View source for Virgo Cluster

{{Short description|Galaxy cluster in the constellation Virgo}}
{{Galaxy cluster
| name = Virgo Cluster
| image = ESO-M87.jpg
| caption = Virgo Cluster showing the diffuse light between member [[galaxy|galaxies]]. [[Messier 87]] is the largest galaxy (lower left).
| epoch = [[J2000]]
| ra = {{RA|12|27}}<ref name="ned">{{cite web
  | title = NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database
  | work = Results for Virgo Cluster
  | url = http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/
  | access-date = 2006-10-19}}</ref>
| dec = {{DEC|+12|43}}<ref name="ned"/>
| constellation = [[Virgo (constellation)|Virgo]] & [[Coma Berenices]]
| member_no = ~1,500<ref name="ned"/>
| parent = [[Virgo Supercluster]]
| bmtype = III<ref name="ned"/>
| brightest_member = [[Messier 49]]
| mass                = 10<sup>15</sup>
| other_names =
}}
The '''Virgo Cluster''' is a large [[galaxy cluster|cluster of galaxies]] whose center is [[100 zettametres|53.8 ± 0.3]] [[light year|Mly]] (16.5 ± 0.1 [[parsec|Mpc]])<ref name="Mei2007">{{cite journal | author = Mei, Simona | author2 = Blakeslee, John P.  | author3 = Côté, Patrick | author4 = Tonry, John L. | author5 = West, Michael J. | author6 = Ferrarese, Laura | author7 = Jordán, Andrés | author8 = Peng, Eric W. | author9 = Anthony, André | author10 = Merritt, Davi | title = The ACS Virgo Cluster Survey. XIII. SBF Distance Catalog and the Three-dimensional Structure of the Virgo Cluster | journal = The Astrophysical Journal  | date = 2007 | volume = 655 | issue = 1 | pages = 144–162 | bibcode = 2007ApJ...655..144M | doi = 10.1086/509598 | arxiv = astro-ph/0702510 | s2cid = 16483538 }}</ref> away in the [[constellation]] [[Virgo (constellation)|Virgo]]. Comprising approximately 1,300 (and possibly up to 2,000) member galaxies,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/V/Virgo+Cluster |title=Virgo Cluster |website=Cosmos |publisher=Swinburne University of Technology}}</ref> the cluster forms the heart of the larger [[Virgo Supercluster]], of which the [[Local Group]] (containing our [[Milky Way|Milky Way galaxy]]) is a member. The Local Group actually experiences the mass of the Virgo Supercluster as the [[Virgocentric flow]]. It is estimated that the Virgo Cluster's mass is 1.2{{e|15}} {{solar mass|link=y}} out to 8 degrees of the cluster's center or a radius of about 2.2 Mpc.<ref name="Fouquéetal2001">{{cite journal | author = Fouqué, P. | author2 = Solanes, J. M. | author3 = Sanchis, T. | author4 = Balkowski, C. | title = Structure, mass and distance of the Virgo cluster from a Tolman-Bondi model | journal = [[Astronomy and Astrophysics]] | date = 2001 | volume = 375 | issue = 3  | pages = 770–780  | bibcode = 2001A&A...375..770F | doi = 10.1051/0004-6361:20010833 | arxiv = astro-ph/0106261 | s2cid = 10468717 }}</ref>

Many of the brighter galaxies in this cluster, including the giant [[elliptical galaxy]] [[Messier 87]], were discovered in the late 1770s and early 1780s and subsequently included in [[Charles Messier]]'s catalogue of non-cometary fuzzy objects. Described by Messier as [[nebula]]e without stars, their true nature was not recognized until the 1920s.{{refn|group=upper-alpha|Following the entry for M91 in the Connoissance des Temps for 1784, Messier added the following note:
: ''The constellation of Virgo, & especially the northern Wing is one of the constellations which encloses the most Nebulae: this Catalog contains thirteen which have been determined: viz. Nos. 49, 58, 59, 60, 61, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, & 91. All these nebulae appear to be without stars: one can see them only in a very good sky, & near their meridian passage. Most of these nebulae have been pointed to me by Mr. Méchain.''<ref>{{cite web |title=Messier 91 — Observations and Descriptions |url=http://messier.seds.org/Mdes/dm091.html |publisher=[[SEDS]]}}</ref>}}

The cluster subtends a maximum arc of approximately 8 degrees centered in the constellation Virgo. Although some of the cluster's most prominent members can be seen with smaller instruments, a 6-inch telescope will reveal about 160 of the cluster's galaxies on a clear night. Its [[Brightest cluster galaxy|brightest member]] is the [[elliptical galaxy]] [[Messier 49]]; however its most famous member is the elliptical galaxy [[Messier 87]], which is located in the center of the cluster.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.messier-objects.com/virgo-cluster/|title=Virgo Cluster {{!}} Messier Objects|website=www.messier-objects.com|date=9 August 2017|language=en-US|access-date=2018-06-24}}</ref>

== Characteristics ==
The cluster is a fairly [[heterogeneous]] mixture of [[Spiral galaxy|spiral]] and [[Elliptical galaxy|elliptical]] galaxies.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1086/421490| last1 = Côté | first1 = Patrick| last2 = Blakeslee |first2 = John P.| last3 = Ferrarese | first3 = Laura| last4 = Jordán | first4 = Andrés| last5 = Mei | first5 = Simona| last6 = Merritt | first6 = David| author6-link = David Merritt| last7 = Milosavljević | first7 = Miloš| last8 = Peng | first8 = Eric W.
| last9= Tonry |first9= John L. |title= The ACS Virgo Cluster Survey | journal= [[The Astrophysical Journal]] | volume= 153 | issue= 1 |pages= 223–242 |date=July 2004 |bibcode= 2004ApJS..153..223C | arxiv = astro-ph/0404138 | display-authors = 9| last10 = West| first10 = Michael J.| s2cid = 18021414 }}</ref> {{As of|2004}}, it is believed that the spiral galaxies of the cluster are distributed in an oblong [[prolate spheroid|prolate]] [[Galaxy filament|filament]], approximately four times as long as it is wide, stretching along the line of sight from the [[Milky Way]].<ref name="Fukugitaetal1993">{{cite journal | author = M. Fukugita | author2 = S. Okamura | author3 = N. Yasuda | title = Spatial distribution of spiral galaxies in the Virgo Cluster from the Tully-Fisher relation | journal = [[Astrophysical Journal]] | date = 1993 | volume = 412 | pages = L13–L16 | bibcode = 1993ApJ...412L..13F | doi = 10.1086/186928}}</ref> The elliptical galaxies are more centrally concentrated than the spiral galaxies.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/ESSAYS/Binggeli/binggeli.html| title=Virgo Cluster|website=ned.ipac.caltech.edu|access-date=2018-06-24}}</ref>

The cluster is an aggregate of at least three separate [[subclump]]s: ''Virgo A'', centered on [[Elliptical galaxy M87|M87]], a second centered on the galaxy [[Lenticular Galaxy M86|M86]], and ''Virgo B'', centered on [[Elliptical Galaxy M49|M49]], with some authors including a ''Virgo C'' subcluster, centered on the galaxy [[Elliptical Galaxy M60|M60]] as well as a ''LVC'' (Low Velocity Cloud) subclump, centered on the large spiral galaxy [[NGC 4216]].<ref name=Boselli2014>{{cite journal |last1=Boselli |first1=A. |last2=Voyer |first2=E. |last3=Boissier |first3= S. |last4=Cucciati |first4= O. | last5= Consolandi | first5=G. |last6=Cortese |first6=L. |last7=Fumagalli |first7=M. |last8=Gavazzi |first8=G. |last9=Heinis |first9=S. |last10=Roehlly |first10=Y. |last11=Toloba |first11=E. |date=2014 |title=The GALEX Ultraviolet Virgo Cluster Survey (GUViCS). IV. The role of the cluster environment on galaxy evolution |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |volume=570 |id=A69 |arxiv=1407.4986 | doi= 10.1051/0004-6361/201424419 |bibcode=2014A&A...570A..69B |pages=A69|s2cid=119244700 }}</ref> Notably, the giant [[elliptical galaxy]] M87 contains a [[supermassive black hole]], whose [[event horizon]] was observed by the [[Event Horizon Telescope]] Collaboration in 2019.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1=Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration| last2=Akiyama| first2=Kazunori| last3=Alberdi| first3=Antxon| last4=Alef| first4=Walter| last5=Asada| first5=Keiichi|last6=Azulay|first6=Rebecca|last7=Baczko|first7=Anne-Kathrin| last8=Ball| first8=David| last9=Balokovic| first9=Mislav| last10=Barrett| first10=John| last11=Bintley|first11=Dan|date=2019-04-01|title=First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. The Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole| journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters|volume=875| issue=1|pages=L1|doi=10.3847/2041-8213/ab0ec7 |arxiv=1906.11238| bibcode=2019ApJ...875L...1E|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Publications {{!}} Event Horizon Telescope| url=https://eventhorizontelescope.org/publications| access-date=2020-09-10| website=eventhorizontelescope.org| language=en}}</ref>

Of all of the subclumps, ''Virgo A'', formed by a mixture of [[elliptical galaxy|elliptical]], [[lenticular galaxy|lenticular]], and (usually) gas-poor [[spiral galaxy|spiral galaxies]],<ref name=Chamaraux1980>
{{cite journal |last1=Chamaraux |first1=P. |last2=Balkowski |first2=C. |last3=Gerard |first3=E. |date=1980 |title=The H I deficiency of the Virgo cluster spirals |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |volume=83 |issue=1–2 |pages=38–51 |bibcode=1980A&A....83...38C}}</ref> is the dominant one, with a mass of approximately 10<sup>14</sup> {{solar mass|link=y}}, which is approximately an order of magnitude larger than the other two subclumps.<ref name=BinggeliNED>''[http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/Binggeli/frames.html The Virgo Super Cluster: home of M87]'' (with frames)</ref>
[[File:14-296-GalaxyClusters-PerseusVirgo-ChandraXRay-20141027.jpg|thumb|left|[[Turbulence]] may prevent galaxy clusters from cooling ([[Chandra X-ray Observatory|Chandra X-ray]]).]]
The three subgroups are in the process of merging to form a larger single cluster<ref name=BinggeliNED/> and are surrounded by other smaller [[galaxy cloud]]s, mostly composed of spiral galaxies, known as ''N Cloud'', ''S Cloud'', and ''Virgo E'' that are in the process of infalling to merge with them,<ref name="Gavazzietal1999">{{cite journal
  | author=Gavazzi, G.
  | author2=Boselli, A.
  | author3=Scodeggio, M.
  | author4=Pierini, D.
  | author5=Belsole, E.
  | title=The 3D structure of the Virgo cluster from H-band Fundamental Plane and Tully-Fisher distance determinations
  | journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]]
  | date=1999
  | volume=304
  | pages=595–610
  |arxiv = astro-ph/9812275 |bibcode = 1999MNRAS.304..595G |doi = 10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02350.x | issue=3
  | doi-access=free
 | s2cid=41700753
 }}</ref> plus other farther isolated galaxies and galaxy groups (like the galaxy cloud [[Coma I]]) that are also attracted by the gravity of Virgo to merge with it in the future.<ref name="Tully1984">{{cite journal
  | author=Tully, R. B.
  | author2=Shaya, E. J.
  | title=Infall of galaxies into the Virgo cluster and some cosmological constraints
  | journal=Astrophysical Journal
  | date=1984
  | volume=281
  | pages=31–55
  |bibcode = 1984ApJ...281...31T |doi = 10.1086/162073 | doi-access=free
  }}</ref> This strongly suggests the Virgo cluster is a dynamically young cluster that is still forming.<ref name=Gavazzietal1999/>

Other two nearby aggregations known as ''M Cloud'', ''W Cloud'', and ''W' Cloud''<ref name=Boselli2014/> seem to be background systems independent of the main cluster.<ref name=Gavazzietal1999/>

The large mass of the cluster is indicated by the high [[peculiar velocity|peculiar velocities]] of many of its galaxies, sometimes as high as 1,600 [[kilometre|km]]/[[second|s]] with respect to the cluster's center.

The Virgo cluster lies within the [[Virgo Supercluster]], and its gravitational effect slows down the nearby galaxies. The large mass of the cluster has the effect of slowing down the recession of the Local Group from the cluster by approximately ten percent.

Molecular gasses in Virgo Cluster has been swept away by a huge cosmic broom that is preventing nearby galaxies from birthing new stars. The actual cause of it has been a long standing mystery in [[astrophysics]]. According to scientists, it occurs because of the extreme environment of the Virgo Cluster.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Brown|first1=Toby|last2=Wilson|first2=Christine D.|last3=Zabel|first3=Nikki|last4=Davis|first4=Timothy A.|last5=Boselli|first5=Alessandro|last6=Chung|first6=Aeree|last7=Ellison|first7=Sara L.|last8=Lagos|first8=Claudia D. P.|last9=Stevens|first9=Adam R. H.|last10=Cortese|first10=Luca|last11=Bahé|first11=Yannick M.|date=2021-12-01|title=VERTICO: The Virgo Environment Traced In CO Survey|journal=The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series|volume=257|issue=2|pages=21|doi=10.3847/1538-4365/ac28f5|arxiv=2111.00937 |bibcode=2021ApJS..257...21B |s2cid=240354399 |issn=0067-0049 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Intracluster medium ==
As with many other rich galaxy clusters, Virgo's [[intracluster medium]] is filled with a hot, rarefied [[plasma (physics)|plasma]] at temperatures of 30 million [[kelvin]]s that emits [[X-Rays]].<ref name="Lea1982">{{cite journal
  | author=Lea, S. M.
  | author2=Mushotzky, R.
  | author3=Holt, S. S.
  | title=Einstein Observatory solid state spectrometer observations of M87 and the Virgo cluster
  | journal=Astrophysical Journal
  | date=1982
  | issue=1
  | volume=262
  | pages=24–32
  |bibcode = 1982ApJ...262...24L |doi = 10.1086/160392 | hdl=2060/19820026438
 | s2cid=120960432
 | hdl-access=free
  }}</ref> Within the intracluster medium (ICM) are found a large number of [[intergalactic star]]s<ref name="HST1997">{{cite journal
  | author=Ferguson, H.
  | title=Intergalactic Stars in the Virgo Cluster
  | journal=HST Proposal
  | date=1997
  | bibcode=1997hst..prop.7411F| pages=7411
  }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ferguson|first1=Henry C.|last2=Tanvir|first2=Nial R.|last3=von Hippel|first3=Ted|date=January 1998|title=Detection of intergalactic red-giant-branch stars in the Virgo cluster|journal=Nature|language=En|volume=391|issue=6666|pages=461–463|doi=10.1038/35087|issn=0028-0836|arxiv=astro-ph/9801228|bibcode=1998Natur.391..461F|s2cid=4390832}}</ref> (up to 10% of the stars in the cluster),<ref name=Fergusonetal1998/> including some [[planetary nebula]]e.<ref name="Feldmeieretal1998">{{cite journal
  | author=Feldmeier, J.
  | author2=Ciardullo, R.
  | author3=Jacoby, G.
  | title=Intracluster Planetary Nebulae in the Virgo Cluster. I. Initial Results
  | journal=Astrophysical Journal
  | date=1998
  | volume=503
  | issue=1
  | pages=109–117
  |arxiv = astro-ph/9803062 |bibcode = 1998ApJ...503..109F |doi = 10.1086/305981 | s2cid=9761241
 }}</ref>  It is theorized that these were expelled from their home galaxies by [[Interacting galaxy|interactions with other galaxies]].<ref name="Fergusonetal1998">{{cite journal
  | author=Ferguson, Henry C.
  | author2=Tanvir, Nial R.
  | author3=von Hippel, Ted
  | title=Detection of intergalactic red-giant-branch stars in the Virgo cluster
  | journal=Nature
  | date=1998
  | volume=391
  | pages=461–463
  |arxiv = astro-ph/9801228 |bibcode = 1998Natur.391..461F |doi = 10.1038/35087 | issue=6666
  | s2cid=4390832
 }}</ref>  The ICM also contains some [[globular cluster]]s,<ref name="Takamiya2009">{{cite book
  | author=Takamiya, Marianne
  | author2=West, Michael
  | author3=Côté, Patrick
  | author4=Jordán, Andrés
  | author5=Peng, Eric
  | author6=Ferrarese, Laura
  | title=Globular Clusters - Guides to Galaxies
 | chapter=IGCs in the Virgo Cluster
 | journal=Globular Clusters – Guides to Galaxies, Eso Astrophysics Symposia, Volume
  | date=2009
  | pages=361–365
  | bibcode=2009gcgg.book..361T| doi=10.1007/978-3-540-76961-3_83
  | series=Eso Astrophysics Symposia
  | isbn=978-3-540-76960-6
  }}</ref><ref name="Durrell2010">{{cite journal
  | author=Durrell, Patrick R.
  | author2=Accetta, K.
  | author3=Feldmeier, J. J.
  | author4=Mihos, J. C.
  | author5=Ciardullo, R.
  | author6=Peng, E. W.
  | author7=Members of the NGVS team
  | title=Searching for Intracluster Globular Clusters in the Virgo Cluster
  | date=2010
  | journal=Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society
  | volume=42 |pages=567
  | bibcode=2010AAS...21547814D
}}</ref><ref name="Park2010">{{cite journal
  | author=Lee, Myung Gyoon
  | author2=Park, Hong Soo
  | author3=Hwang, Ho Seong
  | title=Detection of a Large-Scale Structure of Intracluster Globular Clusters in the Virgo Cluster
  | journal=Science
  | date=2010
  | volume=328
  | pages=334–
  |arxiv = 1003.2499 |bibcode = 2010Sci...328..334L |doi = 10.1126/science.1186496 | issue=5976
  | pmid=20223950
  | s2cid=20743125
 }}</ref> possibly stripped off [[dwarf galaxy|dwarf galaxies]],<ref name=Park2010/> and even at least one [[star formation]] [[H II region|region]].<ref name="Ortwin2002">{{cite journal
  | author=Gerhard, Ortwin
  | author2=Arnaboldi, Magda
  | author3=Freeman, Kenneth C.
  | author4=Okamura, Sadanori
  | title=Isolated Star Formation: A Compact H II Region in the Virgo Cluster
  | journal=The Astrophysical Journal
  | date=2002
  | volume=580
  | pages=L121–L124
  |arxiv = astro-ph/0211341 |bibcode = 2002ApJ...580L.121G |doi = 10.1086/345657 | issue=2
  | s2cid=8686119
 }}</ref>

== Galaxies ==
[[File:Virgosupercluster atlasoftheuniverse.gif|thumb|360px|Map of the Virgo Supercluster centered on the [[Local Group]] (image diameter 200 Mly ≈ 60 [[Megaparsec|Mpc]]). The Virgo Cluster is visible in the center right of the image, at about 50 Mly from the Local Group.]]
[[File:Virgo cluster 052012 overlay.jpg|thumb|360px|Photograph of the Virgo Cluster with labelled galaxies]]
Below is a table of bright or notable objects in the cluster and their subunit (subcluster). Note that in some cases a galaxy may be considered in a different subunit by other researchers (sources:<ref name=Boselli2014/><ref name=Gavazzietal1999/><ref name="GOLDMine">{{cite web
  | title = Galaxy On Line Database Milano Network |website = GOLDMine
  | url = http://goldmine.mib.infn.it/
  | access-date = 2012-08-06}}</ref><ref name="VirgoAtlas">{{cite web
  | title = The Virgo Cluster
  | url = http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/galgrps/vir.html
  | access-date = 2013-04-06}}</ref>)

:Column 1: The name of the galaxy.
:Column 2: The right ascension for epoch 2000.
:Column 3: The declination for epoch 2000.
:Column 4: The blue apparent magnitude of the galaxy.
:Column 5: The galaxy type: E=Elliptical, S0=Lenticular, Sa,Sb,Sc,Sd=Spiral, SBa,SBb,SBc,SBd=Barred spiral, Sm,SBm,Irr=Irregular.
:Column 6: The angular diameter of the galaxy (arcminutes).
:Column 7: The diameter of the galaxy (thousands of light years).
:Column 8: The recessional velocity (km/s) of the galaxy relative to the [[cosmic microwave background]].
:Column 9: Subcluster where the galaxy is located.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center"
|+ Cluster members
! rowspan="2" | Designation
! colspan="2" | [[Equatorial coordinate system|Coordinates]] ([[Epoch (astronomy)|Epoch]] 2000)
! rowspan="2" | [[Apparent magnitude|Apparent<br />magnitude]]<br />(blue)
! rowspan="2" | [[Galaxy morphological classification|Type]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Angular size]]
! rowspan="2" | Diameter<br />([[Light-year|kly]])
! rowspan="2" | [[Recessional velocity|RV]]<br />(km/s)
! rowspan="2" | Subcluster
|-
! [[Right Ascension|RA]]
! [[Declination|Dec]]
|-
|align=left|[[Messier 98]]|| 12 13.8|| 14 54|| 10.9||  SBb|| 9.8′ || 150|| 184|| ''Virgo A'' or ''N Cloud''
|-
|align=left|[[NGC 4216]]|| 12 15.9|| 13 09|| 10.9||  SBb|| 7.9′ || 120|| 459|| ''Virgo A'', ''N Cloud'', or ''LVC''.
|-
|align=left|[[Messier 99]]|| 12 18.8|| 14 25|| 10.4||  Sc|| 5.4′ || 80|| 2735|| ''Virgo A'' or ''N Cloud''
|-
|align=left|[[NGC 4262]]|| 12 19.5|| 14 53|| 12.4||  S0|| 1.9′ || 30|| 1683|| ''Virgo A''
|-
|align=left|[[NGC 4388]]|| 12 25.5|| 12 39|| 11.8||  SAb|| 6.2′ || 85|| 2845|| ''Virgo A''
|-
|align=left|[[Messier 61]]|| 12 21.9|| 04 28|| 10.2||  SBbc|| 6.2′ || 100|| 1911|| ''S Cloud''
|-
|align=left|[[Messier 100]]|| 12 22.9|| 15 49|| 10.1||  SBbc|| 7.6′ || 115|| 1899|| ''Virgo A''
|-
|align=left|[[Messier 84]]|| 12 25.1|| 12 53|| 10.1||  E<sub>1</sub>|| 6.0′ || 90|| 1239|| ''Virgo A''<br />[[Markarian's Chain]]
|-
|align=left|[[Messier 85]]|| 12 25.4|| 18 11|| 10.0||  S0|| 7.1′ || 105|| 1056|| ''Virgo A''
|-
|align=left|[[Messier 86]]|| 12 26.2|| 12 57|| 9.9||  E<sub>3</sub>|| 10.2′ || 155|| 37|| ''Virgo A'' or own subgroup.<br />[[Markarian's Chain]]

|-
|align=left|[[Eyes Galaxies|NGC 4435]]|| 12 27.7|| 13 05|| 11.7||  S0|| 3.0′ || 45|| 1111|| ''Virgo A''
|-
|align=left|[[Eyes Galaxies|NGC 4438]]|| 12 27.8|| 13 01|| 11.0|| Sa|| 8.7′ || 130|| 404|| ''Virgo A''
|-
|align=left|[[NGC 4450]]|| 12 28.5|| 17 05|| 10.9|| Sab|| 5.1′ || 80|| 2273|| ''Virgo A''
|-
|align=left|[[Messier 49]]|| 12 29.8|| 08 00|| 9.3|| E<sub>2</sub>|| 9.8′ || 150|| 1204|| ''Virgo B''
|-
|align=left|[[Messier 87]]|| 12 30.8|| 12 23|| 9.6|| E<sub>0–1</sub>|| 9.8′ || 980|| 1204|| ''Virgo A''
|-
|align=left|[[Messier 88]]|| 12 32.0|| 14 25|| 10.3|| Sb|| 6.8′ || 100|| 2599|| ''Virgo A''
|-
|align=left|[[NGC 4526]]|| 12 32.0|| 07 42|| 10.6|| S0|| 7.1′ || 105|| 931|| ''Virgo B''
|-
|align=left|[[NGC 4527]]|| 12 34.1|| 02 39|| 12.4|| Sb|| 4.6′ || 69|| 1730|| ''S Cloud''
|-
|align=left|[[NGC 4536]]|| 12 34.4|| 02 11|| 11.1|| SBbc|| 7.2′ || 115|| 2140|| ''S Cloud''
|-
|align=left|[[Messier 91]]|| 12 35.4|| 14 30|| 11.0|| SBb|| 5.2′ || 80|| 803|| ''Virgo A''
|-
|align=left|[[NGC 4546]]|| 12 35.5|| -03 48|| 11.3|| S0|| 2.3' || 30|| 1054|| ''S Cloud''
|-
|align=left|[[NGC 4550]]|| 12 35.5|| 12 13|| 12.5|| S0|| 3.2′ || 50|| 704|| ''Virgo A''
|-
|align=left|[[Messier 89]]|| 12 35.7|| 12 33|| 10.7|| E<sub>0</sub>|| 5.0′ || 75|| 628|| ''Virgo A''
|-
|align=left|[[NGC 4567 and NGC 4568|NGC 4567]]|| 12 36.5|| 11 15|| 12.1|| Sbc|| 2.8′ || 40|| 2588|| ''Virgo A''
|-
|align=left|[[NGC 4567 and NGC 4568|NGC 4568]]|| 12 36.6|| 11 14|| 11.7|| Sbc|| 4.4′ || 65|| 2578|| ''Virgo A''
|-
|align=left|[[Messier 90]]|| 12 36.8|| 13 10|| 10.2|| SBab|| 10.5′ || 160|| 87|| ''Virgo A''
|-
|align=left|[[NGC 4571]]|| 12 36.9|| 14 13|| 11.9|| Sc|| 3.7′ || 55|| 659|| ''Virgo A''
|-
|align=left|[[Messier 58]]|| 12 37.7|| 11 49|| 10.6|| SBb|| 5.6′ || 85|| 1839|| ''Virgo A''
|-
|align=left|[[Messier 59]]|| 12 42.9|| 11 39|| 10.8|| E<sub>5</sub>|| 5.0′ || 75|| 751|| ''Virgo A'' or ''Virgo E''
|-
|align=left|[[Messier 60]]|| 12 43.7|| 11 33|| 9.8|| E<sub>2</sub>|| 7.2′ || 110|| 1452|| ''Virgo A'', ''Virgo E'', or ''Virgo C''
|-
|align=left|[[NGC 4651]]|| 12 43.7|| 16 24|| 11.4|| Sc|| 4.0′ || 60|| 1113||
|-
|align=left|[[NGC 4654]]|| 12 43.9|| 13 08|| 11.1|| SBc|| 5.0′ || 75|| 1349|| ''Virgo A''
|}

Fainter galaxies within the cluster are usually known by their numbers in the Virgo Cluster Catalog, particularly members of the numerous dwarf galaxy population.<ref name="vcc">{{cite journal | last1 = Binggeli | first1 = Bruno | last2 = Sandage | first2 = Allan | author2-link = Allan Sandage | last3 = Tammann | first3 = Gustav | author3-link = Gustav Andreas Tammann | title = Studies of the Virgo Cluster. II – A Catalog of 2096 Galaxies in the Virgo Cluster Area | journal = [[Astronomical Journal]] | volume = 90 | pages = 1681–1759 | publisher = [[American Astronomical Society]] | date = 1985 | bibcode = 1985AJ.....90.1681B | doi = 10.1086/113874}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Virgo III Groups]]
* [[Coma Cluster]] – another large, nearby cluster of galaxies
* [[Eridanus Cluster]]
* [[Fornax Cluster]] – a smaller nearby cluster of galaxies
* [[Norma Cluster]]
* [[List of galaxy clusters]]
* [[Virgocentric flow]]

==Notes==
{{notelist-ua}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/galgrps/vir.html The Virgo Cluster at An Atlas of the Universe], map (and table) of the 160 largest galaxies
* [http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/Binggeli/Bin4.html California Institute of Technology site] on Virgo cluster.
* [http://messier.seds.org/more/virgo.html The Virgo Cluster of Galaxies], SEDS Messier pages
* [http://www.darkatmospheres.com/astro/gallery/galaxies/enlarge.php?fileBase=galaxies_6 Partial Virgo cluster centered on M87 (Dark Atmospheres)]
* {{cite journal |last1=Binggeli |first1=B. |last2=Sandage |first2=A. |last3=Tammann |first3=G. A. |year=1985 |title=Studies of the Virgo cluster. II. A catalog of 2096 galaxies in the Virgo cluster area |journal=The Astronomical Journal |volume=90 |page=1681 |bibcode=1985AJ.....90.1681B |bibcode-access=free  |doi=10.1086/113874 |doi-access=free}}

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{{Virgo Supercluster}}
{{Earth's location}}
{{Virgo}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Virgo Cluster}}
[[Category:Virgo Cluster| ]]
[[Category:Virgo Supercluster]]
[[Category:Virgo (constellation)]]
[[Category:Coma Berenices]]