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'''Otto Börs''' ''({{linktext|sans}} {{linktext|umlaut}}'' {{nowrap| ... }} '''Boers'''; born possibly around 1820 [[:Tangermünde]], [[:Germany]] – died 1888) was an influential [[:German]] piano maker who, in 1850, founded a piano and piano mechanics manufacturing company in [[:Hamburg, Germany|Hamburg]] bearing his name.<ref name="Signale 1870 Oct 25" />  Börs was also a virtuoso [[:German horn|hornist]].  For 12 years, he was the principal [[:German horn|hornist]] with the [[:Hamburg_State_Opera#History|Hamburg Stadt-Theater]].  Before starting his piano manufacturing company, Börs taught music, namely voice and piano.

== Piano design ==
; Birth
Otto Börs, before settling in Hamburg, was from [[:Tangermünde]], [[:Germany]], located about {{convert|210|km|mi}} southeast of [[:Hamburg]] on the [[:Elbe|Elbe River]].  Sixy-one years after his death — from 1949 to 1990 — [[:Tangermünde]] became part of [[:East Germany]], formally known as [[:German Democratic Republic]].  [[:Tangermünde]] lies within the [[:States of Germany|German state]], [[:Saxony-Anhalt]].  From 1916 to 1945, [[:Saxony-Anhalt]] was part of the [[:Kingdom of Prussia]].
; Factory locations
:; Große Drehbahn No. 8
: Otto Börs founded his piano manufacturing company in 1850.  His company was listed in advertisements and directories as "Otto Börs Pianofortefabrik." From inception to sometime after 1856, his factory was located at große Drehbahn No. 8, where, on May 15, 1851, [[:Lilli Lehmann]]'s younger sister, [[:Marie Lehmann (opera singer)|Marie]] [[:pt:Marie Lehmann|(pt)]], was born.<ref name="Lehmann 1914 EN" /><ref name="Lehmann 1914 DE" />  Both Lilli and Marie went on to become operatic sopranos and both were daughters of tenor Karl-August Lehmann (1805–1867) and soprano [[:Maria Theresia Löw]].  Große Drehbahn No. 8 was next to Apollo Saal (Apollo Hall), which was at Drehbahn 3-5.  Apollo Saal was the original home of the Philharmonische Gesellschaft (Philharmonic Society) — the forerunner of the present-day [[:Philharmoniker Hamburg]].  The building of Apollo Saal was completed in 1804, and was located at the intersection of Großen und Kleinen Drehbahn.  When it was built, Große Theaterstraße did not exist.  Große Theaterstraße was named in 1827 for the "Stadt-Theater."

:; Große Theaterstraße 44
: Beginning sometime after 1856, until 1887,<ref name="HamburgNews 1887 Sep 1" /> the factory was located at grosse Theaterstraße 44, immediately west of the [[:Binnenalster]].

Both the große Drehbahn and große Theaterstraße locations were inside the [[:Hamburg Wallring]], the same being the [[:Neustadt, Hamburg|Neustadt]] district.  In 1866, Hamburg became part of the [[:North German Confederation]]; in 1871, Hamburg became part of the [[:German Empire]].

; Notable residents of gr. Theaterstr. 44
[[:Luise Zietz]] (1865–1922), a German labor activist, socialist, and [[:First-wave feminism|feminist]] once lived at Große Theaterstraße 44/45.  She was the oldest daughter of Wollwirkers, owner of a wool spinning mill.

; Selected subsequent occupants at gr. Theaterstr. 44
Große Theaterstraße 39–48 was one building.


Great theater street 39-48. In the houses No. 44 and
No. 45 had the printing shop of the ''Hamburger Echo''
(1887-1901) and the party headquarters for [[:SPD Hamburg|SPD, Hamburg]] [[:de:SPD Hamburg|(de)]] ''(aka'' SPD-Haus, Hamburg)


* From 1887 to 1933, Grosse Theaterstraße 44 was the headquarters for [[:SPD Hamburg|SPD, Hamburg]] [[:de:SPD Hamburg|(de)]] ([[:Social Democratic Party of Germany]])<ref name="Bake 2011" />
: In 1887, during an era of Socialist Law, when the SPD was forbidden, the party acquired the lot at Große Theaterstraße 44/45.  When Socialist Law fell in 1890, the offices were openly used for SPD operations.  After the revolution of 1918, the work of the Hamburg SPD expanded, both in territory and scope.  The Workers Council for Greater Hamburg,  the office of the "Volksbühne," and the Secretariat of the SPD district association Hamburg-Nordwest purchased Große Theaterstraße 42/43 from the SPD and relocated there.


: On June 22, 1933, the SPD was banned. The large building complex of the SPD: Große Theaterstrasse / Fehlandtstrasse and the operating facilities were confiscated by the National Socialists and sold to private customers.

The SPD newspaper, the ''[[:Hamburger Echo]]'' [[:de:Abendecho|(de)]], was housed at Große Theaterstraße 44/45 from 1887 to 1901.  Editors included [[:Karl Frohme]] [[:de:Karl Frohme|(de)]] (1850–1933).  In 1933, the [[:Nazi Germany|Third Reich]] banned the ''[[:Hamburger Echo]]'' [[:de:Abendecho|(de)]].  Its last publication ran March 3, 1933.<ref name="Bake 2011" /><ref name="Sozalist 1957 Jul 1" />

After the end of the Second World War, the SPD divisional division was able to return to the Große Theaterstrasse 44 building in the late summer of 1945 - but only as a tenant, no longer as the owner of the house.
* Große Theaterstraße 44/45 was, in 1896, also the home of ''Die Neue Welt,'' a weekly publication.<ref name="Bake 2011" />
* A 1906 city directory lists the Förster Cigar Factory at große Theaterstraße 44,<ref name="ReichstagVerzeichnis 1906 Jun 27" /> owned by Karl Hermann Förster

; Scale of Börs piano factory workforce
By 1873, 50 workers were employed there.<ref name="SandlersHandbuch 1874" />
[[File:Stadttheater Hamburg 1827.jpg|thumb|350px|right|upright|<center>The Stadt-Theater in Hamburg<br />On Dammtorstraße<br />(Große Theaterstraße, left; Kleine Theaterstraße, right)<br />Built in 1827<br />(photo: circa 1865)]]
; Börs as a hornist
Börs was also a virtuoso [[:German horn|hornist]]<ref name="ATC 1867 Feb 2" /><ref name="May 1905" /> with references to notable performances in Hamburg dating back to 1845.  In the mid-1840s, for twelve years,<ref name="Signale 1870 Oct 25" /> Börs was first horn with the [[:Hamburg_State_Opera#History|Hamburg Stadt-Theater]].

; Legacy as piano maker
An 1885 German Lexicon of general knowledge, ''[[:Meyers Konversations-Lexikon|Meyers Hand-Lexikon Des Allgemeinen Wissens]],'' lists Börs, along with other notable piano makers, as one of the most important pioneers of piano manufacturing of the era.<ref name="Meyers-Lexikon 1885" />

; Factory's use for conservatory and salons  
The factory located at große Theaterstraße 44, for a time, also housed the Bernuthsche Konservatorium, which was founded October 1, 1873, by [[:Julius von Bernuth (composer)|Julius von Bernuth]] [[:de:Julius von Bernuth (Dirigent)|(de)]] (1830–1903).  During the winter of 1873–1874, the space at the Börs factory proved to be inadequate for the conservatory.  So the conservatory moved to a larger space at the Baumgarten & Heins piano factory at Pferdemarkt, owned by C.F. Baumgarten and J.J. Heins (born 1810). But that space, too, proved to be inadequate. The conservatory eventually settled at 15 Wexstrasse on the ground floor.<ref name="Klavierlehrer 1903 Jan" /><ref name="OttoBörs-bio" group=lower-roman /><ref name="SandlersHandbuch 1874" />  Bernuth was, from 1867 to 1895, director of [[:Philharmoniker Hamburg]] and also director of the Hamburg Singing Academy.<ref name="HP-Bernuth" />

The wing of the factory's drawing room, used to entertain, is cited for hosting [[:Ricard Wagner]] on a visit to Hamburg January 18, 1873, during a concert tour that included [[:Berlin]] and [[:Cologne]].<ref name="Glasenapp 1907" />

; Piano design
Extant Börs pianos of the [[:21st century]] reflect ornate cabinet design of the era.  The casing were made of [[:rosewood]], [[:Juglans|walnut]], and [[:mahogany]].  The Börs pianos of the 1860s were 7 octaves, from A to A (85 keys), standard for the post-classical repertoire.  Although standard current pianos have 88 keys ([[:Bosendorfer]] pianos offer concert grands with 97 keys), 85 keys is sufficient for most 21st century repertoire.<ref name="Clinkscale 1999" />

An advertisement in the """ states that Otto Börs, as well as [[:Blüthner|Julius Blüthner]], incorporated the use of [[:notographs]],<ref name="Riemann 1908" /> an apparatus, which which attached to a piano, accurately records whatever is played.  The machine was invented and patented by Engramelle Schmeil, a teacher in [[:Magdeburg]].<ref name="Beiblatt-zum-Kladderadatsch 1870 Feb 13" />

; Entity registration
A registration under Otto Börs' is recorded in the [[:Staatsarchiv der Freien und Hansestadt Hamburg]] [[:de:Staatsarchiv der Freien und Hansestadt Hamburg|(de)]] (digital image not available).  The listing indicates that a 231-3 [[:German Trade Register|Handelsregister]]<ref name="Sielemann 2015" /> (commercial register) entity was active from 1882 to 1888.<ref name="DDB-231-3_B 12467" />

; Selected exhibitions

{{cquote|Börs, Otto Pianofabrik<br />
Hamburg, 1873-1888<br />
Börs beteiligt sich an der Ausstellung Wien 1873 mit mehreren Pianinos. De Wit 1886 verzeichnet die Firma mit angeschlossener Handlung in Große Theaterstraße 44. Am 21. März 1887 werden »wegen Veränderung der Pianofortefabrik des Herrn Otto Börs« Werkzeuge und Materialien sowie verschiedene Pianinos, darunter auch Instruments fremder Firmen, öffentlich versteigert. Die Firma erlischt im Mai 1888.<ref name="Henkel-DeutscherKlavierbauer 2000" /><br /><br />
(translation: ''Börs entered several pianos in the 1873 Vienna Exhibition. De Wit In 1886, the company recorded the action in Große Theaterstraße 44. On March 21, 1887, "tools and materials, as well as various pianos, including instruments of foreign companies, are publicly auctioned on the grounds of the change of Mr. Otto Bör's pianoforte factory." The company dissolved May 1888.)
|25px|25px|}}



; 1879 Hamburg directory
Börs, Otto, Pianofortefabrik, Hoflieferant Seiner Königliche Hoheit des Großherzogs von Mecklenburg-Schwerin, BKto. (Bank-konto) unt. (unter) E. B. Witte & E. G. Rümmel, große Theaterstraße 44<ref name="1979HamburgAdresses-Börs-O" />

== Extant pianos ==
Börs, Otto (fl. before I860?). Piano maker in Hamburg.
: Serial No. 1431
: Date: c. 1860?
: Style: Upright
: Compass: 7 oct. AAA A4 
: Length: 138.5
: Width: 69.5
: Height: 146
: Case: [[:Juglans|walnut]] [[:veneer]]
: Comments: Case top decorated with carved flowers; corners carved like [[:Acanthus (ornament)|acanthus leaves]]; upper case with open-work panels; with geometric and floral motifs; keyboard supported by s-shapped legs with volutes carved into roses; open music desk; metal hitch-pin plate; brass inlaid and floral nameplate plaque
: Inscription: Otto Börs/Hamburg; also 1431 penciled on reverse of nameboard
: Strings: straight-strung; single-, double-, triple-strung
: Action: English with overdampers
: Pedals: 2, attached to lower case; [[:una corda]], [[:Sustain pedal|damper]]
: Former owners: Poland, same family since [[:19th century]]
: Present owners: Poland/Warsaw, private collection
: References: Benjamin Vogel (1989), [[:University of Szczecin]], Poland, Musical Education, Emeritus, EP 121

== Hoflieferant ==
[[Image:Wappen Deutsches Reich - Grossherzogtum Mecklenburg-Schwerin.png|thumb|250px|Mecklenburg-Schwerin Coat of Arms]]
[[Image:Schwerin Castle Aerial View Island Luftbild Schweriner Schloss Insel See.jpg|thumb|250px|[[:Schwerin Palace]]]]
On April 27, 1877, the [[:Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin]], headed by [[:Frederick Francis II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin|Grand Duke Frederick Francis II]], awarded Otto Börs a [[:royal warrant of appointment]], specifically referred to as a "Hoflieferant" [[:de:Hoflieferant|(de)]], which was an official designation for selected suppliers — that is, suppliers to the respective conferring royalty.  By extension, the award was an official recognition of quality craftsmanship.  The award was coveted by Hoflieferanten (plural form of the word; and in this sense meaning: "recipients of the award") and allowed them the benefit of using the status in branding and advertising.<ref name="RoyalWarrant 1877" /> ''Viz.''

{{cquote|Otto Börs, Pianofortefabrik, hoflieferant seiner Königliche Hoheit des Großherzogs von Mecklenburg-Schwerin<br /><center>(Otto Börs, Piano Factory of his Royal Highness The Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin)|25px|25px}}

Recipient entities that endure today, despite the long-bygone days of royalty, sometimes still use the designation in branding, showing the royal crest or coat of arms.  Although, officially, the titles are not inheritable — they expire at the death of the recipients.  Nonetheless, given that pianos of the era, including those of Otto Börs, were widely exported, and given that high-quality pianos were commonly imported to Hamburg, and given that Royalty of the day placed a high priority on the arts, and given that Royalty could easily exercise its ability to acquire musical instruments of its choosing, winning the Hoflieferant designation was a significant endorsement.  A piano maker with a Hoflieferant designation was commonly listed in directories as a "Hof-Piano-Fabrik."

In 1883, [[:Perzina]] [[:de:Perzina|(de)]], a piano manufacturer founded in 1871 in [[:Schwerin]] was awarded Hoflieferant by the Grand Duke of Mecklenburg.

<!------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------>
{{Font color|#A9A9A9|{{loop|20|–}}}}
{{ref begin|100em}}
: The [[:Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin]] territory was east of [[:Hamburg]].  After the fall of the monarchies in 1918, following [[:World War I]], the [[:Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin|Grand Duchy]] became the [[:Free State of Mecklenburg-Schwerin]].  In 1934, it was united with the neighboring [[:Free State of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]].  From 1949 to 1990, both were part of [[:East Germany]].  Today, both are part of the [[:States of Germany|Bundesland]] [[:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern]].
{{ref end}}

== Notable apprentices ==
German-born [[:Bush Conservatory of Music|John Gerts]] ''(né'' Johann Gerts; 1845–1913), born in Germany in 1845, learned piano making with Otto Börs in Hamburg<ref name="Dolge 1913" /> — before emigrating to the United States in 1870.

== Growing up ==

== Family ==
; Spouse
Otto Börs married Doris Nagel (maiden) on June 10, 1845, in [[:Hamburg]].<ref name="HamburgNews 1845 Jun 14" />
[[File:Hamburg stock exchange 1825.jpg|thumb|350px|right|upright|<center>Börsenhalle<br />(image: circa 1825)]]
; 1847 address
: Börs, Otto, erster Hornist am Stadttheater, Klavier- und Gesangslehrer, Valentinskamp Platz No. 16, Haus No. 4, [[:Börsenhalle]] [[:de:Hamburger Börse|(de)]], Comptoir derselben und Expedition: [[:Alterwall]] [[:de:Alter Wall|(de)]] No. 26
: <small>(Börs, Otto, first horn player at the Stadttheater, piano and vocal teacher, Valentinskamp Place No. 16, [[:Börsenhalle]] [[:de:Hamburger Börse|(de)]], office and studio: [[:Alterwall]] [[:de:Alter Wall|(de)]] No. 26)</small>
: Alterwall 26 is in the [[:Speicherstadt]] (warehouse district) of the [[:HafenCity]] quarter, south of and parallel to the [[:Alster#Lower_course|Kleinealster]] waterway.

; Later address
: Börs, Otto, erster hornist am Stadttheater,
: Pianofortefabrik, gr. Drehbahn 8<ref name="HamburgDirectory" />

; Daughters, Thoma and Meta
Otto and Doris Börs had two daughters, Thoma and Meta Börs, both of whom flourished as concert and operatic singers.  Early in their careers (circa 1869–1870), they frequently sang recitals together.


; Thoma Börs
Thoma ''(née'' Anna Maria Therese Börs; born 10 October 1850 [[:Hamburg]]) became an acclaimed operatic soprano in both Italian and German genres.<ref name="ATC 1867 Feb 2" /><ref name="ThomaBörs-bio" /><ref name="Kutsch 2003" /> She performed throughout Europe, including London, and Russia, including St. Petersburg, and also flourished throughout Germany, notably singing Wagnerian roles in [[:Bayreuth]].  Both Thoma and Meta received their initial music education through their father. Thoma debuted April 1867 at the Stadttheater of Hamburg as an Agathe in the "Freischütz". In 1868-69 she was engaged at the opera house of Leipzig. She appeared as a guest at the [[:Berlin State Opera|Berliner Hofoper]] and in three parts at the [[Anhaltisches Theater|Hoftheater von Dessau]] [[Anhaltisches Theater]] and then went to Italy for further training. She was a student of Tergiani in Rome. She also had been a student of [[:Julius Stockhausen]].  After some stage performances in Italy, among others. 1874 at the [[:Teatro Argentina]] in Rome.  On December 19, 1888, Anna Maria Therese Börs married Eduard Gustav Girnat (1861–1932) in Hamburg.  Thoma Börs retired from singing in 1891.<ref name="HamburgNews 1891 May 24" />  She was critically acclaimed as a dramatic soprano in leading roles, Wagner operas, in particular.  From 1879 until her retirement in 1891, she had been with the Hannover Hofbühne. She continued to teach music in Hanover until the end of [[:World War I]].

; Meta Börs
Meta, also a soprano, and flourished as a solo performer and as a singer of church music.  Like her sister, Meta also studied with [[:Julius Stockhausen]]. She was also a virtuoso pianist and sometimes, in addition to singing in concerts with her sister, Thoma, she would accompany her on piano.  In 1870, Meta Börs married Adolf Bösendorfer (1839–1904), a music publisher and financier from Vienna.<ref name="Fremden-Blatt 1870 Oct 26" /> (see Notes, below) He was the brother of Ludwig Joseph Michael Bösendorfer (1835–1919), both of whom were the sons of [[:Ignaz Bösendorfer]] (1796–1859), founder of the Vienna-based [[:Bösendorfer]] piano manufacturing company.<ref name="Signale 1868 Nov 19" /><ref name="musiklexicon-Retrieved 2016 Nov 7" />

== Adolph Bösendorfer ==
:; Adolph Bösendorfer
: 1875, publisher of:
: 1875–1876: ''Illustrirtes Musik- und Theater-Journal'', Eigenthum und Verlag der K.K. Hof-Musikalienhandlung [[:de:k.u.k. Hoflieferant|(de)]] von Adolph Bösendorfer, Wein; {{oclc|838168703}}
:: Vol. 1, N° 1: October 6, 1875
: 1876–1877: ''Illustrirtes Musik-, Theater, und Literatur-Journal''

* [http://www.ancestry.co.uk/genealogy/records/meta-boers_79912015?geo_a=r&geo_s=uk&geo_t=uk&geo_v=2.0.0&o_iid=41012&o_lid=41012&o_sch=Web+Property check]
* [http://www.musiklexikon.ac.at/ml/musik_B/Boesendorfer_Familie.xml Bösendorfer family,] ''[[:Austrian Musiklexikon]]'' [[:de:Oesterreichisches Musiklexikon|(de)]] ''Online,'' [[:Austrian Academy of Sciences]] (retrieved November 17, 2016, ''via'' {{url|http://www.musiklexikon.ac.at}}); {{oclc|163372771|741389284}}

== Transcription ==
; Review of Thoma Börs' operatic debut
Hamburg. Am 24. Januar erfchien in unfercm [[:Hamburg State Opera|Stadt theater]] als Agathe im „[[:Der Freischütz|Freischütz]]“ Fräulein Thoma Börs (Tochter des als Virtuos auf dem Horn und Inhabers einer weltberühmten Pianofortefabrik besannten Herrn Otto Börs hier) und zwar betrat das junge Wärden mit diefer Partie überhaupt die Bübne zum erftenmale.


Wenn je ein Erfolg vollständig, uneingefchränft zu nennen, so ift es der, den Fräulein Thoma Börs erzielte; da schallte uns entgegen eine herrliche, reine, sympathisch, überall vlangvolle, zwei Octaven umfassende Stimme, die auch was Ausbildung anlangt, schon setzt eine so große Stuse und Sicherheit bekundete, wie wir es bei einer Debutantin noch nicht erlebt.

Der Ton, den Fräulein Börs anschlug, zündete in unseren Herzen, und beim Vortrag des Gebetes, das wir so seuch und innig selten schöner hörten, floß gar manches Auge in Thränen über, kurz der Genuß war ein vollftätidiger und jede Rengflicheit die fonft bei erften theatralischen Verfuchen üblich, wich gleich nach der erften Scene.

Aber auch im Spiel, wie in der Be handlung des Dialoges zeigte fich Fräulein Börs bereits durchaus sicher und gewandt, was gewiß nicht gering anzufangen, und so können wir, wie es auch fämmtiche heftige Berichterstatter thun, diefes Debut als ein durchweg gelungenes bezeichnen und das Talent der jungen Künfilerin als hochbedeutend.

Das dichtbesetzte haus zeichnete Fräulein Börs durch häufigen, anhaltenden Applaus, Hervorrufe und Blumenspenden reich aus. Wie wir hören, wird die vielversprechende Künfilerin demnächst noch als Pamina und Margarethe („[[:Faust (opera)|Faust]]“) auftreten; später gebt sie wahrscheinlich an einige auswärtige Bühnen.

Doch die Gerechtigkeit erheischt auch, ihren Lehrer zu nennen; im Gefäng unterrichtete Fräulein Börs der treffliche Gefanglebrer Dr. Schmidt aus Lübeck, deffen methode sich auch hier wieder bewährte;  Unterweisung im Dramatichen und der Action erbielt Fräulein Börs von Herrn Dr. Schmidt bier, Beide haben aldo Ebre eingelegt sowohl für sich, als für ihre Schülerin. –  Wir leben der Hoffnung, Fräulein Börs werde eine-Zierde der deutchen Oper werden! Hr. Abams wirste vorzüglich als Max, Fräulein Marek war ein reizendes Männchen und Hr. Fransich ein tübtiger Caspar, fo daß aueh fonft die Schönheiten der „[[:Der Freischütz|Freischütz]]“ — musik zu bestung zeitung kamen. F.<ref name="ATC 1867 Feb 2" />

=== Subscription notes ===
Zu haben in allen Buchbandlungen, in Leipzig bei Jm. Tr. Wöller, sowie in allen Postämtern und Zeitungs-Expeditionen.

Wöchentl  erscheint eine Lieferung von 1¼ Bogen in groß Duart und jährlich mehrere Beilagen.

Der Preis des Jahrgangs ist 6 Rc oder 10 fl.  48 Xc rheinl.

Für 3 Monate oder 13 Lieferungen 1 Rc oder 15 Ngr. oder 2 fl.  42 X Vorausbezahlung.

Bei frans. Zusendungen von Leipzig aus unter Kreuzband direct bis an den Ort des Bestellers pr. Quartal 2 Rc
----
* Ngr. = [[:Groschen|neugrochen]]
* sigr. = ??
* Xt = ??
* Thlr. = [[:Thaler]]
* [[:Prussian thaler]]
* [[:Reichsthaler]]
* Fl. = [[:Austro-Hungarian gulden|Austrian florin]]
----
* [[:Pfennig]] = pf. or ₰
* [[:Deutsche Mark]]
* [[:Vereinsthaler]]
* [[:Kreuzer]]
* [[:Groschen]]
* [[:Schilling]]

== Piano trade environment in Hamburg during the mid 19th century ==
; Market perspective
Otto Börs was not without competition.  
The years 1875 to 1932 were a [[:Golden age (metaphor)|golden age]] of piano making, a time when pianos had few competitors for home entertainment.  Otto Börs manufactured pianos leading into that era.  In the United States, industry-wide, nearly 364,545 pianos sold at the peak in 1909, according to the National Piano Manufacturers Association.<ref name="History of Piano Sales"/>

; see [[:de:Liste mecklenburgischer Hoflieferanten|(de)]]

; Piano manufacturers of Hamburg, by area
----
{{ref begin|50em}}

;  [[:Hamburg-Mitte|Mitte]] (borough)

:; [[:Neustadt, Hamburg|Neustadt]] (quarter)
::; Inside the [[:Hamburg Wallring|Wallring]]

::* Otto Börs Pianofabrik, original location,  große Drehbahn No. 8, final location, große Theaterstraße 44
::* Ludwig Landgraf founded his in Hamburg in 1860.  It was located at kleine Drehbahn 15
::* C. H. L. Plaß had a piano factory at Große Drehbahn 41
::* Matthius Ferdinance Rachals (1801–1866) — doing business as M.F. Rachals & Co. — commenced making pianos in Hamburg in 1832.  In 1864, his son, Eduard Ferdinand Rachals (1837–1902)<ref name="Dolge 1913" /> took over.  It was located at Fuhlentwiete 43.  In 1873, it had 100 employees
::* Joh. Conr. Wilh. Schmidt, founder of his own factory in Hamburg, located at Neustraße Fuhlentwiete 65
::* Joh. Heinr. Traumann founded a piano factory in Hamburg in 1847.  It was located at Fuhlentwiete 55
::* Wilh. Biese opened a piano factory in Hamburg at [[:Neuer Wall|Neuerwall]] 50.  His main factory was in Berlin, where he founded it in 1852
::* Carl Traug. Wolters (1795–1872) — doing business as C.T. Wolters — had a piano factory at große Bleichen 27. In 1873, it was in the possession of his widow<ref name="SandlersHandbuch 1874" />  The firm endured into the early 20th century, run by a son, Carl Theodor Wolters (1844–1910); Franz Blume and Hugo Reiher acquired the company around 1907;<ref name="Instrumentenmacherzeitschrift 1907 Oct 1" /> the company endured until the 1930s; after its founder, C.T. Wolters, died, the firm began representing other piano manufacturers.  From 1878 to 1907, the firm represented [[:Schiedmayer|Schiedmayer & Söhne]] of [[:Stuttgart]].  Beginning 1884, the firm represented [[:Grotrian-Steinweg|Steinweg Nachf.]] of [[:Braunschweig]].  They also represented [[:Rud. Ibach Sohn]] of [[:Barmen]], [[:Ludwig Hupfeld]]'s Phonola, [[:August Förster]] of [[:Löbau]], and [[:Mason & Hamlin]] of [[:Boston]]
::* Heinr. Kohl founded a piano factory in Hamburg in 1857.  In 1873, there were 60 employees.  It was located at Dammthorstraße 34
::* J. H. C. Schönian, founder of a piano factory located at Teilfeld 13
::* Fr. Ludw. Neumann founded his piano factory in Hamburg in 1851.  It was located at Herrlichkeit 71.  In 1874, there were 25 employees<ref name="Neumann 1854" />
::* Joh. Heinr. Prehn had a piano factory at Pastorenstraße 14
::* Carl. Fr. Flügge, owner of a piano factory located at Dragonerstall 10, founded it in 1853

:; [[:St. Georg, Hamburg|St. Georg]] (quarter)
::* Rob. Ruppach founded a piano factory in 1859.  It was located at Pulverteich 18

:; [[:Hamburg-Altstadt]] (quarter)
::* Eduard Eckhardt, owner of a Claviateur factory, founded it in 1853.  It was located at Steinstraße 58. Founded in 1853 by the owner Eduard Eckhardt
::* G. Stapel had a piano factory at Schauenburgerstraße 23
::* Wilh. Rennebaum had a piano factory at [[:Schopenstehl]] [[:de:Schopenstehl|(de)]] 14
::* Ernst Friedrich Henkel founded a piano factory in Hamburg in 1850.  In 1873, there were 15 employees.  It was located at Hermannstraße 40

:; [[:HafenCity]] (quarter)

::; [[:Speicherstadt]] (warehouse district)
::* Carl Friedr. Bertram fiounded the piano making firm, C.F. Bertram & Co., and was located at Kehrwieder 8
::* Wilh. Rothe founded his own piano factory in Hamburg in 1867.  It was located at Brook 12
::* The Hamburg Pianoforte factory C. H. Schröder (Christian Heinrich Schröder; 1802–1882) and Johannes Brahms<ref name="MI 1990 Sep" /> began making pianos in Hamburg sometime between 1836 and 1839.  The factory was located from 1839 to 1863 at Katharinenstraße 17, and until 1882 at Katharinenstraße 37
::* Joh. Heinr. Schwark had a piano factory at Katharinenstraße 3
::* Heinr. Wilh. Brandes founded his piano making firm in 1846.  It was located at Neuer Wandrahm 20, on the [[:Zollkanal]] [[:de:Zollkanal|(de)]].  In 1874, the firm had 40 employees
::* Joh. Gotth. Döring — doing business as J. G. Döring & Co. — founded his piano making firm in 1949. It was located at Hüxter 15.  Hüxter is no longer in existence.  It was located in the current path of [[:Willy-Brandt-Straße]] [[:de:Ost-West-Straße (Hamburg)|(de)]], east of Brandstwiete.  From 1855 to 1887, J.G. Döring & Co. was a 231-3 Handelsregister entity in Hamburg.  Döring was also a wind instrument maker and dealer in musical instruments
::* Gustav Haeseler founded a piano factory in Hamburg in 1868. It was located at Grosse Reichenstraße 43
::* L. W. Müller, owner of a piano factory located at Steckelhörn 18, founded it in Hamburg in 1860
::* Joh. Nic. Chr. Meyer founded a piano factory in Hamburg in 1821.  In 1863, Ad. Meyer became the owner.  The factory: Bei Den Mühren 56

::; Unspecified district
::* Chr. Heinrich Wittenberg had a piano factory at Görttwiete 14<ref name="SandlersHandbuch 1874" />

:; [[:St. Pauli]] (quarter)
::* [[:Steinway & Sons]], in 1880, opened its first European piano factory in Hamburg on [[:Schanzenstraße]] [[:de:Schanzenstraße|(de)]], in the western part of Hamburg
::* Carl Görland had a piano factory at Rosenstraße 35
::* Heinr. Wilcke had a piano factory at Kastanienallee 38.<ref name="SandlersHandbuch 1874" />

:; [[:Hammerbrook]] (quarter)
::* C. Eckermann & Co., Pianoforte factory, located at Woltmannstraße 41, was founded in 1873 by the owners C. Eckermann, A. Th. Schneider, A. Feige, F. Fiedler, J. Jörgensen and C. Marquart.


; [[:Hamburg-Nord|Nord]] (borough)
:; [[:Hamburg-Uhlenhorst|Uhlenhorst]] [[:de:Hamburg-Uhlenhorst|(de)]] (quarter)
::* Joh. Ludw. Sanne

; Other
::* Gustav Adolph Buschmann commenced making pianos in Hamburg as early as 1805<ref name="Dolge 1913" /> under the name Buschmann & Co.  Carl Wigand Ludwig Buschmann was also connected to the business.
::* Baumgardten & Heins was founded in 1788 by J. S. Hinrichs.  C.F. Baumgardten (died 1861) joined in 1829 and Johann Jakob Heins (born 1810 in [[:Schnega]]) joined in 1838, when Hinrichs retired.<ref name="MI 1990 Sep" />  Heins is credited with inventing [[:Cross-stringing|overlapping]] bass strings.  The factory was located at Pferdemarkt 46, and in 1847 at alte Gröningerstraße 35
::* J.H. Burmeister began making pianos in Hamburg around 1860.
::* Johann Jacob Langholdt had a piano factory at St. Georgen
::* Gründer (1859) und Inhaber: Rob. Ruppach.
::* H. L. T. W. Schultz had a piano factory at Ellernthorsbr. 12
::* Johann Jacob Wagner founded a piano factory in 1837, neustraße Neustraße 4. Its owner (in 1873) was Johann Jacob Levin
::* Rich. Wolkenhauer had a piano factory at Steuerwall 50.<ref name="SandlersHandbuch 1874" />
::* Wilh. Freudentheil founded a piano factory in Hamburg in 1862.  In 1873, his son, Wilh. Freudentheil, Jr., joined the firm as an owner, after which, the firm was known as Freudentheil & Sohn
::* Herm. Jochimsen founded a piano factory in Hamburg in 1864.  The factory was located at Mühlenstraße 6

; Piano makers in America from Hamburg
::* Henry Behr, in New York, with his brother Edward Behr and Paul G. Hehlin, founded in 1881 [[:Behr Brothers & Company]]

{{ref end}}

; Piano component manufacturers
----
{{ref begin|50em}}
;  [[:Hamburg-Mitte|Mitte]] (borough)

:; [[:St. Pauli]] (quarter)

::* J. H. Möller founded his Pianomechanikfabrik in Hamburg in 1861.  It was located at Kastanienalle 39

; Other
::* Johann Christian Ludolph Isermann (1813–1898) began making [[:Action (piano)|piano actions]] in 1842 on Grindelhof, a street in the former [[:Grindel]] [[:de:Grindel (Hamburg)|(de)]] district of [[:Hamburg]], thirty-two years after Cox Brooks (1773–1847) of London defined the making of piano actions as a stand-alone industry.  The area is now in the area of the [[:University of Hamburg]]. Isermann's company operated under the names "Pianoforte-Mechaniken-Fabrik von L. Isermann." and "Isermann's Industriehaus."  In 1870, Carl Wilhelm Isermann (1849–1910),<ref name="HamburgNews 1910 Dec 31" /> his son, became head of the company.  According to the listing in Sandler's 1874 ''Handbuch der Leistungsfähigkeit,'' the factory was the largest of its kind on the continent of Europe, employed 300, and supplied actions for 8,000 pianos, and facilities for pianos, claviers, and the like, annually.  In 1904, [[:Peter Ludolph Isermann]] [[:de:Ludolph Isermann|(de)]] (born 1882), his grandson, took over.  In 1909, Isermann merged with F. Langer + Co. (Franz Langer) of Berlin.<ref name="Dolge 1913" /><ref name="Instrumentenmacherzeitschrift 1909 Jan 1" />  The merger was driven, in part, by bitter labor strikes at Isermann's Hamburg factory.<ref name="MTR May 30" />
::* Wilh Merckel ''(aka'' Merkel) of Hamburg began producing machine made hammers in 1845, an era long recognized as a sub-industry.  Before that, hammers were covered by hand.  Merckel introduced machines of his own design and construction in 1860.<ref name="Dolge 1913" />
::* Heinr. Lösch had a Pianofortemechanikfabrik at Sternstraße, in the [[:Sternschanze]] section of [[:Hamburg]].
::* A. H. Scholle had a piano mechanics factory at Poolstraße 15/18. He founded it in 1863.  In 1973, he had 60 employees.<ref name="SandlersHandbuch 1874" />
{{ref end}}
<gallery mode=packed heights=200>
File:Dragonerstall 10 (Hamburg-Neustadt).13842.ajb.jpg|Dragonerstall 10
File:Fruechtnicht-Pianofortefabrik.jpg|Isermann's factory with workshops, built in 1873 for Isermann; C.E. Hermann (architect) (see [[:Schulterblatt_(Straße)|Schulterblatt]] [[:de:Schulterblatt_(Straße)#Pianoforte-Fabrik|(de)]])
</gallery>

== Hamburg maps ==
; Maps by [[:Heinrich Wagner (cartographer)|Heinrich Wagner]] [[:de:Heinrich Wagner (Kartograph)|(de)]] and [[:Ernst Debes]] [[:de:Ernst Debes|(de)]] of [[:Leipzig]]

* [[:File:Hamburg.Karte.1813_neddermeyer_300dpi.jpg|thumb|left|Hamburg, Innere Stadt, 1813]]

* [https://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/baedeker_n_germany_1910/hamburg_inner_1910.jpg "Hamburg I," Innere Stadt, 1910]; {{oclc|902722513}}

* [https://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/baedeker_n_germany_1910/hamburg_altona_1910.jpg "II Hamburg und Altona," 1910]



; Hamburg landmarks of 1870
* Apollo Saal
* Stadt Theater
* [[:Thalia Theater (Hamburg)|Thalia Theater]]
* Tivoli Theater (built in 1877)<ref name="Fetridge 1870">''[https://books.google.com/books?id=J1ASAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA707 Harper's Hand-Book for Travelers in Europe and the East]'' (ninth year), by [[:William Pembroke Fetridge]] (1870)</ref><ref name="Murray 1877" />
* Musik Halle

== Selected musical works ==
; Arrangements by Otto Börs
{{ref begin|50em}}

* [https://books.google.com/books?id=iR1DAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA27&lpg=PA27&dq=%22Bors Catalog]
* [https://polona.pl/item/53650165/0/ sheet music] 1943

; Heinrichshofen'schen (publisher), [[:Magdeburg]]
; (Wilhelm von Heinrichshofen; 1782–1881)

<ol type="1" start="1">
<li>"Carl Charlotten Galopp;" {{oclc|873335462}}<br />
{{space|4}}From ''Der Jüngling am Bache'', Op. 1<br />
{{space|4}}By [[:Heinrich Proch]], for voice, cello, and piano<br />

<li>"Heimath Galopp"<br />
{{space|4}}From ''Die Heimath,'' Op.56<br />
{{space|4}}By [[Karl August Krebs]]<br />

<li>"Die Freundlichen Hamburginnen"

<li>"König's Galopp" (December 1842); {{oclc|316289040}}<br />
{{space|4}}By Hermann Louis König (1815–1870)<br />
{{space|4}}{{nowrap|... }}German virtuoso [[:cornetist]] who, in 1844, published<br />
{{space|8}}his composition, "[[:Post Horn]] Galop"<br />

<li>"Marien Walzer" oder "Redowa" (March 1843); {{oclc|956608559}}<br />
{{space|4}}From the opera, ''[[:La fille du régiment|Die Tochter des Regiments]]''<br />
{{space|4}}By [[:Gaetano Donizetti]]<br />

<li>"Contretanz"<br />

<li>"Amina Galopp" (September 1841)<br />
{{space|4}}From the opera, ''[[:La sonnambula|Die Nachtwandlerin]]''<br />
{{space|4}}By [[:Vincenzo Bellini]]

<li>"Die Schwedische Nachtigall"<br />
{{space|4}}From the opera, ''[[:La sonnambula|Die Nachtwandlerin]]''<br />
{{space|4}}By [[:Vincenzo Bellini]]

<li>"Vereins Galopp"<br />

<li>"Contretanz"<br />
{{space|4}}From the opera, ''[[:Le lac des fées|Der Feen-See]]''<br />
{{space|4}}By [[:Daniel Auber]]<br />

<li>"Cracovienne" (1844)<br />
{{space|4}}(french for [[:Krakowiak]])<br />
{{space|4}}Leicht, arr. von Börs<br />

<li>"Helgoländer Lustfahrt Galopp" (August 1844)<br />
{{space|4}}Possibly inspired by the anthology, ''Die Lustfahrt nach Helgoland''<br />
{{space|4}}By Theodor Hans Heinrich Lambrecht (1812–1898)<br />

<li>"Der Krieger Heimkehr" (March 1946)<br />
{{space|4}}Fast march from the opera, ''[[:Nabucco]]''<br />
{{space|4}}For piano<ref name="HofmeisterXIX-Börs" /></li></ol>

; Schmilinsky (publisher), [[:Magdeburg]]

<ol type="1" start="14">
<li>"Erinnerung" (song) (September 1841)<br />
{{space|4}}Words by Ludwig Koßarski (1810–1873) (German poet)<ref name="HofmeisterXIX-Börs" /></li></ol>

; August Cranz (1814–1897) (publisher), [[:Hamburg]]
; (Cranz was acquired by [[:Schott Music]] in 1992)

<ol type="1" start="15">
<li>"Freudenklänge" (fast march) (September 1845)<br />

<li>"Beruhigungs-Marsch der vier Haimonskinder" (December 1845)<br />
{{space|4}}(fast march)

<li>"Alma-Polka" (December 1845)<br />
{{space|4}}Danced by [[:Fanny Cerrito|Dslle. Fanny Cerito]] and Mr. [[:Arthur Saint-Léon|St. Leon]]

<li>"Alma-Galopp" (December 1845)<br />

<li>"[[:Jenny Lind|Jenny Lind's]] ''[[:Norma (opera)|Norma]]''-Galopp No. 1" (September 1846)

<li>"Der Friedensbot" (fast march)

<li>"Zigeunerleben" (dances) (March 1847)<br />
{{space|4}}From the opera, ''[[:The Bohemian Girl|Gitana]]''<br />
{{space|4}}By [[:Michael William Balfe]]
<ol type="a" start="1">
<li>"Gitana Walzer"
<li>"Gitana Galopp"
<li>"Gitana Polka"
<li>"Zigeuner Marsch"</li></ol>

<li>"Dances" (April 1847)<br />
{{space|4}}From the opera, ''[[:Ernani]]''<br />
{{space|4}}By [[:Verdi]]
<ol type="a" start="1">
<li>"Ernani-Polka"
<li>"Ernani-Galopp"
<li>"Ernani-Marsch"
<li>"Liebespolonaise"</li></li></ol>

; Johann August Böhme (1766–1847) (publisher), [[:Hamburg]]

<ol type="1" start="23">
<li>"Isolde-Marsch" (June 1850)<br />
{{space|4}}For piano<br />
{{space|4}}From the scene, "Der Alte vom Berge"<br />
{{space|4}}From the opera, ''The Crusaders'', Op. 40<br />
{{space|4}}By [[:Julius Benedict]]<br />

{{ref end}}

; Selected dedications to Börs family members
{{ref begin|100em}}
<ol type="1" start="24">
<li>''Four Duets,'' for soprano, alto, and piano; Op. 7<br />
Music by Carl Krill (1847–1927)<br />
{{oclc|71653029|71653032|71653026}}<br />
[[:Dutch National Catalog]] identifiers: [http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/record/2000079145295 GGC:AC:292221916] & [http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/record/2000079145341 GGC:AC:292221959]
<ol type="a" start="1">
<li>"Abend am Meere," words by [[:Alfred Meissner]]
<li>"Trost der Nacht," words by [[:Gottfried Kinkel]]
<li>"Im Gebirge," words by [[:August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben|Hoffmann von Fallersleben]]
<li>"Nachtgruss," words by [[:Julius Rodenberg]]</li></ol>
Dedicated to Thoma and Meta Börs<br />
Premiered by Thoma and Meta Börs 1870<ref name="DE-Theater-Correspondent 1870 Jan 9" /></ol>

{{ref end}}
<!------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------>
{{Font color|#A9A9A9|{{loop|20|–}}}}
{{ref begin|100em}}
: Note: A [[:Galop|Galopp]] is a fast, lively, country dance that became popular in the 1820s in  Vienna, Berlin and London.
{{ref end}}

== Resources ==
* [[:Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe Hamburg]]
:: Alexander Pilipczuk, PhD, ''Erwerbungen für die Sammlung alter Musikinstrumente im Jahre 1983'' (1984); {{oclc|617692062}}
:: ''Handbuch,'' [[:Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe Hamburg]], [[:Munich]]: [[:Prestel Publishing|Prestel]] (1980); {{oclc|6789497}}
:: Beurmann Collection — collection of [[:Andreas E. Beurmann]] [[:de:Andreas E. Beurmann|(de)]] (1928–2016)
* [[:Altonaer Museum]] [[:de:Altonaer Museum|(de)]]
:: Christian L. Küster
:: ''Jahrbuch,'' Altonaer Museum in Hamberg (1977); {{issn|0440-1417}}

* [http://agora.sub.uni-hamburg.de/subhh-adress/digbib/asearch Hamburg address search], [[:University of Hamburg]]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=EwQ-AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA429&lpg=PA429&dq=%22Freudentheil Patents]
* [http://www.mv-sachsen-anhalt.de/ Museumsverband Sachsen-Anhalt]

; To do
* [[:Staatsarchiv Hamburg]] [[:de:Staatsarchiv Hamburg|(de)]]
: Photo of building at Große Theaterstraße 38-54
:: ({{url|http://www.hamburg.de/staatsarchiv/}})
:: ({{url|https://recherche.staatsarchiv.hamburg.de/ScopeQuery5.1/suchinfo.aspx}})

== References ==
; Thoma Therese Börs (Boers)
{{Authority control |qid=Q95637097}}

{|width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="2" style="color: black; border-top:none; border-bottom:1px solid #A3B1BF; border-left:1px solid #A3B1BF; border-right:1px solid #A3B1BF; background-color: white"

|-valign="middle" style="text-align:left"
| style="color: black; width:10%; background:#E6E6FF; border:1px solid white" |{{space|2}}<small>'''[[:Help:Authority control|Authority control (cont.)]]'''</small>
| style="border:1px solid white" |<small>[http://bmlo.de/b0738 BLMO]</small>
|}
; Otto Börs (Boers)
{{Authority control |qid=Q116373159}}

; Loose stuff
* [http://kevinsdeutschefamiliengeschichte.blogspot.com/2016/09/kerkuhn-sachsen-anhalt-1870-1874-taufen.html Check]

<!------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------>
{{Font color|#A9A9A9|{{loop|20|–}}}}

; Notes
{{ref begin|100em}}
Adolf Bösendorfer (1839–1904) was a music publisher from Vienna.  He was the brother of Ludwig Joseph Michael Bösendorfer (1835–1919), both of whom were the sons of [[:Ignaz Bösendorfer]] (1796–1859), founder of the Vienna-based [[:Bösendorfer]] piano manufacturing company. In 1870, Adolf Börsendorfer sold his businesses, which included his music publishing firm, to Rudolf Вussjäger and Theodor Rettig, who continued to run it under Börsendorfer's name.  In turn, they sold it in 1872 to Carl Anton Spina (1827–1906), who, in turn, that same year, sold it to Friedrich Schreiber.  In 1876, the Schreiber firm merged with the firm of August Cranz (1789–1870) of [[:Hamburg]], which, since 1857, was being run by his son, August Alwin Cranz (1834–1923).  In 1879, August Cranz acquired Schreiber.<ref name="Hofmeister'sHandbuch Vol. 7" /> In 1992, the firm was sold to [[:Schott Music|Schott Music GmbH & Co. KG]] of [[:Mainz]].  From 1875 to 1877, Bösendorfer published the ''Illustrirtes Musik- und Theater Journal'' — {{oclc|838168703|72694412}}

{{ref end}}

<!------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------>
{{Font color|#A9A9A9|{{loop|20|–}}}}

; Inline citations
{{Reflist|30em|refs=

<ref name="ATC 1867 Feb 2">[https://books.google.com/books?id=6owsAQAAMAAJ&pg=PR35 "Theatralische Sternwarte: Hamburg"] (performance review of Thoma Börs' operatic debut), [[:Leipsig]]: ''Allgemeine Theater-Chronik — Organ: für das Gesammtintereße der deutschen Bühnen und ihrer Mitglieder,'' Herausgeber und verantwortlicher Redacteur: Victor Kölbel in Leipzig, Vol. 36, N° 6, February 2, 1867, pg. 57</ref> 

<ref name="ThomaBörs-bio">[http://www.isoldes-liebestod.net/Isolden_ohne_Liebestod/Boers_Thoma.htm Thoma Börs biography"] (retrieved October 24, 2016, ''via'' {{url|http://www.isoldes-liebestod.net}})</ref>

<ref name="Kutsch 2003">[https://books.google.com/books?id=dsfq_5dFeL0C&pg=PA469&lpg=PA469&dq=%22otto+b%C3%B6rs%22+leipzig&source=bl&ots=b_T-t8nFNx&sig=DdD8Ji2w_2Os4vCM_XWX07Gn--I&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjlyOryr_TPAhUCTCYKHfc3DkUQ6AEIJDAC#v=onepage&q=%22otto%20b%C3%B6rs%22%20leipzig&f=false "Börs, Thoma (Theresa),"] ''[[:Großes Sängerlexikon]]'' [[:de:Großes Sängerlexikon|(de)]] (Vol. 1 of 7), by [[:Karl-Josef Kutsch]] [[:de:Karl-Josef Kutsch|(de)]], Leo Riemens [[:de:Leo Riemens|(de)]] (1910–1985), [[:K. G. Saur Verlag]] (2003); {{oclc|5131214603}}</ref>

<ref name="Dolge 1913">''[http://books.google.com/books?id=XDVAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA48 Pianos and Their Makers,]'' Vol. 2, by [[:Alfred Dolge]], [[:Covina, California]]: Covina Publishing Company (1913), pg. 48; {{OCLC|500541714|51374999}}</ref>

<ref name="Meyers-Lexikon 1885">"Pianofórte," ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=oUwyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1494&lpg=PA1494&dq=%22b%C3%B6rs%22+Börs Meyers Hand-Lexikon Des Allgemeinen Wissens]'' (Vol. 2 of 2), [[:Bibliographisches Institut]] (1885), pps. 1494–1495; {{oclc|10742187}}</ref>

<ref name="May 1905">''[https://archive.org/stream/lifeofjohannesbr01mayfuoft#page/86/mode/1up The Life of Johannes Brahms]'' (Vol. 1 of 2), by Florence May, [[:Edward Arnold (publisher)|Edward Arnold]] (1905), pg. 84; {{oclc|645077397}}</ref>

<ref name="HamburgNews 1887 Sep 1">[http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/issue/3000119015612?hp=7&page=7&query=%22otto+bors%22 "Wegen Ortsveränderung {{nowrap| ... }}]" (classified ad), ''[[:Hamburger Nachrichten]]'' [[:de:Hamburger Nachrichten|(de)]], September 1, 1887, col. 4, pg. 7 (retrieved October 25, 2016, ''via'' {{url|http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org}})</ref>

<ref name="Signale 1870 Oct 25">[https://books.google.com/books?id=pDpDAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA754&lpg=PA754&dq=%22Otto+B%C3%B6rs "Otto Börs,"] ''[[:Signale für die Musikalische Welt]],'' Vol. 28, N° 48, October 25, 1870, pg. 754</ref>

<ref name="Signale 1868 Nov 19">[https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_o7sPAAAAYAAJ#page/n1031/mode/1up "Dur und Moll — Herr Adolph Bösendorfer,"] ''[[:Signale für die Musikalische Welt]],'' Vol 26, N° 50, November 19, 1868, pg. 1039</ref>

<ref name="Clinkscale 1999">''[https://books.google.com/books?id=iqK3FPhQm5gC&pg=PA40&lpg=PA40&dq=%22bors,+otto Makers of the Piano: 1820-1860]'' (Vol. 2 of 2), by Martha Novak Clinkscale, [[:Oxford University Press]] (1999), pg. 40; {{oclc|63063158}}</ref>

<ref name="RoyalWarrant 1877">[https://books.google.com/books?id=T8EPAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA99 ''Regierungs-Blatt für das Grossherzogthum Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Amtliche Beilage,]'' Jahrgang 1877, N°. 17, Sect. II, pg. 99 (1877)</ref>

<ref name="Klavierlehrer 1903 Jan">[https://books.google.com/books?id=GTEWAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA17&lpg=RA1-PA17&dq=%22julius+krause#v=onepage&q=%22julius%20bernuth "Julius v. Bernuth"] ([[:eulogy]]), by Emil Kraus (born 1840), ''Der Klavier-Lehrer,'' Vol. 26, N° 2, 15 January 1903, pps. 17–19; {{oclc|611051641|224555748}}<div style="margin-left:2em">Archived at the [[:University of Michigan]]: ''Musikpädagogische Blatter'', Vols. 25–26, edited from January 1878 to July 1899 by [[:Emil Breslaur]] [[:de:Emil Breslaur|(de)]] (1836–1899); edited from January 1990 forward by Anna Morsch (1841–{{space|1}}); {{oclc|19333200|297695050}}</ref>

<ref name="HP-Bernuth">[http://www.hamburgerpersoenlichkeiten.de/hamburgerpersoenlichkeiten/login/person.asp?reqid=880 "Julius von Bernuth,"] ''Hamburger Persönlichkeiten'', website registrant: Martin Sillem c/o [[:Donner & Reuschel|Bankhaus Donner]], [[:Hamburg]] (retrieved October 27, 2016, ''via'' {{url|http://www.hamburgerpersoenlichkeiten.de}}</ref>

<ref name="OttoBörs-bio">''[https://books.google.com/books?id=K1dkAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA3-PA50&lpg=RA3-PA50&dq=%22otto+bors Handbuch der Leistungsfähigkeit der gesammten Industrie der Kleinstaaten Norddeutschlands, der süddeutschen Länder, Elsass-Lothringens und der Schweiz,]'' Vol. 2, N°s 4–5, by Christoph Sandler (1874), pg. 50 {{oclc|162973872}}</ref>

<ref name="DDB-231-3_B 12467">[https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/DOGMRG65TITWIJHF6PS5FPKJ6I2VKVGV "Otto Börs,"] [[:Staatsarchiv der Freien und Hansestadt Hamburg]] [[:de:Staatsarchiv der Freien und Hansestadt Hamburg|(de)]], [[:Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek]] [[:de:Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek|(de)]], Staatsarchiv Hamburg, 231-3_B 12467 (retrieved October 27, 2016); [https://recherche.staatsarchiv.hamburg.de/ScopeQuery5.1/detail.aspx?Id=1452123 1452123]</ref>

<ref name="HamburgDirectory">[http://agora.sub.uni-hamburg.de/subhh-adress/cntmng;jsessionid=2418851D69FFB40ED250F57D4A5BCCC5.agora11?type=pdf&did=c1:186397 Hamburg City Directory] (retrieved October 27, 2016, ''via'' {{url|http://www.agora.uni-hamburg.de/en/}}, AGORA — [[:University of Hamburg]])</ref>

<ref name="Glasenapp 1907">''[https://books.google.com/books?id=46DUAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA63&lpg=PA63&dq=%22otto+bors Das Leben Richard Wagners: 1872–1877]'' (Vol. 5 of 6), by [[:Carl Friedrich Glasenapp]] [[:de:Carl Friedrich Glasenapp|(de)]], [[:Breitkopf & Härtel]] (1907), pg. 63; {{oclc|3538418|20463799}}</ref>

<ref name="MI 1990 Sep">"Die Hamburger Pianoforte-Fabrik C.H. Schröder und Johannes Brahms," by Alexander Philipczuk, ''[[:Das Musikinstrument]]'' [[:de:das musikinstrument|(de)]], Vol. 39, N° 9, September 1990; pps. 22–32; {{issn|0027-4828}}</ref>

<ref name="HamburgNews 1845 Jun 14">[http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/issue/fullscreen/3000117645092?page=4 "Heirath-Anzeige: Otto Börs, Doris Börs, geb. Nagel,"] ''[[:Hamburger Nachrichten]]'' [[:de:Hamburger Nachrichten|(de)]], June 14, 1845, pg. 4, col. 3<div style="margin-left:2em">''Heirath-Anzeige.<br />Otto Börs<br />Doris Börs, geb. Nagel.<br />Hamburg, den 10ten Juni 1845''</div>(retrieved October 31, 2016, ''via'' {{url|http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers}})</ref>

<ref name="Sielemann 2015">For discussion of 231-3 Handelsregister, see [http://hup.sub.uni-hamburg.de/volltexte/2015/155/pdf/HamburgUP_STAHH23_Sielemann.pdf "Quellen zur jüdischen Familiengeschichtsforschung im Staatsarchiv Hamburg Ein Wegweiser für die Spurensuche,"] by [[:Jürgen Sielemann]] [[:de:Jürgen Sielemann|(de)]], [[:Hamburg University Press]] [[:de:Hamburg University Press|(de)]] (2015), pps. 58-60; {{oclc|923731694}}</ref>

<ref name="HamburgNews 1891 May 24">[http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/issue/fullscreen/3000094650283?page=2 "Lokales: Hamburg 23 Mai. — Die Sängerin, Fraulein Thoma Börs,"] ''[[:Hamburger Nachrichten]]'' [[:de:Hamburger Nachrichten|(de)]], May 24, 1891, pg. 2, col. 2</ref>

<ref name="HamburgNews 1888 Nov 30">[http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/issue/fullscreen/3000094653641?hp=7&page=7 "Aufgebote: Standesamt Nr. 3 — Eduard Gustav Girnat mit Anna Maria Therese Börs,"] ''[[:General-Anzeiger für Hamburg-Altona]]'' [[:de:General-Anzeiger für Hamburg-Altona|(de)]], November 30, 1883, pg. 7</ref>

<ref name="HamburgNews 1910 Dec 31">[http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/issue/fullscreen/3000126342850?hp=7&page=7 "Aufgebote: Standesamt Nr. 3 — Eduard Gustav Girnat mit Anna Maria Therese Börs,"] ''[[:General-Anzeiger für Hamburg-Altona]]'' [[:de:General-Anzeiger für Hamburg-Altona|(de)]], December 31, 1910, pg. 7 — quote:{{quotation|Nach langem schweren Leiden entschlief am 29. Dezember mein innigst geliebter Mann, unser lieber Vater, Großvater, Schwiegervater, Bruder und Schwager<br />{{space|4}}<b>Herr Willy Isermann</b><br />im 61. Lebensjahre.<br />{{space|6}}In tiefer Trauer<br />{{space|8}}<b>Anni Isermann</b><br />{{space|8}}geb. Esselsgroth<br />nebst Verwandten<br />{{space|4}}Hamburg, den 30. Dezember 1910.<br />Beerdigung findet Montag, den 2. Januar 1911, vorm. 11 Uhr, von der Niendorfer Kirche aus statt.}}</ref>

<ref name="Murray 1877">''[https://archive.org/stream/handbookfornort00firgoog#page/n142/mode/1up Handbook for North Germany]'' (19th ed., corrected), [[:John Murray (publisher)|John Murray]] (ed.), [[:Murray's Handbooks for Travellers]] (1877), pps. 116–122; {{oclc|222902759}}</ref>

<ref name="Fremden-Blatt 1870 Oct 26">[http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/issue/fullscreen/3000116297974?hp=4&page=4 "Tagesneuigkeiten — Wien, 26. Oktober,"] ''Fremden-Blatt'' [[:de:Fremden-Blatt|(de)]], October 26, 1870, pg. 4, col. 3</ref>

<ref name="Hofmeister'sHandbuch Vol. 7">Name entry: [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ees5AAAAIAAJ&pg=PP12&lpg=PP12&dq=%22spina "Firmen- und Verlags-Besitzveränderungen im Musikalicnverlagshandel (1868–1876)," "Spina, C.A.,"] ''Handbuch der Musikalischen Literatur'' (4th supplement, Vol. 7, covering the years 1868–1873), Adolph Moritz Hofmeister (1802–1870) (ed.), [[:Leipzig]]: [[:Friedrich Hofmeister Musikverlag|Friedrich Hofmeister]] (1782–1864) (1876), pg. 14; {{oclc|724264058|632704732}}<div style="margin-left:2em">Note: Adolf Moritz Hofmeister was Friedrich's oldest of two sons</ref>

<ref name="musiklexicon-Retrieved 2016 Nov 7">[http://www.musiklexikon.ac.at/ml/musik_B/Boesendorfer_Familie.xml "Bösendorfer, Familie,"] [[:Austrian Music Association]] [[:de:Oesterreichisches Musiklexikon|(de)]], IKM, Department of Musicology, [[:Austrian Academy of Sciences]] (retrieved November 7, 2016)</ref>

<ref name="Instrumentenmacherzeitschrift 1909 Jan 1">[https://books.google.com/books?id=r2cxAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA328 "Zur Vereinigung der Häuser Isermann und Langer,"] ''[[:Zeitschrift für Instrumentenbau]],'', [[:Paul de Wit]] [[:de:Paul de Wit|(de)]], (ed.), Vol. 29, N° 10, January 1, 1909, pps. 327–329</ref>

<ref name="SandlersHandbuch 1874">''[https://books.google.com/books?id=K1dkAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA3-PA50&lpg=RA3-PA50&dq=%22otto+bors Handbuch der Leistungsfähigkeit der gesammten Industrie der Kleinstaaten Norddeutschlands, der süddeutschen Länder, Elsass-Lothringens und der Schweiz,]'' Vol. 2, N°s 4–5<div style="margin-left:2em">XI. "Die freien Hansestädte"<div style="margin-left:2em">a) "Die freie Hansestadt Hamburg," pps. 49–54</div></div>Christoph Sandler (publisher) (1874); {{oclc|162973872}}</ref>

<ref name="ReichstagVerzeichnis 1906 Jun 27">[https://books.google.com/books?id=OVxJAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA49 "Iraktion der Sozialdemokraten,"] ''Verzeichnis der Bevollmächtigten zum Bundesrat sowie Alphabetisches Verzeichnis der Mitglieder des Reichstages mit angehängter Fraktionsliste,'' [[:Reichstag (German Empire)|Reichstag (German Parliament)]], 11th Parliamentary period, Session 1905–1906, N° 1, Annex 4, June 27, 1906, pg. 44; {{oclc|633810094|605500772}}</ref>

<ref name="1979HamburgAdresses-Börs-O">''Hamburgisches Adress-Buch für 1879'', [http://agora.sub.uni-hamburg.de/subhh-adress/digbib/view?did=c1:494924&p=150 "Personen- und Firmenverzeichnis: Dritter Abschnitt. Alphabetisches Verzeichniß der Einwohner der Stadt Hamburg, der Vorstadt und des Landgebiets, mit Angabe ihres Standes und ihrer Wohnungen"] (retrieved November 10, 2016, ''via'' [[:Univeristy of Hamburg]])</ref>

<ref name="Neumann 1854">''Flügel- und Pianofabrik F. L. Neumann, Hamburg, gegründet im Jahre 1854;'' {{oclc|248490862}}</ref>

<ref name="HofmeisterXIX-Börs">[http://www.hofmeister.rhul.ac.uk/2008/content/database/search/do-free-text "März 1846: Märsche für das Pianoforte,"] archived in the Hofmeister XIX collection, Computer Centre, [[:Royal Holloway, University of London]] (retrieved November 14, 2016, via [[:Jisk]])</ref>

<ref name="History of Piano Sales">[http://www.bluebookofpianos.com/uspiano.htm "US Piano Sales History from 1900 to Present"], Bluebook of Pianos (2012)<br />
{{space|4}}1900 to 1959<br />
{{space|4}}Piano Shipments reported by the National Piano Manufacturers Association<br />
{{space|4}}1960 to 2012<br />
{{space|4}}Piano Sales reported in ''MUSIC USA'' published by the American Music National Piano Foundation and Conference and the [[:NAMM Show|National Association of Music Merchants]]</ref>

<ref name="MTR May 30">[http://mtr.arcade-museum.com/MTR-1908-46-22/MTR-1908-46-22-14.pdf "Labor Conditions in Germany,"] ''Music Trade Review,'' Vol. 46, N° 22, May 30, 1908, pg. 14</ref>

<ref name="Instrumentenmacherzeitschrift 1907 Oct 1">[https://bildsuche.digitale-sammlungen.de/index.html?c=viewer&bandnummer=bsb00004254&pimage=113 "Zum 60 jährigen Bestehen der Firma C. T. Wolters in Hamburg,"] ''[[:Zeitschrift für Instrumentenbau]]'', Vol. 28, N° 1, October 1, 1907, pg. 101 (retrieved November 15, 2016, ''via'' [[:State Institute for Music Research]])</ref>

<ref name="Lehmann 1914 EN">''[https://books.google.com/books?id=fa4xAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA18&lpg=PA18&dq=grosse+drehbahn My Path Through Life,]'' by [[:Lilli Lehmann]], translated by Alice Benedict Seligman, [[:G.P. Putnam's Sons]] (1914), pg. 18; {{oclc|268087}}</ref>

<ref name="Lehmann 1914 DE">''[https://books.google.com/books?id=5fk5AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA78 Mein Weg]'' (My way), by [[:Lilli Lehmann]], [[:Leipsig]]: [[:Verlag von S. Hirzel]] [[:de:S. Hirzel Verlag|(de)]] (1913), pg. 78; {{oclc|1840506}}</ref>

<ref name="DE-Theater-Correspondent 1870 Jan 9">[https://books.google.com/books?id=xmhLAAAAcAAJ&pg=PT6 "II. Korrespondenzen: Wien,"] [[:Wien]]: ''Deutscher Theater-Correspondent,'' Vol. 15, N° 1, January 9, 1870, pg. 5, col. 2</ref>

<ref name="Henkel-DeutscherKlavierbauer 2000">''Lexikon Deutscher Klavierbauer'' (1st ed.), ''Fachbuchreihe Das Musikinstrument'' (Vol. 73), "Börs, Otto Pianofabrik" (subject heading), Hubert (Hubertus) Henkel, PhD (1937–2013) (ed.), [[:Deutsche Bibliothek]], Frankfurt: Verlag Erwin Bochinsky (2000), pg. 75; {{oclc|43874512}}; {{issn|0429-9671}}</ref>

<ref name="Bake 2011">''[http://www.hamburg.de/contentblob/2705746/53f5d55d59a8355900fb0ea5556a29f2/data/verschiedene-weltenii.pdf Verschiedene Welten II: 109 Historische und Aktuelle Stationen in Hamburgs Neustadt]'' (paperback), by Rita Bake, [[:Landeszentrale für politische Bildung Hamburg]] [[:de:Landeszentrale für politische Bildung Hamburg|(de)]] (2010); pps. 245, 247, 260; {{oclc|706971601|830762458|702662988}}</ref>

<ref name="Sozalist 1957 Jul 1">"Siebzig Jahre Hamburger Parteigeschichte," ''Der Sozialist'', Mitteilungsblatt der SPD, Landesorganisation Hamburg (monthly bulletin of the Hamburg SPD), Vol. 12, N° 7, July 1, 1957; {{oclc|476383448|224941717}}</ref>

<ref name="Beiblatt-zum-Kladderadatsch 1870 Feb 13">[https://books.google.com/books?id=XddPAQAAMAAJ&pg=PT113&lpg=PT113 "Der in Allen Ländern Patentirte Schmeil'sche Notograph"] (advertisement), Berlin: ''Beiblatt zum Kladderadatsch'', Vol. 23, N° 7, February 13, 1870, pg. 3</ref> 

<ref name="Riemann 1908">"Schmeil" (subject heading), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZAtKAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA700 Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Music,]'' [[:Hugo Riemann]] (ed.), [[:Theodore Presser Company]] (1908), pg. 700</ref>

}}