. Conversely, numerous sources place Georgia in Europe such as the [[BBC]] [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1102477.stm], ''Oxford Reference Online'' [http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?entry=t186.e21064&srn=1&ssid=416740626#FIRSTHIT], ''[http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/Georgia Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary]'', and [http://worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/eu.htm www.worldatlas.com].</ref>
*[[Chechen people|Chechens]]: over 2 million
*[[Abkhaz people|Abkhazians]]: est. 1 million
*[[Ossetians]]: approx. 600,000.

==By country==
Pan and Pfeil (2002) distinguish 33 peoples which form the majority population in a sovereign state geographically situated in Europe.<ref>Ethnic group swhich form  the majority in two states are the [[Vlachs]] (in [[Romania]] and [[Moldova]]), and the [[Albanians]] (in [[Albania]] and the partly-recognized [[Republic of Kosovo]]).
Closely related groups holding majorities in separate states are [[German-speaking Europe|German speakers]] ([[Germans]], [[Austrians]], [[Luxembourgers]], [[Swiss German speakers]]), the [[Serbo-Croats]] in the states of [[Former Yugoslavia]], the [[Dutch people|Dutch]]/[[Flemish people|Flemish]], the [[Russians]]/[[Belarusians]] and the [[Bulgarians]]/[[Slavic Macedonians|Macedonians]].</ref>
<ref>including the European portions of [[Russia]] and [[Turkey]], not including [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] and [[Kazakhstan]], excluding [[microstates]] with fewer than 100,000 inhabitants: [[Andorra]], [[Vatican City|Holy See]], [[Liechtenstein]], [[Monaco]] and [[San Marino]].</ref> These majorities range from nearly homogenous populations as in [[Poland]] or [[Albania]] to comparatively slight majorities as in [[Latvia]] or [[Belgium]]. [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] and [[Montenegro]] are [[multiethnic state]]s in which no group forms a majority.
 
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|country ||majority || % || regional majorities || other minorities<ref>percentages from the [[CIA Factbook]] unless  indicated otherwise.</ref> 
|-
|[[demographics of Albania|Albania]] || [[Albanians]] || 95% || || Greeks 3%, other 2% (Vlach, Roma, Serbs, Macedonians, Bulgarians)  
|-
|[[demographics of Austria|Austria]] || [[Austrians]]||  91.1% || || South Slavs 4% (includes [[Burgenland Croats]], [[Carinthian Slovenes]], Croats, Slovenes, Serbs,  Bosniaks), Turks 1.6%, Germans 0.9%, other or unspecified 2.4% (2001 census)
|-
|[[demographics of Belarus|Belarus]] || [[Belarusians]] || 81.2%|| || Russians 11.4%, [[Polish minority in Belarus|Poles]] 3.9%, Ukrainians 2.4%, other 1.1% (1999 census)
|-
|[[demographics of Belgium|Belgium]] || [[Flemings]] || 58%||[[Walloon]] 31%, [[German-speaking Community of Belgium|Germans]] 1% ||  mixed or other 10% 
|-
|[[Ethnic groups in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia and Herzegovina]] ||&mdash; || || [[Bosniak]] 48%, [[Bosnian Serbs|Serbs]] 37.1% [[Bosnian Croats|Croats]] 14.3%||  other 0.6% (2000) 
|-
|[[demographics of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] || [[Bulgarians]] || 83.9%|| || Turks 9.4%, [[Roma in Central and Eastern Europe|Roma]] 4.7%, other 2% (including Macedonian, Armenian, Tatar, Circassian) (2001 census)
|-
|[[demographics of Croatia|Croatia]] || [[Croats]] || 89.6% || || Serbs 4.5%, other 5.9% (including Bosniak, Hungarian, Slovenes, Czech, and Roma) (2001 census) 
|-
|[[demographics of the Czech Republic|Czech Republic]] || [[Czech people|Czechs]] || 90.4%|| [[Moravians (ethnic group)|Moravians]] 3.7% || Slovaks 1.9%, other 4% (2001 census) 
|-
|[[demographics of Denmark|Denmark]] || [[Danish people|Danes]]|| 81% || [[Faroese]] ||  other Scandinavian 9%, [[Germans]] 5%, [[Frisians]] 1%, other European 3%
|-
|[[demographics of Estonia|Estonia]] || [[Estonians]] || 67.9%|| [[Estonian Swedes]] ||[[Baltic Russians]] 25.6%,  Ukrainians 2.1%, Belarusians 1.3%, Finns 0.9%, other ([[Baltic Germans]]) 2.2% (2000 census) 
|-
|[[demographics of Finland|Finland]]|| [[Finns]] || 93.4%|| [[Finland Swedes|Swedes]] 5.6%||  Russians 0.5%, Estonians 0.3%, Roma 0.1%, Sami 0.1% (2006)
|-
|[[demographics of France|France]] || [[French people|French]]  || 84%|| (includes [[Bretons]], [[Corsicans]], [[Occitans]], [[Alsatians]], [[Basques]]) || other European 7%, North African 7%, Indochinese [http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm]
|-
|[[demographics of Germany|Germany]] || [[Germans]] || 91.5%||includes [[Bavarians]], [[Swabians]], [[Lower Saxony|Saxons]], [[Frisians]], [[Sorbs]], [[Silesians]] || Turks 2.4%, other 6.1% (mostly  Greek, Italian, Polish, Russian, Serbo-Croatian and Spanish) 
|-
|[[demographics of Greece|Greece]] || [[Greeks]] || 93% || includes [[minorities in Greece|linguistic minorities]] 3%||  Albanians 4%, other  3% (2001 census)<ref>note: percents represent citizenship, since Greece does not collect data on ethnicity</ref>
|-
|[[demographics of Hungary|Hungary]] ||[[Hungarians]] || 92.3%|| || [[Roma in Central and Eastern Europe|Roma]] 1.9%, Germans 1.2% other or unknown 4.6% (2001 census) 
|-
|[[demographics of Iceland|Iceland]] || [[Icelanders]]  || 94%|| || other (non-native) 6%
|-
|[[demographics of the Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] || [[Irish people|Irish]] || 87.4%|| || other white 7.5%, Asian 1.3%, black 1.1%, mixed 1.1%, unspecified 1.6% (2006 census) 
|-
|[[demographics of Italy|Italy]] || [[Italians]]||95% ||includes [[Sicilians]], [[Sardinians]], [[Lombards]] and [[Italian dialects|other subgroups]] || other European (mostly Albanian, Romanian, Ukrainian) 2.5%, African (mostly North African Arab) 1.5%, others 1% [http://www.demo.istat.it/str2006/index_e.html]
|-
|[[demographics of Kosovo|Kosovo]] || [[Albanians]] || 88%|| [[Serb enclaves in Kosovo|Serbs]] 7% ||  other 5% (Bosniak, Gorani, Roma, Turk, Ashkali, Egyptian) 
|-
|[[demographics of Latvia|Latvia]] || [[Latvians]] || 57.7%|| || [[Baltic Russians]] 29.6%,  Belarusian 4.1%, Ukrainian 2.7%, Polish 2.5%, Lithuanian 1.4%, other 2% (2002) 
|-
|[[demographics of Lithuania|Lithuania]] || [[Lithuanians]] || 83.5%|| || Poles 6.74%,  [[Baltic Russians|Russians]] 6.31%,  Belarusians 1.23%, other ([[Lipka Tatars]]) 2.27%  (2001 census)
|-
|[[demographics of Macedonia|Macedonia]] || [[Slavic Macedonians|Macedonians]]||  64.2%|| Albanians 25.2%||  Turks 3.9%, [[Roma in Central and Eastern Europe|Roma]] 2.7%, Serbs 1.8%, other 2.2% (2002 census) 
|-
|[[demographics of Malta|Malta]] ||[[Maltese people|Maltese]]|| 95.3%<ref>http://www.populstat.info/Europe/maltag.htm</ref>.|| || 
|-
|[[demographics of Moldova|Moldova]]||[[Moldovans|Moldovan/Romanian]] || 78.2%|| Ukrainians 8.4%||  Russians 5.8%, Gagauz 4.4%, Bulgarians 1.9%, other 1.3% (2004 census)
|-
|[[demographics of Montenegro|Montenegro]]||&mdash; || ||[[Montenegrins]] 43%, Serbs 32%||  Bosniaks 8%, Albanians 5%, other (Croats, Roma) 12% (2003 census) 
|-
|[[demographics of the Netherlands|Netherlands]]||[[Dutch people|Dutch]] || 80.7%|| || other EU 5%, Indonesians 2.4%, Turks 2.2%, Surinamese 2%, Moroccans 2%, Netherlands Antilles & Aruba 0.8%, other 4.8% (2008 est.)
|-
|[[demographics of Norway|Norway]] || [[Norwegians]] || 93.1% || Sami 1.3%||  other European 3.6%, other 2% (2007 estimate)
|-
|[[demographics of Poland|Poland]]||[[Polish people|Poles]] || 96.7%|| ||[[German minority in Poland|Germans]] 0.4%,  [[Belarusian minority in Poland|Belarusians]] 0.1%, Ukrainians 0.1%, other and unspecified ([[Silesians]]) 2.7% (2002 census) 
|-
|[[demographics of Portugal|Portugal]]|| [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] ||92% ||  ||  
|-
|[[demographics of Romania|Romania]]||[[Romanians]] || 89.5%|| [[Szekely|Hungarians]] 6.6%, [[Roma in Central and Eastern Europe|Roma]] 2.5%, [[Romanian Germans|Germans]] 0.3% || Ukrainians 0.3%, Russians 0.2%, Turks 0.2%, other 0.4% (2002 census)
|-
|[[Ethnic groups in Russia|Russia]] ||[[Russians]] || 79.8%|| [[Volga Tatars|Tatars]] 3.8%, [[Kalmyks]], [[Chechens]], [[Ossetians]]  || Ukrainians 2%, [[Bashkir]] 1.2%, [[Chuvash]] 1.1% other or unspecified ([[Nogais]], [[Mordvins]], [[Komi people|Komi]]) 12.1% (2002 census, includes Asian Russia) 
|-
|[[demographics of Serbia|Serbia]]<ref>excluding [[Kosovo and Metohija]]</ref>|| [[Serbs]] ||  82.9%|| || Hungarians 3.9%, [[Roma in Central and Eastern Europe|Roma]] 1.4%, Yugoslavs 1.1%, Bosniaks 1.8%, Montenegrin 0.9%, other 8% (2002 census, includes Kosovo) 
|-
|[[demographics of Slovakia|Slovakia]]|| [[Slovaks]] || 85.8%|| Hungarians 9.7%||  [[Roma in Central and Eastern Europe|Roma]] 1.7%, Ruthenian/Ukrainian 1%, other and unspecified 1.8% (2001 census) 
|-
|[[demographics of Slovenia|Slovenia]]||[[Slovenians]] || 83.1%|| || Serbs 2%, Croats 1.8%, Bosniaks 1.1%, other or unspecified 12% (2002 census) 
|-
|[[demographics of Spain|Spain]]|| [[Spanish people|Spanish]]  ||89% || Various [[Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain|nationalities or sub-ethnicities]] ([[Castilian people|Castilians]] 25%; [[Basques]] 10%)  || 11% foreign nationals (South Americans, Romanians, North Africans, sub-Saharan Africans, other) 
|-
|[[demographics of Sweden|Sweden]]|| [[Swedes]] ||88%|| [[Sweden-Finns ]], [[Sami people]]||  foreign-born or first-generation immigrants: Finns, Yugoslavs, Danes, Norwegians, Greeks, Turks [http://www.scb.se/statistik/BE/BE0101/2006A01/Be0101KomJmfBef_2006.xls][http://www.scb.se/templates/Product____25785.asp]
|-
|[[demographics of Switzerland|Switzerland]] ||[[Swiss people|Swiss]] || 79%||[[linguistic geography of Switzerland|regional linguistic subgroups]] || Balkans (Serbs, Croats, Albanians) 6%, Italians 4%, Portuguese 2%, Germans 1.5%, Turks 1%, Spanish 1%.
|-
|[[demographics of the Ukraine|Ukraine]] || [[Ukrainians]] || 77.8%|| || Russians 17.3%, Belarusians 0.6%, Moldovans 0.5%, Crimean Tatars 0.5%, Bulgarians 0.4%, Hungarians 0.3%, Romanians 0.3%, Poles 0.3%, Jews 0.2%, other 1.8% (2001 census)
|-
|[[demographics of the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]] ||  [[English people|English]] || 83.6%|| [[Scottish people|Scots]]  8.6%, [[Welsh people|Welsh]] 4.9%, [[Northern Irish people|Northern Irish]] 2.9% ([[White British]] 92.1%)||  black ([[Nigerian British|Nigerian]]) 2%, [[Indian British|Indian]] 1.8%, [[Pakistani British|Pakistani]] 1.3%, [[British Mixed-Race|mixed]] 1.2%, other ([[British Iraqis|Iraqi]], east Asian) 1.6% (2001 census)
|-
|}

==History==
===Prehistoric populations===
{{see|Prehistoric Europe|Eurasian nomads|Indo-European expansion}}
The [[Basques]] are assumed to descend from the populations of the [[Atlantic Bronze Age]] directly. The [[Indo-European]] groups of Europe (the [[Centum]] groups plus [[Balto-Slavic]] and [[Albanians|Albanian]]) are assumed to have developed ''in situ'' by admixture of early Indo-European groups arriving in Europe by the [[European Bronze Age|Bronze Age]] ([[Corded ware]], [[Beaker people]]). The [[Finnic peoples]] are indigenous to northeastern Europe.

[[Reconstructed language]]s of [[Iron Age Europe]] include [[Proto-Celtic]], [[Proto-Italic]] and [[Proto-Germanic]], all of these Indo-European languages of the [[centum]] group, and [[Proto-Slavic]] and [[Proto-Baltic]], of the [[satem]] group.  A group of [[Tyrrhenian languages]] appears to have included Etruscan, Rhaetian and perhaps also [[Eteocretan]] and [[Eteocypriot]]. A pre-Roman stage of [[Proto-Basque]] can only be reconstructed with great uncertainty.

Regarding the [[European Bronze Age]], the only secure reconstruction is that of [[Proto-Greek]] (ca. 2000 BC). A [[Proto-Italo-Celtic]] ancestor of both Italic and Celtic (assumed for the [[Bell beaker]] period), and a [[Proto-Balto-Slavic]] language (assumed for roughly the [[Corded Ware]] horizon) has been postulated with less confidence. [[Old European hydronymy]] has been taken as indicating an early (Bronze Age) Indo-European predecessor of the later centum languages.

===Historical populations===
{{see|History of Europe}}
[[Image:Roman Empire Map.png|thumb|300px|Provinces of the [[Roman Empire]] in AD 117.]]
[[Iron Age Europe|Iron Age]] (pre-[[Great Migrations]]) populations of Europe known from [[Greek historiography|Greco-Roman historiography]], notably [[Herodotus]], [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]], [[Ptolemy]] and [[Tacitus]]:
*[[Aegean]]: [[Greek tribes]], [[Pelasgians]]/[[Tyrrhenians]] and [[Anatolians]].
*[[Balkans]]: [[Illyrians]] ([[list of Illyrian tribes]]), [[Dacians]] and [[Thracians]].
*[[Italian peninsula]]: [[Italic peoples]], [[Etruscans]], [[Adriatic Veneti]], [[Ligurians]] and [[Phoenician]] colonies.
*[[Western Europe|Western]]/[[Central Europe]]: [[Celts]] ([[list of peoples of Gaul]]), [[Rhaetians]] and [[Swabians]].
*[[Iberian peninsula]]: [[Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula]] ([[Iberians]], [[Lusitani]], [[Aquitani]], [[Celtiberians]]) and [[Basques]].
*[[British Isles]]: [[Celtic tribes in Britain and Ireland]] and [[Picts]]/[[Priteni]].
*[[Northern Europe]]: [[Germanic peoples]] ([[list of Germanic peoples]]).
*[[Southern Europe]]: [[Sicani]].
*[[Eastern Europe]]: [[Scythians]], [[Sarmatians]], [[Vistula Veneti]], [[Lugii]] and [[Balts]].

===Historical immigration===
{{see|Scythians|Huns|Turkic expansion|Islamic conquests}}
[[Image:Invasions of the Roman Empire 1.png|thumb|300px|The [[Great Migrations]] of [[Late Antiquity]].]]
[[Image:Mediterráneo año 800 dC.gif|300px|thumb|Map showing the three main political divisions around 800: The [[Carolingian Empire]] (purple), the [[Byzantine Empire]] (orange) and the [[Caliphate of Córdoba]] (light green). (Borders are approximate.)]]
[[File:Ethnic map (1914).jpg|thumb|300px|Distribution of ethnic groups in Europe on the eve of [[World War I]] (Ravenstein 1914).]]
Ethno-linguistic groups that arrived from outside Europe during historical times are:
*[[Phoenician]] colonies in the Mediterranean, from about 1200 BC to the fall of Carthage after the [[Third Punic War]] in 146 BC.
*[[Ancient Iranian peoples|Iranian]] influence: [[Achaemenid]] control of [[Thrace]] (512-343 BC) and the [[Bosporan Kingdom]], [[Cimmerians]], [[Scythians]], [[Sarmatians]], [[Alans]], [[Ossetes]].
*the [[Jewish diaspora]] reached Europe in the [[Roman Empire]] period, the [[Italian Jews|Jewish]] community in Italy dating to before [[Siege of Jerusalem (70)|AD 70]] and records of Jews settling Central Europe ([[Gaul]]) from the 5th century (see [[History of the Jews in Europe]]).<ref>[http://www.myjewishlearning.com/history_community/Medieval/TheStory6321666/Christendom/EuropeanOrigins.htm My Jewish Learning - European Origins]</ref>
*The [[Hunnic Empire]] (5th century), converged with the [[Barbarian invasions]], contributing to the formation of the [[First Bulgarian Empire]]
* [[Eurasian Avars|Avar Khaganate]] (c.560s-800), converged with the [[Slavic migrations]], fused into the [[South Slavs|South Slavic]] states from the 9th century.
* the [[Bulgars]] (or proto-Bulgarians), a semi-[[nomad]]ic people, originally from [[Central Asia]], eventually absorbed by the [[Slavs]].
* the [[Magyars]] (Hungarians), an [[Ugric people]], and the Turkic [[Pechenegs]] and [[Khazars]], arrived in Europe in about the 8th century.
* the [[Arab Empire|Arab]]s conquered [[Cyprus]], [[Crete]], [[Sicily]], [[History of Islam in southern Italy|southern Italy]], [[Malta]], [[Sardinia]], and [[Hispania]]. [[Emirate of Sicily]] (831-1072) and [[Al-Andalus]] (711-1492)
* the [[Berbers|Berber]] dynasties of the [[Almoravides]] and the [[Almohads]] ruled much of [[Spain]] and [[Portugal]].<ref>[http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Almoravides Almoravides - LoveToKnow 1911]</ref> Berber settlers made up as much as 20% of the population of [[Al-Andalus]] (Islamic Spain).<ref>[http://countrystudies.us/spain/5.htm Spain - AL ANDALUS], ''U.S. Library of Congress''</ref>
* exodus of [[Maghreb]] Christians<ref>[http://www.orthodoxengland.org.uk/maghreb.htm The Last Christians Of North-West Africa]</ref>
* the western [[Kipchaks]] known as [[Cumans]] entered the lands of present-day Ukraine in the 11th century.
* the [[Mongol invasion of Europe|Mongol]]/[[Tatar invasions]] (1223-1480), and [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] control of the Balkans (1389-1878). These medieval incursions account for the presence of European [[Turkish people|Turks]] and [[Tatars]].
*the [[Romani people]] (Gypsies) arrived during the [[Late Middle Ages]]
* the [[Mongol]] [[Kalmyks]] arrived in [[Kalmykia]] in the 17th century.

===Indigenous minorities===
{{see|Definitions and identity of indigenous peoples}}
[[Image:Saami Family 1900.jpg|left|thumb|250px|A Sami family in northern Scandinavia around 1900]]
In a more narrow sense of "[[indigenous peoples]]", [[ethnic minorities]] marginalized by historical expansion of their neighbour populations, [[Europe]]'s present-day indigenous populations are relatively few, mainly confined to northern and far-eastern reaches of this [[Eurasia]]n peninsula. Whilst there are numerous [[ethnic minority|ethnic minorities]] distributed within European countries, few of these still maintain traditional subsistence cultures and are recognized as indigenous peoples, ''per se''.
The following groups can be considered "indigenous peoples" of Europe in this narrow sense:<ref>see also [[Definitions and identity of indigenous peoples]].</ref>

*the [[northern indigenous peoples of Russia]], marginalized by [[Russians|Russian]] expansion, mostly [[Finno-Ugric peoples]] such as the  [[Komi peoples|Komi]] and [[Mordvins]] of the western [[Ural mountains|Urals]],  and [[Samoyedic peoples]] of the northern [[Russia|Russian Federation]] such as the [[Nenets people|Nenets]].
*the [[Sami]] and the [[Kvens]] of northern [[Scandinavia]] (marginalized by [[Finnish people|Finnish]] and [[North Germanic]] expansion), formerly known as "Lapps" or "Lappish".
*the [[Basque people]] of northern Spain and southern France (marginalized by [[Roman Empire|Latin]]/[[Western Romance]] expansion).

==European identity and culture==
[[Image:4 Gift Bringers of Otto III.jpg|thumb|250px|Personifications of [[Sclavinia]], [[Germania]], [[Gallia]], and [[Roman Empire|Roma]], bringing offerings to [[Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto III]]; from a gospel book dated 990.]] 
{{main|European culture|Western world|Christendom|Pan-European identity}}
The '''culture of [[Europe]]''' might better be described as a series of overlapping cultures. Whether it is a question of West as opposed to East; Christianity as opposed to Islam; many have claimed to identify cultural fault lines across the continent.

European culture has had a very broad influence on the rest of the world, basically due to the widespread practice and legacy of [[colonialism]]. The exchange has not all been one way, some European features have been drastically changed by imports from elsewhere. Popular European foods such as [[Irish potato|chips]] (frites or [[French fries]]) and [[rice]] are derived from products that are not European, but indigenous to South America and Southern Asia respectively. Nearly all of [[the Americas]] and all of [[Africa]] were European colonies at one time or another - though in earlier times, European nations often colonized each other. Or were even colonized by Non-Europeans - [[Arab people|Arabs]] and North African [[Moors]] colonized the Iberian peninsula leaving, for example, a significant [[Arabic influence on the Spanish language]].

Various parts of the Americas are also considered [[overseas territories of France]] which are considered integral parts of the [[French Republic]]. A large proportion of the population of the Americas are descended from European emigrants (in some cases fleeing harsh economic times or religious intolerance). As a consequence most people in the Americas speak languages that are to varying degrees, derived from European languages. These include [[Latin American Spanish]], [[American English]], [[Caribbean English]], [[Brazilian Portuguese]], [[Haitian Kreyol]] and [[Papiamento]]. There are still significant cultural, economic and political ties between the former European colonial nations ([[Spain]], [[United Kingdom|Britain]], [[the Netherlands]], [[Portugal]], [[Belgium]] and [[France]]) and the former colonies around the world.

'''Pan-European identity''' refers to both the sense of personal identification with Europe, and to the identity possessed by 'Europe' as a whole. 'Europe' is widely used as a synonym for the [[European Union]] even though there are millions of people living on the European continent in non-EU states. The prefix ''pan'' implies that the identity applies throughout Europe, and especially in an EU context, 'pan-European' is often contrasted with [[nation-state|national]].

===Religion==
{{main|Religion in Europe}}

Since the [[High Middle Ages]], most of Europe has been dominated by [[Christianity]]. There are three major denominations, [[Roman Catholic]], [[Protestant]] and [[Eastern Orthodox]], with Protestantism restricted mostly to Germanic regions, and Orthodoxy to  Slavic regions, Romania, Greece and [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]. Catholicism, while centered in the Latin parts, has a significant following also in Germanic, Slavic and Celtic regions.

[[Islam]] has some tradition in the [[Balkans]] (the European dominions of the [[Ottoman Empire]]  in the 16th to 19th centuries), in [[Albania]], [[Former Yugoslavia]], [[Bulgaria]] and Turkish [[East Thrace]].  European Russia has the largest [[Islam in Russia|Muslim community]], including the [[Tatars]] of the [[Idel-Ural|Middle Volga]] and multiple groups in the Caucasus, including [[Chechens]], [[Caucasian Avars|Avars]], [[Ingush people|Ingush]] and others. With 20th century migrations, [[Muslims in Western Europe]] have become a noticeable minority.

[[Judaism]] has a long [[History of the Jews in Europe|history in Europe]], but is a small minority religion, with [[History of the Jews in France|France]] (1%) the only European country with a Jewish population in excess of 0.5%.  The Jewish population of Europe is comprised primarily of two [[Jewish ethnic divisions|groups]], the [[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazi]] and the [[Sephardi Jews|Sephardi]].  Ashkenazi Jews migrated to Europe [[Ashkenazi#Origins of Ashkenazim|as early as the 8th century]], while Sephardi Jews established themselves [[Spanish and Portuguese Jews|in Spain and Portugal]] at least one thousand years before that. Jewish European history was notably affected by the [[Holocaust]] and resulting [[Aliyah|emigration]] in the 20th century.

In modern times, significant [[secularization]] has taken place, notably in the Netherlands and [[laicite|laicist]] France in the 19th century and in [[Communist Eastern Europe]] in the 20th century. Currently, distribution of [[theism]] in Europe is very heterogeneous, with more than 95% in Poland, and less than 20% in the Czech Republic. The 2005 [[Eurobarometer]] poll<ref>[http://europa.eu.int/comm/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf ReportDGResearchSocialValuesEN2.PDF<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref> found that 52% of EU citizens believe in God.

==Immigration==
{{main|Immigration to Europe}}
{{see|Islam in Europe|Muslims in Western Europe|Hinduism in Europe|Buddhism in Europe}}
{{see|Asian Europeans}}
{{see|Afro-Europeans}}
Populations of non-European origin in Europe (approx. 22 - 29+ million, or approx. 3% to 4%+ [depending on definition of non-European origin], out of a total population of approx. 730 million):
*Middle East
**[[Turkish people|Turks]]: approx. 6 million (outside of the Republic of Turkey), mostly in German speaking countries and the Balkans, but found in sizeable communities throughout Europe.
**[[Jewish people|Jews]]: approx. 2 million (both religious and non-religious persons by ethnoreligious descent), found throughout Europe.
**[[Armenian diaspora|Armenians]] (sometimes considered European, see above): approx. 1.5 million. The largest communities are found in France, Russia, Ukraine and the UK.
**[[Kurds]]: approx. 1.5 million, mostly in Germany and Sweden.
**[[Aramean-Syriac people]]: approx. 130,000, mostly in Sweden.
**[[Lebanese diaspora]]: especially in France, Netherlands, Germany, Cyprus and the UK.
*Africa
**[[North Africa]]ns ([[Arab]]s and [[Berber people|Berbers]]): approx. 5 million, mostly in France, Italy, the Netherlands and Sweden
**[[Horn of Africa|Horn Africans]]: approx. 200,000 Somalis,<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/05/20/nstab120.xml Youths bring violence from a war-torn land]</ref> mostly in the UK, Netherlands and Scandinavia.
**[[Afro-European|Sub-Saharan Africans]] (many ethnicities including [[Afro-Caribbean]]s and others by descent): approx. 5 million, mostly in the UK, France, the Netherlands and Germany.<ref>[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070205.wxfrance05/BNStory/International/home France's blacks stand up to be counted]</ref>
*[[Latin Americans]] (mainly [[Mestizos]]): approx. 2.2 million, with the largest groups in Spain and Italy.<ref>[http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=609 Latin American Immigration to Southern Europe]</ref>
**Plus [[Latin American Britons]] number between 80,000<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/uk/05/born_abroad/countries/html/overview.stm Born Abroad - Countries of birth], BBC News</ref> and 1 million and are of European, African, Native South American and many other races.
**[[Brazilian diaspora|Brazilians]]: 200,000 - 300,000 in the UK, around 70,000 in Portugal and Italy each
** [[Chile]]an refugees escaping the [[Augusto Pinochet]] regime of the 1970s formed communities in France, Sweden, the former East Germany and the Netherlands.
*[[Non-resident Indian and Person of Indian Origin|South Asians]] (many ethnicities): approx. 3 - 4 million, mostly in the UK but reside in smaller numbers in Germany and France.
**[[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indians]]: Between 1 and 2 million, mostly in the UK
**[[Pakistani diaspora|Pakistanis]]: approx. 1,000,000, mostly in the UK.
**[[Tamil diaspora|Tamils]]: approx. 250,000, predominantly in the UK.
**[[Bangladesh]]i residing in Europe estimated at 200,000, the bulk live in the UK.
*East Asia
**[[Overseas Chinese|Chinese]]: approx. 1 million, mostly in France, the UK and the Netherlands.
**[[Overseas Filipino|Filipinos]]: approx. 500,000, mostly in the UK, France, Germany and Italy.
**[[Japanese diaspora#Europe|Japanese]]: ca. 100,000, mostly in the UK and a sizable community in [[Dusseldorf, Germany]].
**[[Southeast Asians]] of multiple nationalities, ca. total 1 million, such as [[Culture of Indonesia|Indonesians]] in the [[Netherlands]], [[Thai people|Thai]]s in the UK and Sweden,[[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]] in former East Germany and [[Cambodians]] in France.
 
==European diasporas==
{{see|History of colonialism}}
Nations and regions outside of Europe with significant populations of European ancestry<ref name="Ethnic groups by country">[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2075.html Ethnic groups by country.] Statistics (where available) from CIA Factbook.</ref>:
===Historical===
*'''[[Antiquity]]'''
** [[North Africa]] ([[Vandals]])<ref>[http://www.metmuseum.org/TOAH/ht/05/afw/ht05afw.htm Western North Africa, 1–500 A.D.], The Metropolitan Museum of Art</ref>
** [[Asia Minor]] ([[Galatians]])<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C04E7D81431F936A15751C1A9679C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all Archaeologists Find Celts In Unlikely Spot: Turkey], New York Times</ref>
** [[Tarim Basin]] (possibly [[Tocharians]])<ref>[http://discovermagazine.com/1994/apr/themummiesofxinj359 The Mummies of Xinjiang], DISCOVER Magazine</ref><ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/a-meeting-of-civilisations-the-mystery-of-chinas-celtic-mummies-413638.html A meeting of civilisations: The mystery of China's celtic mummies], The Independent</ref>
** [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]] ([[Greeks in Egypt]])<ref>[http://www.lib.umich.edu/pap/exhibits/diversity/people.html Diversity in the Desert: Daily Life in Greek and Roman Egypt, 332 B.C.E. - 641 C.E.]</ref>
** [[Hindukush]] and [[Northern India]] ([[Indo-Greeks]])<ref>[http://thetorontotimes.com/content/view/1019/66/ Alexander the Great and precious stones in Afghanistan], The Toronto Times</ref>
 
*'''[[Middle Ages]]'''
** [[Asia Minor]] ([[Slavs]])<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3763/is_200106/ai_n8980372 Cyril and Methodius of Thessalonica: The Acculturation of the Slavs]</ref>
** [[Greenland]] ([[Norse colonization of the Americas#Greenland|Greenland Vikings]])<ref>[http://www.archaeology.org/online/features/greenland/ The Fate of Greenland's Vikings]</ref>
** [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]] ([[Kingdom of Jerusalem#Demographics|Franks]]) - 25-35% of the population<ref>Benjamin Z. Kedar, "The Subjected Muslims of the Frankish Levant", in ''The Crusades: The Essential Readings'', ed. Thomas F. Madden, Blackwell, 2002, pg. 244. Originally published in ''Muslims Under Latin Rule, 1100-1300'', ed. James M. Powell, Princeton University Press, 1990. Kedar quotes his numbers from [[Joshua Prawer]], ''Histoire du royaume latin de Jérusalem'', tr. G. Nahon, Paris, 1969, vol. 1, pp. 498, 568-72.</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7316281.stm Crusaders 'left genetic legacy'], BBC News</ref>

===Contemporary===
{{see|History of colonialism|Greater Europe}}
Nations and regions outside of Europe with significant populations of European ancestry <ref name="Ethnic groups by country"/>:

*'''[[Africa]]''' (see [[Whites in Africa]])
**{{flagicon|RSA}} [[South Africa]] ([[Whites in South Africa]]) - 9.6% of the population<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sf.html#People South Africa: People: Ethnic Groups.] World Factbook of CIA</ref>
**{{flagicon|NAM}} [[Namibia]] - 6% of the population<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/wa.html#People Namibia: People: Ethnic Groups.] World Factbook of CIA</ref>
**{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Réunion]] ([[Franco-Réunionnaise]]) approx. 25% of the population<ref>[http://www.lvlr.net/crocvl/2006/html/reunion_island.html Réunion Island]</ref> 
**{{flagicon|ZIM}} [[Zimbabwe]] ([[Whites in Zimbabwe]])
**{{flagicon|Botswana}} [[Botswana]]<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bc.html#People Botswana: People: Ethnic Groups.] World Factbook of CIA</ref>
**{{flagicon|KEN}} [[Kenya]] ([[Whites in Kenya]])
**{{flagicon|ALG}} [[Algeria]] ([[Pied-noir]])
**{{flagicon|MUS}} [[Mauritius]] ([[Franco-Mauritian]])
**{{flagicon|SEN}} [[Senegal]]<ref>[http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2862.htm Senegal], About 50,000 Europeans (mostly French) and Lebanese reside in Senegal, mainly in the cities.</ref>
**{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Canary Islands]] ([[Spanish people|Spaniards]])
**{{flagicon|SYC}} [[Seychelles]] ([[Franco-Seychellois]])
**{{flagicon|SHN}} [[Tristan da Cunha]]
**{{flagicon|SWZ}} [[Swaziland]] - 3% of the population<ref>
[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/wz.html#People Swaziland: People: Ethnic Groups.] World Factbook of CIA</ref>
**{{flagicon|Morocco}} [[Morocco]]<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mo.html#People Morocco: People: Ethnic Groups.] World Factbook of CIA</ref>
**{{flagicon|TUN}} [[Tunisia]]<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ts.html#People Tunisia: People: Ethnic Groups.] World Factbook of CIA</ref>

*'''[[Asia]]'''
**{{flagicon|IND}} [[India]] ([[Anglo-Indian]])
**{{flagicon|LKA}} [[Sri Lanka]] ([[Burgher people|Burghers]])
**{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Siberia]] ([[Russians]])<ref>Fiona Hill, [http://www.theglobalist.com/printStoryId.aspx?StoryId=3727 Russia — Coming In From the Cold?], [[The Globalist]], 23 February 2004</ref>
**{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Kazakhstan]] ([[Russians in Kazakhstan]], [[Germans of Kazakhstan]]) - 30% of the population
**{{flagicon|UZB}} [[Uzbekistan]] - 5.5% of the population<ref>Robert Greenall, [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4420922.stm Russians left behind in Central Asia], [[BBC News]], 23 November 2005.</ref> 
**{{flagicon|KGZ}} [[Kyrgyzstan]] - 13.5% of the population<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/kg.html#People Kyrgyzstan: People: Ethnic Groups.] World Factbook of CIA</ref> 
**{{flagicon|TKM}} [[Turkmenistan]] - 4% of the population<ref>
[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tx.html#People Turkmenistan: People: Ethnic Groups.] World Factbook of CIA</ref>
**{{flagicon|TJK}} [[Tajikistan]]
**{{flagicon|AZE}} [[Azerbaijan]]<ref>[http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/pp083003.shtml Southern Caucasus: Facing Integration Problems, Ethnic Russians Long For Better Life]</ref>
**{{flagicon|GEO}} [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] ([[Russians in Georgia]])<ref>[http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1071955.html Georgia: Ethnic Russians Feel Insulated From Tensions], Radio Free Europe</ref>
**{{flagicon|HKG}} [[Hong Kong]]<ref>HK Census. "[http://www.censtatd.gov.hk/hong_kong_statistics/statistical_tables/index.jsp?htmlTableID=139&excelID=&chartID=&tableID=139&ID=&subjectID=1 HK Census]." ''Statistical Table.'' Retrieved on [[2007-03-08]].</ref>
**{{flagicon|MAC}} [[Macau]] ([[Macanese people]])
**{{flagicon|SGP}} [[Singapore]] ([[Eurasians in Singapore]])
**{{flagicon|PHI}} [[Philippines]] - [[Filipino mestizo]]s, Filipino-[[Eurasian]]s
**{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Indonesia]] ([[Indo people]])

*'''[[The Middle East]]'''
**{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Israel]] ([[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazim]], [[Sephardi Jews|Sephardim]])
**{{flagicon|Lebanon}} [[Lebanon]] ([[Lebanese people]])<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7316281.stm Crusaders 'left genetic legacy'], BBC NEWS | Science/Nature</ref>

*'''[[North America]]'''
**{{flagicon|GRL}} [[Greenland]] - 12% of the population<ref>[http://www.stalvik.com/Engelska/laegreenland.htm Greenland]</ref>
**{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Canada]] - 80% of the population <ref> [http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/topics/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?TPL=RETR&ALEVEL=3&APATH=3&CATNO=&DETAIL=0&DIM=&DS=99&FL=0&FREE=0&GAL=0&GC=99&GK=NA&GRP=1&IPS=&METH=0&ORDER=1&PID=92334&PTYPE=88971&RL=0&S=1&ShowAll=No&StartRow=1&SUB=0&Temporal=2006&Theme=80&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= Canadian Census 2006]</ref>
**{{flagicon|USA}} [[United States of America]] ([[European American]]) - 75.1% of the population, including Hispanic/Non-Hispanic Whites
**{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Mexico]]<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/ebc/article-9373623 North America - Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The online encyclopedia you can trust!<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> ([[White Mexican]]) - 9-15% of the population <ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-27384/Mexico Mexico :: Ethnic groups - Britannica Online Encyclopedia<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and 60% as [[Mestizo]]s.<ref>
[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mx.html#People Mexico: People: Ethnic Groups.] World Factbook of CIA</ref>

*'''[[Central America]], the [[Caribbean]] and [[South America]]''' (see [[White Latin American]])
**{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Argentina]] ([[White Argentine]]) - 97% of the population <ref>
[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ar.html#People Argentina: People: Ethnic Groups.] World Factbook of CIA</ref>
**{{flagicon|BHS}} [[Bahamas]] - 12% of the population<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bf.html#People Bahamas: People: Ethnic Groups.] World Factbook of CIA</ref>
**{{flagicon|BRB}} [[Barbados]] ([[White Barbadian]]) - 4% of the population<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bb.html#People Barbados: People: Ethnic Groups.] World Factbook of CIA</ref>
**{{flagicon|BMU}} [[Bermuda]] - 34.1% of the population<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bd.html#People Bermuda: People: Ethnic Groups.] World Factbook of CIA</ref>
**{{flagicon|BOL}} [[Bolivia]] - 15% of the population <ref>
[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bl.html#People Bolivia: People: Ethnic Groups.] World Factbook of CIA</ref>
**{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil]] ([[White Brazilian]]) - 53.7% of the population <ref>
[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/br.html#People Brazil: People: Ethnic Groups.] World Factbook of CIA</ref>
**{{flagicon|CHI}} [[Chile]] - 30% of the population<ref>{{cite web | title=5.2.6. Estructura racial | url =http://mazinger.sisib.uchile.cl/repositorio/lb/ciencias_quimicas_y_farmaceuticas/medinae/cap2/5b6.html | work =La Universidad de Chile | accessdate = 2007-08-26 | language = }}</ref>
**{{flagicon|COL}} [[Colombia]] - 20% of the population <ref>
[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/co.html#People Colombia: People: Ethnic Groups.] World Factbook of CIA</ref>
**{{flagicon|CRC}} [[Costa Rica]]<ref>{{cite web | title=Costa Rica; People; Ethnic groups | url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cs.html#People | work =CIA World Factbook | accessdate = 2007-11-21 | quote = white (including mestizo) 94%}} = 3.9 million whites and mestizos</ref>
**{{flagicon|CUB}} [[Cuba]] - ([[White Cuban]]) 65% of the population<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.cubagob.cu/otras_info/censo/tablas_html/ii_3.htm
 |title= Tabla II.3 Población por color de la piel y grupos de edades, según zona de residencia y sexo |accessdate=2008-10-13 |year=2002 |work=Censo de Población y Viviendas |publisher=Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas |language=Spanish }}</ref>
**{{flagicon|DOM}} [[Dominican Republic]] - 16% of the population <ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dr.html#People Dominican Republic: People: Ethnic groups.] World Factbook of CIA</ref>
**{{flagicon|ECU}} [[Ecuador]] - 7% of the population<ref name="EC">{{cite news | title=Ecuador: People; Ethnic groups| url =https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ec.html#People | work =CIA World Factbook | accessdate = 2007-11-26}}</ref>
**{{flagicon|SLV}} [[El Salvador]] - 9% of the population<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/es.html#People El Salvador: People: Ethnic Groups.] World Factbook of CIA</ref>
**{{flagicon|FRA}} [[French Guiana]] - 12% of the population<ref>
[http://www.umsl.edu/services/govdocs/wofact2006/geos/fg.html#People French Guiana: People: Ethnic Groups.] World Factbook of CIA</ref>
**{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Martinique]] - 5% of the population<ref>
[http://www.umsl.edu/services/govdocs/wofact2003/geos/mb.html#People Martinique: People: Ethnic Groups.] World Factbook of CIA</ref>
**{{flagicon|NIC}} [[Nicaragua]] - 17% of the population<ref>{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=Nicaragua: People; Ethnic groups | date= | publisher= | url =https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/nu.html#People | work =CIA World Factbook | pages = | accessdate = 2007-11-15 | language = }}</ref>
**{{flagicon|PAN}} [[Panama]] 10% of the population<ref name="PA">{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=Panama; People; Ethnic groups | date= | publisher= | url =https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pm.html#People | work =CIA World Factbook | pages = | accessdate = 2007-11-21}}</ref>
**{{flagicon|PRI}} [[Puerto Rico]] approx. 80% of the population <ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pm.html#People Puerto Rico: People: Ethnic Groups] World Factbook of CIA</ref>
**{{flagicon|PER}} [[Peru]] - 15 % of the population <ref>
[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pe.html#People Peru: People: Ethnic Groups.] World Factbook of CIA</ref>
**{{flagicon|TRI}} [[Trinidad and Tobago]]<ref>[http://www.une.edu.au/langnet/definitions/trinidad.html Trinidad French Creole]</ref>
**{{flagicon|VEN}} [[Venezuela]] - 20 % of the population
**{{flagicon|URU}} [[Uruguay]] - 88% of the population <ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uy.html#People Uruguay: People: Ethnic Groups.] World Factbook of CIA</ref>
**{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Saint Barthélemy]]<ref>[http://www.cieux.com/stbarth/stbfact.html Fact Sheet on St. Barthélemy]</ref>
**{{flagicon|FLK}} [[Falkland Islands]]

*'''[[Oceania]]''' (see [[Europeans in Oceania]])
**{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia]] - 89.3% of the population
**{{flagicon|NZL}} [[New Zealand]] ([[New Zealand European]]) - 78% of the population
**{{flagicon|NCL}} [[New Caledonia]] ([[Caldoche]]) - 34.5% of the population
**{{flagicon|PYF}} [[French Polynesia]] - 10% of the population<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fp.html#People French Polynesia: People: Ethnic Groups.] World Factbook of CIA</ref>
**{{flagicon|Hawaii}} [[Hawaii]] - 41.26% of the population
**{{flagicon|GUM}} [[Guam]] - 6.9% of the population<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gq.html#People Brazil: People: Ethnic Groups.] World Factbook of CIA</ref>
**{{flagicon|NFK}} [[Norfolk Island]]

National diasporas:
{{see|List of diasporas}}
<table class="multicol" style=";border-spacing:0;background:transparent;" role="presentation">
<tr style="vertical-align:top;">
<td style="width:270px;;;">
*[[Armenian diaspora]]
*[[Basque diaspora]]
*[[Bosnian diaspora]]
*[[Croatian diaspora]]
*[[Dutch diaspora]]
*[[German diaspora]]
*[[Greek diaspora]]
*[[Hungarian diaspora]]
*[[Irish diaspora]]
*[[Italian diaspora]]</td>
<td style="width:1.25em;"></td>
<td style="width:270px;;;">
*[[List_of_diasporas#L|Lithuanian diaspora]]
*[[List_of_diasporas#M|Maltese diaspora]]
*[[Polonia|Polish diaspora]]
*[[Romanian diaspora]]
*[[Russian diaspora]]
*[[Scottish diaspora]]
*[[Serbian diaspora]]
*[[Swiss diaspora]]
*[[Turkish diaspora]]
*[[Ukrainian diaspora]]</td>

</tr></table>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
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*Marcus Banks, ''Ethnicity: Anthropological Constructions'', Routledge (1996).
*Cole, J. W., Wolf, E. R., ''The Hidden Frontier: Ecology and Ethnicity in an Alpine Valley'',   University of California Press; (1999), {{ISBN|978-0520216815}}.
*Dow, R. R.,  Bockhorn, O., ''The Study of European Ethnology in Austria'', Progress in European Ethnology,  Ashgate Publishing (2004), {{ISBN|978-0754617471}}.
*{{citation|title=Ethnic Groups and Population Changes in Twentieth-century Central Eastern Europe|first=Piotr|last=Eberhardt
|first2= Jan|last2=Owsinski|year=2003|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|id={{ISBN|0765606658}}}}
* {{citation|last=Gresham|first=D. et al|year=2001|title=Origins and divergence of the Roma (Gypsies)|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics
|volume=69 (6)|pages=1314-1331}} [http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/AJHG_2001_v69_p1314-1331.pdf Online article]
*{{citation|title=European Identity: Theoretical Perspectives and Empirical Insights|first=Ireneusz Pawel|last=Karolewski|first2=Viktoria|last2= Kaina
|year=2006|publisher=LIT Verlag|id={{ISBN|3825892883}}}}
*Jordan, T. G., ''The European culture area: A systematic geography'' (2nd ed.). New York: Harper and Row (1988).
*{{citation|last=Latham|first=Robert Gordon|title=The Native Races of the Russian Empire|year=1854|publisher=Hippolyte Baillière (London)}} [http://books.google.com/books?id=dVxEAAAAIAAJ&printsec=titlepage&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0 Full text on google books]
*{{citation|title=Culture and National Identity: "the East" and European Integration|first=David D.|last=Laitin|publisher=Robert Schuman Centre
|year=2000}}
*{{citation|title=Romansh: Facts & Figures|first=Manfred|last=Gross|year=2004|publisher=Lia Rumantscha|id={{ISBN|3039000373}}}} [http://www.liarumantscha.ch/ Online version]
*{{citation|title=Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook|first=David |last=Levinson|year=1998|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|id={{ISBN|9781573560191}}}} part I: Europe, pp. 1-100.
* E. J. Hobsbawm and David J. Kertzer, "Ethnicity and Nationalism in Europe Today",  ''Anthropology Today'', Vol. 8, No. 1 (Feb., 1992), pp. 3-8.
*{{citation|title=An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empire|first=James Stuart|last=Olson|first2=Lee Brigance |last2=Pappas
|first3=Nicholas Charles|last3=Pappas|publisher=Greenwood|year=1994|id={{ISBN|0313274975}}}}
*{{citation|title=An Ethnic History of Europe Since 1945: Nations, States and Minorities|first=Panikos|last=Panayi
|year=1999|publisher=Longman|id={{ISBN|0582381355}}}}
*Parman, S. (ed.), ''Europe in the Anthropological Imagination'', Prentice Hall (1998).
*{{citation|fist=Meic|last=Stephens|year=1976|title=Linguistic Minorities in Western Europe|publisher=Gomer Press|id={{ISBN|0608187593}}}}
*{{citation|title=On European Identity: Nationalism, Culture & History|first=Csaba |last=Szaló|year=1998|publsiher=Masaryk University
|id ={{ISBN|8021018399}}}}
*{{citation|title=The Smallest Slavonic Nation: The Sorbs of Lusatia|first=Gerald|last=Stone|year=1972|publisher=Athlene Press
|id={{ISBN|0485111292}}}}
*{{citation|title=Understanding European Integration: History, Culture, and Politics of Identity|first=R. Pavananthi|last=Vembulu|year=2003
|publisher=Aakar Books|id={{ISBN|8187879106}}}}

==See also==
{{commonscat|Ethnic groups in Europe}}
{{commons|Europeans}}
*[[Demography of Europe]]
*[[Languages of Europe]]
*[[Eurolinguistics]]
*[[Federal Union of European Nationalities]]
*[[Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities]]
*[[Pan-European identity]]
*[[Genetic history of Europe]]
*[[Caucasoid]]
*[[White people]]
*[[White African]]
*[[White American]]
*[[White British]]
*[[White Latin American]]
*[[Peoples of the Caucasus]]
*[[List of ethnic groups]]
*[[Y-DNA haplogroups by ethnic groups]]

==External links==
*Ron Balsdon, ''[http://stedwards.edu/business/pdf/PerspectivesV0201_09.pdf The Cultural Mosaic of the European Union: Why National Boundaries and the Cultures Inside Still Matter]''
*[http://www.migrationinformation.org/datahub/comparative.cfm Migration Policy Institute - Country and Comparative Data]
*[http://www.living-diversity.eu/ Living Diversity], Federal Union of European Nationalities (FUEN) and the Youth of European Nationalities (YEN).


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