View source for User:Modernist/work II

'''Lenore Jaffee''' was born in New York City in 1925-2022, and was an [[United States|American]] [[artist]], painter and poet. During the 1940s she attended the [[Art Students League of New York]] where she studied with [[Will Barnet]] among others. Jaffee began to exhibit her [[Abstract expressionist]] paintings during the late 1950s and 1960s in New York City and [[Provincetown, Massachusetts]].<ref>[http://www.beatmuseum.org/index.html Beat Museum]Retrieved June 20, 2010</ref> During the late 1950s and the early 1960s she showed her work at the ''Phoenix Gallery'' in New York. <ref>[http://www.abstract-art.com/abstraction/l3_more_artists/ma90_jaffee.html]Retrieved June 20, 2010</ref> ''The Phoenix'' was a prominent gallery among the [[Tenth street galleries|10th Street galleries]] in New York City and it was an [[avant-garde]] alternative to the Madison Avenue and 57th Street galleries that were both conservative and highly selective. During the 1970s Le Jaf's video work was exhibited at the ''Hundred Acres Gallery'' in New York City.<ref>[http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/collection/hundacre.htm Smithsonian Archives of American Art]Retrieved June 20, 2010</ref> Among other works she has published several volumes of poetry. 

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==References==
{{Reflist}}
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{{inuse}}
'''L J''' was born in New York City in 1925 and is an [[United States|American]] [[artist]]. During the 1940s she attended the [[Art Students League of New York]]. J began to exhibit her [[Abstract expressionist]] paintings during the 1950s and 1960s in New York City and [[Provincetown, Massachusetts]].<ref>[http://www.beatmuseum.org/index.html]</ref> During the late 1950s and the early 1960s she showed her work at the ''Phoenix Gallery'' in New York. <ref>[http://www.abstract-art.com/abstraction/l3_more_artists/ma90_jaffee.html]</ref> ''The Phoenix'' was a prominent gallery among the [[Tenth street galleries|10th Street galleries]] in New York City and it was an [[avant-garde]] alternative to the Madison Avenue and 57th Street galleries that were both conservative and highly selective. During the 1970s LJ's work was exhibited at the ''Hundred Acres Gallery'' in New York City.<ref>[http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/collection/hundacre.htm]</ref> 
MALE MODERN ART NASTY LIMERICKS L J SIGNED,
{{US-painter-stub
==References==
{{Reflist}}
===Random thoughts===
Hypocrisy, double standards, Law, Peter Demian, Pastor Theo, Beta, Ecoleetage, personal attacks, gaming the system, rules apply to you but not to me, I do what I want, it's only a website...[[User:Modernist|Modernist]] ([[User talk:Modernist|talk]]) 15:19, 30 September 2009 (UTC)
(${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|75000|1980|r=0}}}} in current dollar terms) 
====[[Rococco]]====
[[Rococo]] developed first in the decorative arts and interior design in France.  [[Louis XV of France|Louis XV]]'s succession brought a change in the court artists and general artistic fashion.  By the end of the old king's reign, rich Baroque designs were giving way to lighter elements with more curves and natural patterns. The 1730s represented the height of Rococo development in France.  The style had spread beyond architecture and furniture to painting and sculpture, exemplified by the works of [[Antoine Watteau]] and [[François Boucher]].  Rococo still maintained the Baroque taste for complex forms and intricate patterns, but by this point, it had begun to integrate a variety of diverse characteristics, including a taste for Oriental designs and asymmetric compositions.  

The Rococo style spread with French artists and engraved publications.  It was readily received in the Catholic parts of [[Germany]], [[Bohemia]], and [[Austria]], where it was merged with the lively German Baroque traditions.  German Rococo was applied with enthusiasm to churches and palaces, particularly in the south, while [[Frederician Rococo]] developed in the [[Kingdom of Prussia]].

[[William Hogarth]] helped develop a theoretical foundation for Rococo beauty. Though not intentionally referencing the movement, he argued in his ''Analysis of Beauty'' (1753) that the undulating lines and S-curves prominent in Rococo were the basis for grace and beauty in art or nature (unlike the straight line or the circle in [[Classicism]]). The beginning of the end for Rococo came in the early 1760s as figures like [[Voltaire]] and [[Jacques-François Blondel]] began to voice their criticism of the superficiality and degeneracy of the art.  Blondel decried the "ridiculous jumble of shells, dragons, reeds, palm-trees and plants" in contemporary interiors[http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/sammlung6/allg/buch.xml?docname=blondel1737]. 
By 1785, Rococo had passed out of fashion in France, replaced by the order and seriousness of [[Neoclassical]] artists like [[Jacques Louis David]].

====Baroque and Rococo====
{{main|Baroque|Baroque painting|Rococo|Quadratura|Flemish Baroque painting}}
<gallery widths="140px" heights="140px" perrow="4"> 
Image:Caravaggio bacchus.jpg|[[Caravaggio]]
Image:GENTILESCHI Judith.jpg|[[Artemesia Gentileschi]]
Image:Frans Hals 008.jpg|[[Frans Hals]]
Image:Rubens_-_Judgement_of_Paris.jpg|[[Peter Paul Rubens]]
File:JohannesVermeer-TheAstronomer(1668).jpg|[[Jan Vermeer]]
Image:The_Nightwatch_by_Rembrandt.jpg|[[Rembrandt van Rijn]]
Image:Las Meninas, by Diego Velázquez, from Prado in Google Earth.jpg|[[Diego Velazquez]]
Image:Poussin RapeSabineLouvre.jpg|[[Nicolas Poussin]]
Image:El martirio de San Felipe 1639 José de Ribera.jpg|[[José de Ribera]]
Image:Self-portrait_by_Salvator_Rosa.jpg|[[Salvatore Rosa]]
Image:Claude Lorrain 008.jpg|[[Claude Lorrain]]
Image:La muerte de Jacinto by Giambattista Tiepolo.jpg|[[Giovanni Battista Tiepolo]]
Image:WatteauPierrot.jpg|[[Antoine Watteau]]
Image:Fragonard, The Swing.jpg|[[Jean-Honoré Fragonard]], ''[[The Swing (painting)|The Swing]]'', ca. 1767
Image:Marie-Louise O'Murphy (1737-1818) painted by Francois Boucher (1703–1770).jpg|[[François Boucher]]
Image:Thomas Gainsborough - The Blue Boy (The Huntington Library, San Marino L. A.).jpg|[[Thomas Gainsborough]]
Image:Self-portrait_in_a_Straw_Hat_by_Elisabeth-Louise_Vigée-Lebrun.jpg|[[Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun]]
Image:Pompadour6.jpg|[[Maurice Quentin de La Tour]]
Image:Jean-Baptiste Siméon Chardin 029.jpg|[[Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin]]
Image:Joshua Reynolds; Colonel Acland and Lord Sydney, 'The Archers', 1769.jpg|[[Joshua Reynolds]]
</gallery>

Baroque painting is associated with the [[Baroque]] [[cultural movement]], a movement often identified with [[political absolutism|Absolutism]] and the [[Counter Reformation]] or Catholic Revival;<ref name=ebo>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9026564/Counter-Reformation Counter Reformation], from ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]'', latest edition, full-article.</ref><ref>[http://www.bartleby.com/65/co/CounterR.html Counter Reformation], from ''[[The Columbia Encyclopedia]]'', Sixth Edition.  2001-05.</ref> the existence of important Baroque painting in non-absolutist and [[Protestant]] states also, however, underscores it's popularity, as the style spread throughout Western Europe.<ref>Helen Gardner, Fred S. Kleiner, and Christin J. Mamiya, "Gardner's Art Through the Ages" (Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth, 2005)</ref>

Baroque painting is characterized by great drama, rich, deep color, and intense light and dark shadows. Baroque art was meant to evoke emotion and passion instead of the calm rationality that had been prized during the Renaissance. During the period beginning around 1600 and continuing throughout the 17th century, painting is characterized as [[Baroque]]. Among the greatest painters of the [[Baroque]] are [[Caravaggio]], [[Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn|Rembrandt]], [[Frans Hals]], [[Peter Paul Rubens|Rubens]], [[Diego Velázquez|Velázquez]], [[Nicolas Poussin|Poussin]], and [[Jan Vermeer]]. Caravaggio is an heir of the [[Humanism|humanist]] painting of the [[High Renaissance]]. His [[realism (visual arts)|realistic]] approach to the human figure, painted directly from life and dramatically spotlit against a dark background, shocked his contemporaries and opened a new chapter in the history of painting.
Baroque painting often dramatizes scenes using light effects; this can be seen in works by Rembrandt, Vermeer, [[Le Nain]] and [[Georges de La Tour|La Tour]].

During the 18th century, [[Rococo]] followed as a lighter extension of Baroque, often frivolous and erotic. [[Rococo]] developed first in the decorative arts and interior design in France.  [[Louis XV of France|Louis XV]]'s succession brought a change in the court artists and general artistic fashion.  The 1730s represented the height of Rococo development in France exemplified by the works of [[Antoine Watteau]] and [[François Boucher]].  Rococo still maintained the Baroque taste for complex forms and intricate patterns, but by this point, it had begun to integrate a variety of diverse characteristics, including a taste for Oriental designs and asymmetric compositions.  

The Rococo style was spread with French artists and engraved publications.  It was readily received in the Catholic parts of [[Germany]], [[Bohemia]], and [[Austria]], where it was merged with the lively German Baroque traditions.  German Rococo was applied with enthusiasm to churches and palaces, particularly in the south, while [[Frederician Rococo]] developed in the [[Kingdom of Prussia]].

The French masters [[Jean-Antoine Watteau|Watteau]],  [[François Boucher|Boucher]]  and  [[Jean-Honoré Fragonard|Fragonard]] represent the style, as do [[Giovanni Battista Tiepolo]] and [[Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin]] who was considered by some as the best French painter of the 18th century - the ''Anti-Rococo''.  [[Portrait]]ure was an important component of painting in all countries, but especially in England, where the leaders were [[William Hogarth]], in a blunt realist style, and [[Maurice Quentin de La Tour]], [[Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun]], [[Thomas Gainsborough]] and [[Joshua Reynolds]] in more flattering styles influenced by [[Antony Van Dyck]].

[[William Hogarth]] helped develop a theoretical foundation for Rococo beauty. Though not intentionally referencing the movement, he argued in his ''Analysis of Beauty'' (1753) that the undulating lines and S-curves prominent in Rococo were the basis for grace and beauty in art or nature (unlike the straight line or the circle in [[Classicism]]). The beginning of the end for Rococo came in the early 1760s as figures like [[Voltaire]] and [[Jacques-François Blondel]] began to voice their criticism of the superficiality and degeneracy of the art.  Blondel decried the "ridiculous jumble of shells, dragons, reeds, palm-trees and plants" in contemporary interiors[http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/sammlung6/allg/buch.xml?docname=blondel1737]. 
By 1785, Rococo had passed out of fashion in France, replaced by the order and seriousness of [[Neoclassical]] artists like [[Jacques Louis David]].

====19th century: Neo-classicism, Romanticism, Impressionism, Post Impressionism====
{{main|Neoclassicism|Romanticism|Impressionism|Post Impressionism}}
<gallery widths="140px" heights="140px" perrow="4">
Image:David_-_The_Death_of_Socrates.jpg|[[Jacques-Louis David]] 1787
Image:Constable DeadhamVale.jpg|[[John Constable]] 1802
Image:Le Bain Turc, by Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres, from C2RMF retouched.jpg|[[Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres]] 1862
Image:Eugène Delacroix - La liberté guidant le peuple.jpg|[[Eugène Delacroix]], 1830
Image:El Tres de Mayo, by Francisco de Goya, from Prado in Google Earth.jpg|[[Francisco de Goya]] 1814
Image:Théodore Géricault - Le Radeau de la Méduse.jpg|[[Théodore Géricault]] 1819
Image:Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Mondaufgang_am_Meer_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|[[Caspar David Friedrich]] c.1822
Image:Turner,_J._M._W._-_The_Fighting_Téméraire_tugged_to_her_last_Berth_to_be_broken.jpg|[[J. M. W. Turner]] 1838
Image:Courbet Ornans.jpg|[[Gustave Courbet]] 1849-1850 
Image:Bierstadt-storm-in-the-rocky-mountains-1886.jpg|[[Albert Bierstadt]] 1886 
image:corot.villedavray.750pix.jpg|[[Camille Corot]] c.1867
Image:Claude Monet, Impression, soleil levant, 1872.jpg|[[Claude Monet]] 1872
Image:Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Le Moulin de la Galette.jpg|[[Pierre-Auguste Renoir]] 1876
Image:Edgar Germain Hilaire Degas 012.jpg|[[Edgar Degas]] 1876
Image:Edouard Manet 004.jpg|[[Édouard Manet]] 1882
[[Image:Vincent Willem van Gogh 128.jpg|[[Vincent van Gogh]] 1888]]
Image:VanGogh-starry night.jpg|[[Vincent van Gogh]] 1889
Image:Woher kommen wir Wer sind wir Wohin gehen wir.jpg|[[Paul Gauguin]] 1897-1898
Image:Georges_Seurat_-_Un_dimanche_après-midi_à_l'Île_de_la_Grande_Jatte.jpg|[[Georges Seurat]] 1884-1886
Image:Albert Pinkham Ryder 003.jpg|[[Albert Pinkham Ryder]], 1890
Image:Paul Cézanne 047.jpg|[[Paul Cézanne]] 1906
</gallery>

After the decadence of [[Rococo]] there arose in the late 18th century an ascetic [[neo-classicism]], best represented by such artists as [[Jacques Louis David]] and his heir [[Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres]]. Ingres' work already contains much of the sensuality, but none of the spontaneity, that was to characterize [[Romanticism]].
This movement turned its attention toward landscape and nature as well as the human figure and the supremacy of natural order above mankind's will. There is a [[pantheist]] philosophy (see [[Spinoza]] and [[Hegel]]) within this conception that opposes [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] ideals by seeing mankind's destiny in a more tragic or pessimistic light. The idea that human beings are not above the forces of [[Nature]] is in contradiction to [[Ancient Greek]] and [[Renaissance]] ideals where mankind was above all things and owned his fate. This thinking led romantic artists to depict the [[sublime]], ruined churches, shipwrecks, massacres and madness. 

Romantic painters turned [[landscape painting]] into a major genre, considered until then as a minor genre or as a decorative background for figure compositions. 
Some of the major painters of this period are [[Eugène Delacroix]], [[Théodore Géricault]], [[J. M. W. Turner]], [[Caspar David Friedrich]] and [[John Constable]]. [[Francisco de Goya]]'s late work demonstrates the Romantic interest in the irrational, while the work of [[Arnold Böcklin]] evokes mystery. In the United States the Romantic tradition of landscape painting was known as the [[Hudson River School]]. Important painters of that school include [[Thomas Cole]], [[Frederic Edwin Church]], [[Albert Bierstadt]], [[Thomas Moran]], and [[John Frederick Kensett]] among others. [[Luminism (American art style)|Luminism]] was another important movement in American landscape painting related to the Hudson River School.

[[Impressionism]] began in France. It had a [[Impressionism#Associates and influenced artists|world-wide impact]], especially in the United States, where it became integral to the painting of [[American Impressionists]] such as [[Childe Hassam]], [[John Twachtman]], and [[Theodore Robinson]]. It also exerted influence on painters who were not primarily impressionistic in theory, like the portrait and landscape painter [[John Singer Sargent]]. At the same time in America at the turn of the century there existed a native and nearly insular realism, as richly embodied in the figurative work of [[Thomas Eakins]], the [[Ashcan School]], and the landscapes and seascapes of [[Winslow Homer]], all of whose paintings were deeply invested in the solidity of natural forms.  The visionary landscape, a motive largely dependent on the ambiguity of the nocturne, found its advocates in [[Albert Pinkham Ryder]] and [[Ralph Blakelock]].

The leading [[Barbizon School]] painter [[Camille Corot]] painted sometimes as a romantic, sometimes as a [[Realism (visual arts)|Realist]] who looks ahead to [[Impressionism]]. A major force in the turn towards [[Realism (visual arts)|Realism]] at mid-century was [[Gustave Courbet]]. In the latter third of the century Impressionists like [[Édouard Manet]], [[Claude Monet]], [[Pierre-Auguste Renoir]], [[Camille Pissarro]], [[Alfred Sisley]], and [[Edgar Degas]] and the slightly younger post-Impressionists like [[Vincent van Gogh]], [[Paul Gauguin]], and [[Georges Seurat]], along with [[Paul Cézanne]] lead art up to the edge of [[modernism]].

In the late 19th century there also were several, rather dissimilar, groups of [[Symbolist painters]] whose works resonated with younger artists of the 20th century, especially with the [[Fauvism|Fauvists]] and the [[Surrealism|Surrealists]]. Among them were [[Gustave Moreau]], [[Odilon Redon]], [[Pierre Puvis de Chavannes]], [[Henri Fantin-Latour]], [[Arnold Böcklin]], [[Edvard Munch]], [[Félicien Rops]], and [[Jan Toorop]], and [[Gustave Klimt]] amongst others.
==references==
{{Reflist}}

::::Couldn't resist - Giorgione, 20th century - Boccioni, Giorgio De Chirico, Amadeo Modigliani

== Guide to referencing ==
''Click on "show" on the right of the orange bar to open contents.''
{| class="navbox collapsible collapsed" style="text-align: center; border: 0px; margin-top: 0.2em; font-size: 100%; background: #ffefd5;" 
|-
! style="background-color: #f90;" | <big>Using references (citations)</big>
|-
| style="border: solid 1px silver; padding: 8px; background-color: white;" style="text-align: center;" |
<small>Help another user by posting this to them. Put <nowiki>{{subst:refstart}}</nowiki> on their talk page or a relevant article talk page.</small>
<small>Otherwise the link [[WP:REFB]] goes to a help page.</small>

I thought you might find it useful to have some information about  references (refs) on wikipedia. These are important to [[WP:V|validate]] your writing and inform the reader. Any editor can remove unreferenced material; and unsubstantiated articles may end up getting deleted, so when you add something to an article, it's highly advisable to also [[Wikipedia:When to cite|include a reference]] to say where it came from. Referencing may look daunting, but it's easy enough to do. Here's a guide to getting started. 

;<big>Good references</big>

A reference must be accurate, i.e. it must prove the statement in the text. To validate "Mike Brown climbed Everest", it's no good linking to a page about Everest, if Mike Brown isn't mentioned, nor to one on Mike Brown, if it doesn't say that he climbed Everest. You have to link to a source that proves his achievement is true. You must use [[WP:Reliable sources|reliable sources]], such as published books, mainstream press, and authorised web sites. Blogs, Myspace, Youtube, fan sites and extreme minority texts are not usually acceptable, nor is [[WP:Original research|original research]] (e.g. your own unpublished, or self-published, essay or research), or another wikipedia article.

;<big>Inserting a reference</big>

The first thing you have to do is to create a "Notes and references" section (unless it already exists). This goes towards the bottom of the page, below the "See also" section and above the "External links" section. Enter this code:

:<nowiki>==Notes and references==</nowiki>
:<nowiki>{{reflist}}</nowiki>

The next step is to put a reference in the text. Here is the code to do that. It goes at the end of the relevant term, phrase, sentence, or paragraph to which the note refers, and ''after'' punctuation such as a full stop, without a space (to prevent separation through line wrap): 

:<nowiki><ref> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </ref></nowiki>

Whatever text you put in between these two tags will become visible  in the "Notes and references" section as your reference.

;<big>Test it out</big>

Open the edit box for this page, copy the following text (inserting your own text where indicated), paste it at the bottom of the page  and save the page:

:<nowiki>==Reference test==</nowiki>

:This is the text which you are going to verify with a reference.<nowiki><ref></nowiki>''Reference details go here''<nowiki></ref></nowiki>

:<nowiki>==Notes and references==</nowiki>

:<nowiki>{{reflist}}</nowiki>

(End of text to copy and paste.)

It should appear like this:

:;Reference test

:This is the text which you are going to verify with a reference.<ref>''Reference details go here''</ref>

:;Notes and references

:<nowiki>{{reflist}}</nowiki>

;<big>Information to include</big>

You need to include the information to enable the reader to find your source. For an online newspaper source, it might look like this:

:<nowiki><ref>Plunkett, John.  [http://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0,14173,1601858,00.html "Sorrell accuses Murdoch of panic buying"], ''[[The Guardian]]'',  [[2005-10-27]]. Retrieved on [[2005-10-27]].</ref></nowiki>

When uploaded, it appears as:
:Plunkett, John. [http://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0,14173,1601858,00.html "Sorrell accuses Murdoch of panic buying"], ''[[The Guardian]]'',  [[2005-10-27]]. Retrieved on [[2005-10-27]].

Note the single square brackets around the URL and the article title. The format is:
:<nowiki>[http://URL "Title of article"]</nowiki> 
Make sure there is a space between the URL and the Title. This code results in the URL being hidden and the title showing as a link.  Use double apostrophes for the article title (it is quoted text), and two single quote marks either side of the name of the paper (to generate italics). Double square brackets round the name of the paper create an internal link (a wikilink) to the relevant wikipedia article. Apostrophes must go outside the brackets.

The date after ''The Guardian'' is the date of the newspaper, and the date after "Retrieved on" is the date you accessed the site &ndash; useful for searching the [http://www.archive.org web archive] in case the link goes dead.  Dates are wikilinked so that they work with user [[Help:Preferences|preference settings]] to display the date in the format the user wishes.

;<big>References not online</big>

You can use sources which are not online, but which you have found in a library or elsewhere&mdash;in which case leave out the information which is not relevant. The newspaper example above would be formatted like this:
:<nowiki><ref>Plunkett, John. "Sorrell accuses Murdoch of panic buying", ''[[The Guardian]]'', [[2005-10-27]].</ref></nowiki>

When uploaded, it appears as:
:Plunkett, John. "Sorrell accuses Murdoch of panic buying", ''[[The Guardian]]'', [[2005-10-27]].

Here is an example for a book:

:<nowiki><ref>Charmley, John (2006). ''The Princess and the Politicians'', p.60. Penguin Books Ltd., London. ISBN 0140289712.</ref></nowiki>

When uploaded, it appears as:
::Charmley, John (2006). ''The Princess and the Politicians''. Penguin Books Ltd., London. {{ISBN|0140289712}}.

Make sure you put two single quote marks round the title (to generate italics), rather than one double quote mark.

;<big>Date format</big>

These formats are all acceptable for dates:
:<nowiki>[[2005-01-27]]</nowiki>
:<nowiki>[[27 January]] [[2007]]</nowiki>
:<nowiki>[[January 27]], [[2007]]</nowiki>

;<big>Citation templates</big>

You may prefer to use a citation template to compile details of the source. The template goes between the ref tags and you fill out the fields you wish to. Basic templates can be found here: [[Wikipedia:Template messages/Sources of articles/Citation quick reference]] 

;<big>Same ref used twice or more</big>

The first time a reference appears in the article, you can give it a simple name in the <nowiki><ref></nowiki> code:

:<nowiki><ref name=smith>Details of ref here</ref></nowiki>

The second time you use the same reference in the article, you need only to create a short cut instead of typing it all out again:

:<nowiki><ref name=smith/></nowiki>

You can then use the short cut as many times as you want. Don't forget the /, or it will blank the rest of the article! A short cut will only pick up from higher up the page, so make sure the first ref is the full one. Some symbols don't work in the ref name, but you'll find out if you use them.

You can see multiple use of the same refs in action in the article [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Bowyer_%28artist%29&oldid=179436485 William Bowyer (artist).] There are 3 sources and they are each referenced 3 times. Each statement in the article has a footnote to show what its source is.

;<big>Alternative system</big>
The above method is simple and combines references and notes into one section.  A refinement is to put the full details of the references in their own section headed "References", while the notes which apply to them appear in a separate section headed "Notes". The notes can be inserted in the main article text in an abbreviated form as seen in [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harriet_Arbuthnot&oldid=165667213 Harriet Arbuthnot] or in a full form as in [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brown_Dog_affair&oldid=179000868 Brown Dog affair.]

;<big>Further information</big>

More information can be found at:
*[[Wikipedia:Citing sources]]
*[[Wikipedia:Citing sources/example style]]
*[[Wikipedia:Template messages/Sources of articles/Citation quick reference]]
*[[Wikipedia:Citation templates]]
*[[Wikipedia:Footnotes]]

I hope this helps. If you need any assistance, let me know. [[User:Modernist|Modernist]] ([[User talk:Modernist|talk]]) 22:14, 1 January 2009 (UTC)
|}
==Old thing==
====Sticking to your guns====

{| style="border: 1px solid {{{border|gray}}}; background-color: {{{color|#fdffe7}}};"
|rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[Image:Original_Barnstar.png|100px]]
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Original Barnstar'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | for having the courage of your convictions
|} [[User:Modernist|Modernist]] 16:40, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

===old lede===
'''Vincent Willem van Gogh''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|v|æ|n|_|ˈ|ɡ|oʊ}} {{respell|van|GOH|'}} or {{IPAc-en|uk|ˌ|v|æ|n|_|ˈ|ɡ|ɒ|x}};<ref group =note>The pronunciation of "Van Gogh" varies in both English and Dutch. Especially in British English it is {{IPAc-en|ˌ|v|æ|n|_|ˈ|ɡ|ɒ|x}} or sometimes {{IPAc-en|ˌ|v|æ|n|_|ˈ|ɡ|ɒ|f}}. U.S. dictionaries list {{IPAc-en|ˌ|v|æ|n|_|ˈ|ɡ|oʊ}} {{respell|van|GOH|'}}, with a silent ''gh'', as the most common pronunciation. In standard Dutch, based on the dialect of Holland, it is {{IPA|nl|ˈvɪntsɛnt faŋˈxɔx||Nl-Vincent_van_Gogh.ogg}}, with a voiceless ''V.'' However, though Van Gogh's parents were from the Netherlands, he grew up in Brabant and used Brabant dialect in his writing; it is therefore likely that he himself pronounced his name with a Brabant accent: {{IPA|nl|vɑɲˈʝɔç|}}, with a voiced ''V'' and [[Ich-Laut|palatalized]] ''G'' and ''gh.'' In France, where much of his work was produced, it is {{IPA-fr|vɑ̃ ɡɔɡ<sup>ə</sup>|}}</ref>
{{IPA|nl|faŋˈxɔx|lang|Nl-Vincent_van_Gogh.ogg}}; 30 March 1853{{spaced ndash}}29 July 1890) was a [[Dutch people|Dutch]] [[Post-Impressionism|post-Impressionist]] painter whose work had a far-reaching influence on 20th century art for its vivid colors and emotional impact. He suffered from [[anxiety]] and increasingly frequent bouts of [[mental illness]] throughout his life and died, largely unknown, at the age of 37 from a self-inflicted gunshot wound.
 
Little appreciated during his lifetime, his fame grew in the years after his death. Today, he is widely regarded as one of history's greatest painters and an important contributor to the foundations of [[modern art]]. Van Gogh did not begin painting until his late twenties, and most of his best-known works were produced during his final two years. He produced more than 2,000 artworks, consisting of around 900 paintings and 1,100 drawings and sketches. Today many of his pieces—including his numerous [[Self-portraits by Vincent van Gogh|self portraits]], landscapes, [[Portraits by Vincent van Gogh|portraits]] and [[sunflowers (series of paintings)|sunflowers]]—are among the world's most recognizable and expensive works of art.

Van Gogh spent his early adulthood working for a firm of art dealers and traveled between [[The Hague]], [[London]] and Paris, after which he taught in [[England]]. An early vocational aspiration was to become a pastor, and from 1879 he worked as a missionary in a mining region in Belgium. During this time he began to sketch people from the local community, and in 1885 painted his first major work ''[[The Potato Eaters]]''. His [[Palette (painting)|palette]] at the time consisted mainly of somber earth tones and showed no sign of the vivid coloration that distinguished his later work. In March 1886, he moved to Paris and discovered the [[Impressionism|French Impressionists]]. Later he moved to the south of France and was taken by the strong sunlight he found there. His work grew brighter in color and he developed the unique and highly recognizable style which became fully realized during his stay in [[Arles]] in 1888.

The extent to which his mental illness affected his painting has been a subject of speculation since his death. Despite a widespread tendency to romanticise his ill health, modern critics see an artist deeply frustrated by the inactivity and incoherence brought about by his bouts of sickness. According to art critic [[Robert Hughes (critic)|Robert Hughes]], Van Gogh's late works show an artist at the height of his ability, completely in control and "longing for concision and grace".<ref name="Hughes144">Hughes (1990), 144</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="3">
Image:Van Gogh the blooming plumtree (after Hiroshige), 1887.jpg|''The Blooming Plumtree (after [[Hiroshige]]),'' (1887) is a strong example of Vincent's admiration of the Japanese. <ref>Tralbaut (1981), p.216</ref> 
Image:Van Gogh - Portrait of Pere Tanguy 1887-8.JPG|''Portrait of Père Tanguy,'' (1887), Vincent collected hundreds of Japanese prints and they can often be seen in the backgrounds of several of his paintings. In his 1887 ''Portrait of Père Tanguy'' several prints can be seen hanging on the wall behind the figure. <ref>Ronald Pickvance, ''Van Gogh In Arles,'' pp. 38-39 , Exhibition catalog, Published: [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] 1984, {{ISBN|0-87099-375-5}}</ref>
Image:Vincent Van Gogh 0021.jpg|''Cherry Tree,'' (1888)
Image:Vincent van Gogh (1853-1890) - The Old Mill (1888).jpg|''The Old Mill,'' (1888)
Image:VanGogh-View of Arles with Irises.jpg|''View of Arles with Irises,'' (1888)
Image:Vincent Van Gogh 0015.jpg|''The Rhônebarken,'' (1888)
File:The Sower.jpg|''The Sower,'' (1888), In Saint Rémy Van Gogh painted interpretations of Millet's paintings, like ''The Sower'' as well as his own earlier work. <ref>Ronald Pickvance, ''Van Gogh In Arles,'' pp. 102-103, Exhibition catalog, Published: [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] 1984, {{ISBN|0-87099-375-5}}</ref>
Image:Starry_Night_Over_the_Rhone.jpg|''[[Starry Night Over the Rhone]],'' (1888). Hoping to also have a gallery for his work his major project at this time was a series of paintings including ''[[Sunflowers (series of paintings)|Still Life: Vase with Twelve Sunflowers]]'' 1888, and ''[[Starry Night Over the Rhone]],'' (1888) all intended to form the [[The Décoration for the Yellow House|''décoration'' of the Yellow House]]. <ref>Ronald Pickvance, ''Van Gogh In Arles,'' ''The Yellow House'' pp. 175-176, Exhibition catalog, Published: [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] 1984, {{ISBN|0-87099-375-5}}</ref>
File:VanGoghIrises2.jpg|''[[Irises (painting)|Irises]],'' (1889)
File:Van Gogh - Country road in Provence by night.jpg|''Country road in Provence by Night,'' 1889, May 1890, [[Kröller-Müller Museum]]
Image:Vincent Van Gogh 0020.jpg|''Cornfield with Cypresses,'' (1889)
Image:Vincent Van Gogh 0018.jpg|''[[View of Arles, Flowering Orchards]]'' (1889)
Image:Van_Gogh_The_Olive_Trees..jpg|''The Olive Trees,'' (1889)
File:Hospital in Saint-Remy.jpg|''Pine Trees with Figure in the Garden of Saint-Paul Hospital,'' Saint Rémy, (1889)
Image:Vincent Willem van Gogh 037.jpg|''The Round of the Prisoners,'' (1890). Painted after an engraving by [[Gustave Doré]] (1832-1883), in his book ''London''. The face of the prisoner in the center of the painting and looking toward the viewer is Vincent. <ref>Tralbaut (1981), p.286</ref>
</gallery>

*Johanna Van Gogh's family history[http://www.webexhibits.org/vangogh/memoir/sisterinlaw/1.html]

notes - Tyrenius, Johnbod, JNW, Modernist, Ceoil, Kafka Liz, Freshacconci, Bus Stop, Yomangan,  Outriggr, Amandajam, Mandarax,

== Gallery ==
<gallery widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
File:Vincent Willem van Gogh 129.jpg|left|''Still-Life with Straw Hat and Pipe'',  c.1881-1885, [[Kröller-Müller Museum]]. Characterized by smooth, meticulous brushwork and fine shading of colors, exhibiting a rare technical mastery. <ref>Hulsker (1980) 196-205</ref>
File:Van Gogh Portrait Eugene Boch.jpg|''Eugène Boch, (The Poet Against a Starry Sky)'', 1888, [[Musée d'Orsay]], [[Paris]]. [[Dodge MacKnight]] introduced Vincent to [[Eugène Boch]], a Belgian painter who stayed at times in Fontvieille (they exchanged visits in July). Eugène's sister [[Anna Boch]], also an artist bought one of Vincents paintings.<ref>Hulsker (1980), 356</ref><ref>Pickvance (1984), 168-169;206</ref>
Image:Vincent Van Gogh 0014.jpg|''The Langlois Bridge,'' 1888. More or less a self-taught artist, Van Gogh's painting and drawing techniques are all but academic. Recent research has shown that works commonly known as "oil paitings" or "drawings" would better be called executed in "mixed-media", for example ''The Langlois Bridge'' still shows the highly elaborate underdrawing in pen and ink,<ref>Schaefer, von Saint-George & Lewerentz (2008), pp. 105-110</ref> and several works from Saint-Rémy and Auvers hitherto considered to be drawings or watercolours turnt out to be painted in diluted oil and with a brush.<ref> See Ives, Stein & alt. (2005)</ref>
File:Vincent van Gogh - Patch of grass - Google Art Project.jpg|''Patch of Grass'', 1887. Radiographical examination has shown that Van Gogh re-used older canvases to a much further extend than previously assumed - whether he really overpainted more than a third of his output, as presumed recently, will simply be verifiable by further investigations. In 2008, a team from Delft University of Technology and the University of Antwerp used advanced X-ray techniques to create a clear image of a woman's face previously painted, underneath the work ''Patch of Grass''.<ref>Struik, Tineke van der, ed. Casciato Paul, [http://www.reuters.com/article/technologyNews/idUSKUA05713520080730 "Hidden Van Gogh revealed in color by scientists"], Reuters, 30 July 2008. Retrieved 3 August 2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.tudelft.nl/live/pagina.jsp?id=6383a391-d2c6-4341-bcd0-62cba4cff50b&lang=en "'Hidden' Van Gogh painting revealed"], Delft University of Technology, 30 July 2008. Retrieved 3 August 2008. A photo on this site shows the revealed older image under the new painting.</ref>

Image:Van Gogh Almond blossom.jpg|''Almond Blossoms,'' 1890. In February 1890 soon after the birth of his nephew Vincent Willem, the son of [[Theo van Gogh (art dealer)|Theo]] and [[Johanna van Gogh-Bonger|Johanna]], Vincent wrote in a letter to his mother: ''I started right away to make a picture for him, to hang in their bedroom, big branches of white almond blossom against a blue sky.'' <ref>Tralbaut (1981), p.293</ref>
File:Skull with a Burning Cigarette.jpg|''Skull of a Skeleton with Burning Cigarette'', oil on canvas, 1885. Is this an act of sarcasm, defiance or fear or an example of [[Surrealism]] before its time? <ref>Tralbaut (1981), p.176</ref>
Image:Van Gogh the blooming plumtree (after Hiroshige), 1887.jpg|''The Blooming Plumtree (after [[Hiroshige]]),'' (1887) [[Van Gogh Museum]]. ''The Blooming Plumtree (after [[Hiroshige]]),'' is a strong example of Vincent's admiration of the Japanese [[ukiyo-e]] [[Woodblock printing|woodblock prints]] that he collected. His version is slightly bolder than the original.<ref>Tralbaut (1981), 216</ref> 
Image:Van Gogh - Portrait of Pere Tanguy 1887-8.JPG|''Portrait of Père Tanguy,'' (1887), [[Musée Rodin]]. Vincent collected hundreds of Japanese prints and they can often be seen in the backgrounds of several of his paintings. In his 1887 ''Portrait of Père Tanguy'' several prints can be seen hanging on the wall behind the figure.<ref>Pickvance (1984), 38-39</ref>
Image:Vincent Van Gogh 0021.jpg|''Cherry Tree,'' (1888), [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] [[New York City]]. About ''The Cherry Tree'' Vincent wrote to Theo on April 21, 1888 and said he had 10 orchards and: ''one big (painting) of a cherry tree which I've spoiled''.<ref>Pickvance (1984), 45-53</ref>
File:Vincent Willem van Gogh 138.jpg|''Van Gogh's Chair'' (1888), [[National Gallery]] [[London]]. When Gauguin consented to work and live in Arles side-by-side with Vincent, he started to work on the ''[[The Décoration for the Yellow House]]'', probably the most ambitious effort he ever undertook.<ref name="d1909" /> Vincent did two chair paintings the other entitled ''Gauguin's Chair''.<ref>Pickvance (1984), 234-235</ref>
Image:Vincent van Gogh (1853-1890) - The Old Mill (1888).jpg|''The Old Mill,'' (1888), [[Albright-Knox Art Gallery]]. One of seven canvases sent to Pont-Aven on October 4, 1888 as exchange of work with [[Paul Gauguin]], [[Emile Bernard]], [[Charles Laval]], and others.<ref name="prick177" /><ref>[http://www.albrightknox.org/ArtStart/vanGogh_l.html Seeing Feelings]. Buffalo Fine Arts Academy. Retrieved June 26, 2009</ref>
File:The Sower.jpg|''The Sower,'' (1888), [[Kröller-Müller Museum]]. In Saint Rémy Van Gogh painted interpretations of Millet's paintings, like ''The Sower'' as well as his own earlier work. Vincent was an admirer of Millet and he compares a painter's making copies to a musician's interpreting Beethoven.<ref>Pickvance (1984), 102-103</ref><ref>Pickvance (1986), 154-157</ref>
File:Van Gogh - Country road in Provence by night.jpg|''Road with Cypress and Star,'' May 1890, [[Kröller-Müller Museum]]. Art historian Ronald Pickvance wrote: ''the painting Road with Cypress and Star represents an exalted experience of reality, a conflation of North and South, what both van Gogh and Gauguin referred to as an "abstraction".''<ref>Pickvance (1986), 189-191</ref>
Image:Vincent Van Gogh 0020.jpg|''Wheat Field with Cypresses,'' (1889), [[National Gallery]], [[London]]. During the summer of 1889 honoring his sister [[Wil van Gogh|Wil]]'s request Vincent made several smaller versions of this painting.<ref>Ronald Pickvance, ''Van Gogh In Saint-Remy and Auvers''. 132-133. Exhibition catalog. [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], 1986. {{ISBN|0-87099-477-8}}</ref>
Image:Vincent Van Gogh 0018.jpg|''[[View of Arles, Flowering Orchards]]'' (1889). In the spring of 1889 he painted another smaller group of orchards. In an April letter about them to Theo he said: ''I have 6 studies of spring, two of them large orchards. There is little time because these effects are so short-lived.''<ref>Hulsker (1980), 385</ref>
Image:Van_Gogh_The_Olive_Trees..jpg|''Olive Trees with the Alpilles in the Background,'' (1889), [[Museum of Modern Art]], [[New York City]]. Referring to ''Olive Trees with the Alpilles in the Background,'' on or around June 18, 1889, in a letter to Theo, Vincent wrote: ''At last I have a landscape with olives and also a new study of a Starry Night''.<ref>Pickvance (1986), 101</ref>
Image:Vincent Willem van Gogh 037.jpg|''The Round of the Prisoners,'' (1890). Painted after an engraving by [[Gustave Doré]] (1832-1883), in his book ''London''. The face of the prisoner in the center of the painting and looking toward the viewer is Vincent.<ref name="Tra286" />
File:VanGogh Daubigny.jpg|''[[Daubigny's Garden]],'' July 1890, [[Auvers]], [[Kunstmuseum Basel]] [[Basel]]. [[Barbizon School|Barbizon painter]] [[Charles Daubigny]] moved to [[Auvers]] in 1861. Pictorially he put Auvers on the map, attracting artists [[Camille Corot]] and [[Honoré Daumier]] among others, and in 1890 Vincent van Gogh. Vincent made a second version of ''Daubigny's Garden'' in July 1890, and they are among his final works.<ref>Pickvance (1986), 272-273</ref>
</gallery>
*[http://www.fridakahlofans.com Frida Kahlo fan site] with biography, paintings, and photos
*[http://toolserver.org/~soxred93/rangecontribs/ Range Contributions]
*[http://toolserver.org/~mzmcbride/cgi-bin/wikistalk.py wikistalk]

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="3">
Image:Saturno devorando a sus hijos.jpg|1819-23 <br />{{langx|es|Saturno devorando a su hijo}} <br />{{langx|en|''[[Saturn Devouring His Son]]''}}
Image:Atropos o Las Parcas.jpg|1819-23 <br />{{langx|es|Átropos/Las Parcas}} <br />{{langx|en|''[[Atropos (Goya)|Atropos (The Fates)]]''}}
Image:El Aquelarre.jpg|1819-23 <br />{{langx|es|El Gran Cabrón/Aquelarre}} <br />{{langx|en|''[[Witches' Sabbath (Goya)|Witches' Sabbath]]''}}
Image:Riña a garrotazos.jpg|1819-23 <br />{{langx|es|Duelo a garrotazos}} <br />{{langx|en|''[[Fight with Cudgels]]''}}
Image:Viejos comiendo sopa.jpg|1819-23 <br />{{langx|es|Dos viejos comiendo sopa}} <br />{{langx|en|''[[Two Old Men Eating Soup]]''}}
Image:Vision fantástica o Asmodea (Goya).jpg|1819-23 <br />{{langx|es|Vision fantástica/Asmodea}} <br />{{langx|en|''[[Fantastic Vision]]'' or ''[[Asmodeas]]''}}
Image:La romería de San Isidro.jpg|1819-23 <br />{{langx|es|La romería de San Isidro}} <br />{{langx|en|''[[A Pilgrimage to San Isidro]]''}}
Image:Goya Dog.jpg|1819-23 <br />{{langx|es|El perro}} <br />{{langx|en|''[[The Dog (Goya)|The Dog]]''}}
Image:2 alte Männer, um 1821-23.jpg|1819-23 <br />{{langx|es|Dos viejos/Un viejo y un fraile}} <br />{{langx|en|''[[Two Old Men]]''}}
Image:Hombres leyendo.jpg|1819-23 <br />{{langx|es|Hombres leyendo}} <br />{{langx|en|''[[Men Reading]]''}}
Image:Judith y Holofernes.jpg|1819-23 <br />{{langx|es|Judith y Holofernes}} <br />{{langx|en|''[[Judith and Holofernes (Goya)|Judith and Holofernes]]''}}
Image:Mujeres riendo.jpg|1819-23 <br />{{langx|es|Mujeres riendo}} <br />{{langx|en|''[[Man Mocked by Two Women|Women Laughing]]''}}
Image:Peregrinación a la fuente de San Isidro.jpg|1819-23 <br />{{langx|es|Peregrinación a la fuente de San Isidro/Procesión del Santo Oficio}} <br />{{langx|en|''[[Procession of the Holy Office]]''}}
Image:La Leocadia (Goya).jpg|1819-23 <br />{{langx|es|Una manola/La Leocadia}} <br />{{langx|en|''[[Leocadia (Goya)|Leocadia]]''}}
Image:Cabezas en un paisaje.jpg|<br />{{langx|es|Cabezas en un paisaje)}}  (Stanley Moss collection, New York). Possibly the fifteenth Black Painting
</gallery>

==Second gallery==
{{Gallery|width=160 |height=120 
|File:Francisco_de_Goya,_Saturno_devorando_a_su_hijo_(1819-1823).jpg|alt1=He eats his young.|''Saturno devorando a su hijo'', ''[[Saturn Devouring His Son]]'', 1819-1823|File:Atropos o Las Parcas.jpg|alt2=Like wraiths.
|''Átropos/Las Parcas'', ''[[Atropos (Goya)|Atropos (The Fates)]]'', 1819-1823|File:El Aquelarre.jpg|alt3=Witches have a meeting.
|''El Gran Cabrón/Aquelarre'', ''[[Witches' Sabbath (Goya)|Witches' Sabbath]]'', 1819-1823
|File:Riña a garrotazos.jpg|alt4=Two men fight with each other.|''Duelo a garrotazos'', ''[[Fight with Cudgels]]'', 1819-1823
|File:Viejos comiendo sopa.jpg|alt5=Two figures at a table.|''Dos viejos comiendo sopa'', ''[[Two Old Men Eating Soup]]'', 1819-1823
|File:Vision fantástica o Asmodea (Goya).jpg|alt6=An amazing vision of the war.|''Vision fantástica/Asmodea'', ''[[Fantastic Vision]]'', 1819-1823
|File:La romería de San Isidro.jpg|alt7=They march at night.|''La romería de San Isidro'', ''[[A Pilgrimage to San Isidro]]'', 1819-1823
|File:Goya Dog.jpg|alt8=A dog looks up.|''El perro'', ''[[The Dog (Goya)|The Dog]]'', 1819-1823|File:2 alte Männer, um 1821-23.jpg|alt9=Two old men standing|''Dos viejos/Un viejo y un fraile'', ''[[Two Old Men]]'', 1819-1823|File:Hombres leyendo.jpg|alt10=A group of men reading|''Hombres leyendo'', ''[[Men Reading]]'', 1819-1823|File:Judith y Holofernes.jpg|alt11=She has a knife|''Judith y Holofernes'', ''[[Judith and Holofernes (Goya)|Judith and Holofernes]]'', 1819-1823|File:Mujeres riendo.jpg|alt12=Two women laughing at a man|''Mujeres riendo'', ''[[Man Mocked by Two Women|Women Laughing]]'', 1819-1823|File:Peregrinación a la fuente de San Isidro.jpg|alt13=A procession through the mountains|''Peregrinación a la fuente de San Isidro/Procesión del Santo Oficio'', ''Procession of the Holy Office'', 1819-1823|File:La Leocadia (Goya).jpg|alt14=A woman leans on a fence|''Una manola/La Leocadia'', ''[[Leocadia (Goya)|Leocadia]]'', 1819-1823|File:Cabezas en un paisaje.jpg|alt15=|
}}
{{clear}}
{{inuse}}
'''Lenore Jaffee''' was born in New York City on November 30, 1925, and she died on November 8, 2022. She was an [[United States|American]] [[artist]], painter and poet. During the 1940s she attended the [[Art Students League of New York]] where she studied with [[Will Barnet]] among others. Jaffee began to exhibit her [[Abstract expressionist]] paintings during the late 1950s and 1960s in New York City and [[Provincetown, Massachusetts]].<ref>[http://www.beatmuseum.org/index.html Beat Museum]Retrieved June 20, 2010</ref> During the late 1950s and the early 1960s she showed her work at the ''Phoenix Gallery'' in New York. <ref>[http://www.abstract-art.com/abstraction/l3_more_artists/ma90_jaffee.html]Retrieved June 20, 2010</ref> ''The Phoenix'' was a prominent gallery among the [[Tenth street galleries|10th Street galleries]] in New York City and it was an [[avant-garde]] alternative to the Madison Avenue and 57th Street galleries that were both conservative and highly selective. <ref>[http://www.specificobject.com/objects/index.cfm?search_type=basic&options=artist&search=Lenore%20Jaffee The Beat Scene], photographs by [[Fred McDarrah]], Edited and with an introduction by Elias Wilentz</ref> During the 1970s Lenore Jaffee's [[video art|video work]] was exhibited at the ''Hundred Acres Gallery'' in New York City.<ref>[http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/collection/hundacre.htm Smithsonian Archives of American Art]Retrieved June 20, 2010</ref> Among other works she has published several volumes of poetry. <ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=QRohAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA1145&lpg=PA1145&dq=lenore+jaffee&source=bl&ots=ihdwjdwPpk&sig=xr66g6QolKY4tfF45Z962lw9wXA&hl=en&ei=q8H_Tf6AGMnr0gHfta2KAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CFYQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=lenore%20jaffee&f=false Catalog of Copyright Entries. Third Series: 1955] Retrieved June 20, 2011</ref>
[[File:Seriesnine.jpg|thumb|''Series, #9'', 1966]]
[http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=fr&u=http://www.cahiers-naturalistes.com/Salons/01-01-67.html&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dzola%2Bon%2Bmanet%26start%3D10%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3Dpu9%26sa%3DN%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26channel%3Dsb%26biw%3D1799%26bih%3D840 link]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{US-painter-stub}}
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{{Quote box
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 |title=Bernice Rose, "The Drawings of Roy Lichtenstein", Museum of Modern Art
 |quote=Copying from another artist’s work had been out of style for a good part of the twentieth century; the avant-garde had increasingly set store by invention. In resorting to old-fashioned copying (and of such 'unartistic' models), Lichtenstein did something characteristic: he made it so obvious that he was copying that everyone knew it. In effect he threw down the gauntlet, challenging the notion of originality as it prevailed at that time.
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{{Navbox
|name = MarkdiSuvero
|title = Works by [[Mark di Suvero]]
|listclass = hlist
|image = [[File:Skulptur new star.jpg|80px]]
|titlestyle = background:#e8c159; color:#064a66; 
|list1 = 
* ''[[Poland (sculpture)|Poland]]'' (1966)
* ''[[Are Years What? (for Marianne Moore)]]'' (1967)
* ''[[Snowplow (di Suvero)|Snowplow]]'' (1968)
* ''[[The Lovers (sculpture)|The Lovers]]'' (1971-1973)
* ''[[The Calling (di Suvero)|The Calling]]'' (1981-1982)
* ''[[Iroquois (di Suvero)|Iroquois]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Aurora (sculpture)|Aurora]]'' (1992-1993)
* ''[[Joie de Vivre]]'' (1998)
}}
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{| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" |[[File:Bonheur Matisse.jpg|thumb|360px|]]
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" | '''Season's greetings!'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" | I hope this holiday season is festive and fulfilling and filled with love and kindness, and that 2020 will be safe, successful and rewarding...keep hope alive....[[User:Modernist|Modernist]] ([[User talk:Modernist|talk]]) 15:54, 23 December 2018 (UTC)
|}
*{{user-uaa|1=Modernist 2000}}&nbsp;&ndash; User talk:Modernist 2000; Already taken- it's too close to my name since 2006...[[User:Modernist|Modernist]] ([[User talk:Modernist|talk]]) 21:44, 6 January 2020 (UTC)

==Happy Holidays==
{| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" |[[File:Giovanni_Bellini_St_Francis_in_Ecstasy.jpg|thumb|360px|]]
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" | '''Season's greetings!'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" | I hope this holiday season is festive and fulfilling and filled with love and kindness, and that 2021 will be safe, successful and rewarding...keep hope alive....[[User:Modernist|Modernist]] ([[User talk:Modernist|talk]]) 15:54, 23 December 2018 (UTC)
|}
==Happy Holidays==
{| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Atelier rouge matisse 1.jpg|thumb|300px|]]
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" | '''Season's greetings!'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" | I hope this holiday season is safe, festive and fulfilling and filled with love and kindness, and that 2022 will be safe, healthy, successful and rewarding...keep hope alive....[[User:Modernist|Modernist]] ([[User talk:Modernist|talk]]) 19:08, 24 December 2022 (UTC)
|}