View source for Yugoslav destroyer Zagreb

{{short description|First warship built in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}} <!-- warships except submarines -->
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{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-185-0116-22A, Bucht von Kotor (-), jugoslawische Schiffe.jpg
|Ship caption=''Zagreb''{{'s}} sister ship ''[[Yugoslav destroyer Beograd|Beograd]]'' (right) and ''[[Yugoslav destroyer Dubrovnik|Dubrovnik]]'' (left) in the [[Bay of Kotor]] after being captured by Italy
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=Kingdom of Yugoslavia
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|Kingdom of Yugoslavia|naval}}
|Ship name=''Zagreb''
|Ship namesake= [[Zagreb]]
|Ship acquired=
|Ship launched=30 March 1938
|Ship commissioned=August 1939
|Ship decommissioned=
|Ship in service=
|Ship out of service=17 April 1941
|Ship honours=
|Ship fate=Scuttled by crew on 17 April 1941
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=
|Ship class=[[Beograd-class destroyer|''Beograd''-class destroyer]]
|Ship displacement=*{{convert|1210|t|LT|lk=on}} ([[Displacement (ship)#Standard displacement|standard]])
* {{convert|1655|t|LT}} ([[Displacement (ship)#Loaded displacement|full load]])
|Ship length={{convert|98|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|Ship beam={{convert|9.45|m|ft|abbr=on|sigfig=2}}
|Ship draught={{convert|3.18|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|Ship power=*3 × [[Yarrow Shipbuilders|Yarrow]] [[water-tube boiler]]s
* {{convert|40000|–|44000|shp|lk=on|abbr=on}}
|Ship propulsion=*2 × [[propellor|shafts]]
* Parsons [[steam turbine]]s
|Ship speed={{convert|35|kn|lk=in}}
|Ship range=
|Ship complement=145
|Ship armament=
* 4 × single {{convert|120|mm|in|abbr=on}} guns
* 2 × dual {{convert|40|mm|in|abbr=on}} [[AA gun]]s
* 2 × triple {{convert|550|mm|in|abbr=on}} [[torpedo tubes]]
* 2 × [[machine gun]]s
* 30 [[naval mine]]s
|Ship notes=
}}
|}
'''''Zagreb''''' was the second of three [[Beograd-class destroyer|''Beograd''-class destroyer]]s built for the [[Royal Yugoslav Navy]] (KM) in the late 1930s. She was designed to be deployed as part of a [[division (naval)|division]] led by the [[flotilla leader]] {{ship|Yugoslav destroyer|Dubrovnik||2}} and was the first warship built in the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]]. ''Zagreb'' entered service in August 1939, was armed with a [[main battery]] of four {{convert|120|mm|in|abbr=on}} guns in single mounts, and had a top speed of {{convert|35|kn|lk=in}}.

Yugoslavia entered [[World War II]] when the [[Nazi Germany|German]]-led [[Axis powers]] [[invasion of Yugoslavia|invaded]] in April 1941. On 17 April, ''Zagreb'' was [[Scuttling|scuttled]] by two of her officers at the [[Bay of Kotor]] to prevent her capture by approaching [[Royal Italian Army during World War II|Italian]] forces. Both officers were killed by the explosion of the scuttling charges. A 1967 French film, ''[[Adriatic Sea of Fire|Flammes sur l'Adriatique]]'' (''Adriatic Sea of Fire''), told the story of her demise and the deaths of the two officers. In 1973, on the thirtieth anniversary of the formation of the [[Yugoslav Navy]], both men were posthumously awarded the [[Order of the People's Hero]] by [[President of Yugoslavia|President]] [[Josip Broz Tito]].

==Background==
In the early 1930s, the [[Royal Yugoslav Navy]] ({{langx|sh|Kraljevska mornarica}}; {{lang-sh-Cyrl|Краљевска морнарица}}; КМ) pursued the [[flotilla leader]] concept, which involved building large [[destroyer]]s similar to the World War I British [[Royal Navy]] [[V and W-class destroyer]]s.{{sfn|Freivogel|2014|p=83}} In the [[interwar period|interwar]] [[French Navy]], flotilla leaders were intended to operate as half-flotillas of three ships, or with one flotilla leader operating alongside several smaller destroyers. The KM decided to build three such flotilla leaders, ships that could reach high speeds and would have long endurance. The endurance requirement reflected [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Yugoslav]] plans to deploy the ships to the central [[Mediterranean]], where they would be able to cooperate with French and British warships. This resulted in the construction of the destroyer {{ship|Yugoslav destroyer|Dubrovnik||2}} in 1930–1931. Soon after she was ordered, the onset of the [[Great Depression]] and attendant economic pressures meant that only one ship of the planned half-flotilla was ever built.{{sfn|Freivogel|2014|p=84}} British diplomatic staff reported that although three large destroyers were not going to be built, the intent that ''Dubrovnik'' might operate with several smaller destroyers persisted. In 1934, the KM decided to acquire three smaller destroyers to operate in a [[division (naval)|division]] led by ''Dubrovnik''.{{sfn|Jarman|1997a|p=543}}

==Description and construction==
The [[Beograd-class destroyer|''Beograd'' class]] was developed from a French destroyer design, and the second ship of the class, ''Zagreb'', was built by [[Brodosplit|Jadranska brodogradilišta]] at [[Split, Croatia|Split]], Yugoslavia, under French supervision.{{sfn|Chesneau|1980|pp=357–358}} The shipyard she was constructed in was jointly owned by [[Yarrow Shipbuilders|Yarrow]] and [[Chantiers de la Loire]].{{sfn|''Great Britain and the East''|1938|p=388}} The ship had an [[Length overall|overall length]] of {{convert|98|m|ftin|abbr=on}}, a [[Beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|9.45|m|ft|abbr=on|sigfig=2}}, and a normal [[Draft (hull)|draught]] of {{convert|3.18|m|ftin|abbr=on}}. Her [[Displacement (ship)#Standard displacement|standard displacement]] was {{convert|1210|t|LT|lk=on}}, and she displaced {{convert|1655|t|LT}} at [[Displacement (ship)#Loaded displacement|full load]]. The crew consisted of 145 officers and enlisted men.{{sfn|Chesneau|1980|p=357}} The ship was powered by [[Parsons Marine Steam Turbine Company|Parsons]] [[Steam turbine#Cruising machinery and gearing|geared steam turbine]]s driving two [[propeller]]s, using steam generated by three [[Yarrow boiler|Yarrow]] [[water-tube boiler]]s. Her turbines were rated between {{convert|40000|–|44000|shp|lk=on}} and she was designed to reach a top speed of {{convert|38|–|39|kn|lk=in}}, although she was only able to reach a practical top speed of {{convert|35|kn}} in service.{{sfn|Chesneau|1980|p=357}}{{sfn|Preston|Jordan|Dent|2005|p=99}}{{sfn|Lenton|1975|p=106}} She carried {{convert|120|t|LT|abbr=on}} of [[fuel oil]].{{sfn|Chesneau|1980|p=357}} Although data is not available for ''Zagreb'', her [[sister ship]] ''Beograd'' had a range of {{convert|1000|nmi|lk=in}}.{{sfn|Lenton|1975|p=106}}

Her main armament consisted of four [[Škoda Works|Škoda]] {{convert|120|mm|in|abbr=on}} L/46{{refn|L/46 denotes the length of the gun. In this case, the L/46 gun is 46 [[Caliber (artillery)|calibre]], meaning that the gun was 46 times as long as the diameter of its bore.{{sfn|Friedman|2011|p=294}}|group = lower-alpha}} [[superfiring]] guns in single mounts, two [[bow (ship)|forward]] of the [[superstructure]], and two [[aft]], protected by [[gun shield]]s.{{sfn|Chesneau|1980|p=357}}{{sfn|Jarman|1997a|p=738}}{{sfn|Campbell|1985|p=394}} Her secondary armament consisted of four Škoda {{convert|40|mm|in|abbr=on}} [[Anti-aircraft warfare|anti-aircraft gun]]s in two twin mounts, located on either side of the aft shelter deck.{{sfn|Freivogel|Grobmeier|2006|p=362}}{{sfn|Whitley|1988|p=312}} She was also equipped with two triple mounts of {{convert|550|mm|in|abbr=on}} [[torpedo tubes]] and two [[machine gun]]s.{{sfn|Chesneau|1980|p=357}} Her [[fire-control system]] was provided by the Dutch firm Hazemeyer.{{sfn|Jarman|1997a|p=738}} As-built, she could also carry 30 [[naval mine]]s.{{sfn|Chesneau|1980|p=357}}

She was [[Keel laying|laid down]] in 1936,{{sfn|Jarman|1997a|p=738}}{{sfn|Cernuschi|O'Hara|2005|p=99}} and [[Ceremonial ship launching|launched]] on 30 March 1938.{{sfn|Chesneau|1980|p=357}} ''Zagreb'' was the first warship to be built in Yugoslavia.{{sfn|Jarman|1997b|p=92}} Her launching ceremony was overseen by the wife of the [[Ministry of Defence (Yugoslavia)|Minister of Army and Navy]]{{sfn|''Great Britain and the East''|1938|p=388}} and a public holiday was declared to mark the occasion.{{sfn|Jarman|1997b|p=92}} The destroyer was [[ship commissioning|commissioned]] into the KM in August 1939.{{sfn|Whitley|1988|p=312}}

==Career==
At the time of the [[Nazi Germany|German]]-led [[Axis powers|Axis]] [[invasion of Yugoslavia]] in April 1941, ''Zagreb'' and {{ship|Yugoslav destroyer|Beograd||2}} were allocated to the 1st Torpedo Division headquartered at the [[Bay of Kotor]].{{sfn|Freivogel|Rastelli|2015|p=93}} From the outbreak of war on 6 April, there were Axis air attacks on the ships and shore installations in the Bay of Kotor, but despite near misses, ''Zagreb'' was not hit by any bombs. During the days following the invasion, ''Zagreb'' and other ships were moved to different locations within the bay and camouflaged. On 16 April, the ship's crew was informed of the imminent surrender of the Yugoslav armed forces and ordered not to resist the enemy any further. A large proportion of the crew left the ship upon receiving this news. The following day, with [[Royal Italian Army during World War II|Italian forces]] closing on the Bay of Kotor, two junior officers, [[Milan Spasić (naval lieutenant)|Milan Spasić]] and [[Sergej Mašera]], forced the captain and remaining crew from the ship and set [[scuttling]] charges to prevent her capture. Both officers were killed in the explosions.{{sfn|Luković|2016}}{{sfn|Maritime Museum of Montenegro|2007}} Most of the ship sank, while the portions that remained on the surface burned over the following days.{{sfn|Cafe del Montenegro|2017}} Spasić's remains washed ashore on 21 April and were given a full military funeral by Italian forces on 5 May. Mašera's severed head also washed up and was secretly buried by locals.{{sfn|Luković|2016}}

The destruction of ''Zagreb'' was portrayed in the 1967 French film ''[[Adriatic Sea of Fire|Flammes sur l'Adriatique]]'' (''Adriatic Sea of Fire''), which was directed by [[Alexandre Astruc]], and starred [[Gérard Barray]]. The film was partly filmed on location in [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] and was released in France in 1968.{{sfn|La Cinémathèque française|2001}} In 1973, on the thirtieth anniversary of the establishment of the [[Yugoslav Navy]], the [[President of Yugoslavia]] and wartime [[Yugoslav Partisans|Partisan]] leader [[Josip Broz Tito]] posthumously awarded both officers the [[Order of the People's Hero]] for their courage. In the mid-1980s, Mašera's head was disinterred and forensically identified, after which it was buried at a cemetery in [[Ljubljana]] (in modern-day [[Slovenia]]).{{sfn|Luković|2016}} A portion of ''Zagreb''{{'s}} bow is kept on display at the Maritime Museum of Montenegro in [[Kotor]].{{sfn|Maritime Museum of Montenegro|2007}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

==Footnotes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==

===Books, journals and news===
* {{cite news| title = Addition to Yugoslavia's Fleet| newspaper = Great Britain and the East|location=London|publisher=Brittain| date = 1938| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=KRkLla0P1JwC|ref={{harvid|Great Britain and the East|1938}}|oclc=183360562}}
* {{cite book
  | last = Campbell
  | first = John
  | title = Naval Weapons of World War Two
  | year = 1985
  | publisher = Conway Maritime Press
  | location = London
  | isbn = 978-0-85177-329-2
  }}
* {{cite book
  | editor-last = Jordan
  | editor-first = John
  | publisher = Conway Maritime Press
  | location = London
  | year = 2005
  | title = Warship 2005
  | isbn = 978-1-84486-003-6
  | last1 = Cernuschi
  | first1 = Enrico
  | last2 = O'Hara
  | first2 = Vincent O.
  | chapter = The Star-Crossed ''Split''
  | pages = 97–110
  |name-list-style=amp
  }}
* {{cite book
  | editor-last = Chesneau
  | editor-first = Roger
  | year = 1980
  | title = Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946
  | publisher = Conway Maritime Press
  | location = London
  | isbn = 978-0-85177-146-5
  }}
* {{cite journal
  | last = Freivogel
  | first = Zvonimir
  | year = 2014
  | title = From Glasgow to Genoa under Three Flags – The Yugoslav Flotilla Leader Dubrovnik
  | url = http://ejournal6.com/journals_n/1404051978.pdf
  | journal = Voennyi Sbornik
  | publisher=Academic Publishing House Researcher
  | location=Sochi, Russian Federation
  | issn = 2309-6322
  | volume = 4
  | issue = 2
  | pages = 83–88
  | access-date = 25 October 2014
  }}
* {{cite journal|last1=Freivogel|first1=Zvonimir|last2=Grobmeier|first2=A. H.|year=2006|title= Question 36/05: Armament of Yugoslav Destroyer Leader ''Split''|journal=Warship International|volume=XLIII|issue=4 |page=362 |issn=0043-0374|name-list-style=amp}}
* {{cite book
  | last = Friedman
  | first = Norman
  | author-link = Norman Friedman
  | year = 2011
  | title = Naval Weapons of World War One
  | publisher = Naval Institute Press
  | location = Annapolis, Maryland
  | isbn = 978-1-84832-100-7
  }}
* {{cite book |last1=Freivogel |first1=Zvonimir |last2=Rastelli |first2=Achille |title=Adriatic Naval War 1940-1945 |date=2015 |publisher=Despot Infinitus |location=Zagreb |isbn=978-953-7892-44-9|name-list-style=amp}}
* {{cite book
  | editor-last = Jarman
  | editor-first = Robert L.
  | year = 1997a
  | title = Yugoslavia Political Diaries 1918–1965
  | volume = 2
  | publisher = Cambridge Archive Editions
  | location = Slough, UK
  | isbn = 978-1-85207-950-5
  }}
* {{cite book
  | editor-last = Jarman
  | editor-first = Robert L.
  | year = 1997b
  | title = Yugoslavia Political Diaries 1918–1965
  | volume = 3
  | publisher = Cambridge Archive Editions
  | location = Slough, UK
  | isbn = 978-1-85207-950-5
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last = Lenton
  | first = H.T.
  | author-link = Henry Trevor Lenton
  | year = 1975
  | title = German Warships of the Second World War
  | publisher = Macdonald and Jane's
  | location = London
  | isbn = 978-0-356-04661-7
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last1 = Preston
  | first1 = Antony
  | author-link1 = Antony Preston
  | last2 = Jordan
  | first2 = John
  | last3 = Dent
  | first3 = Stephen
  | title = Warship
  | publisher = Conway Maritime Press
  | location = London
  | year = 2005
  |name-list-style=amp
  | isbn = 978-1-84486-003-6
}}
* {{cite book
  | last = Whitley
  | first = M. J.
  | author-link = Michael J. Whitley
  | title = Destroyers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia
  | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=u4XfAAAAMAAJ
  | year = 1988
  | publisher = Naval Institute Press
  | location = Annapolis, Maryland
  | isbn = 978-0-87021-326-7
  }}

===Websites===
* {{cite web
| url =  http://cinema.encyclopedie.films.bifi.fr/imprime.php?pk=46468
| title = ''Flammes sur l'Adriatique'' (1967) – Alexandre Astruc
| trans-title = ''Adriatic Sea of Fire'' (1967) – Alexandre Astruc
| access-date = 7 November 2016
| publisher  = [[Cinémathèque Française|La Cinémathèque française]]
| language = fr
| year   = 2001
| ref = {{harvid|La Cinémathèque française|2001}}
}}
* {{cite web| url = https://m.cdm.me/drustvo/kako-su-oficiri-spasic-masera-herojski-poginuli-u-boki/| title = Kako su oficiri Spasić i Mašera herojski poginuli u Boki|trans-title=How the officers Spasić and Mašera Heroically Died in Boka| date = 17 April 2017| website = Cafe del Montenegro| language = sh| access-date = 25 January 2020|ref={{harvid|Cafe del Montenegro|2017}} }}
* {{cite web
| last = Luković
| first = Siniša
| url = https://www.vijesti.me/vijesti/zagreb-umire-zagreb-se-ne-predaje-883178
| title = "Zagreb" umire, "Zagreb" se ne predaje
| trans-title = "Zagreb" is dying, "Zagreb" will not surrender
| language = sh
| year = 2016
| website = Vijesti online
| publisher = Vijesti
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171014021538/https://www.vijesti.me/vijesti/zagreb-umire-zagreb-se-ne-predaje-883178
| access-date = 5 November 2016
| archive-date = 14 October 2017
}}
* {{cite web
| url = http://www.museummaritimum.com/eng/prvi%20i%20drugi%20sv%20rat.htm
| title = World War I and II
| year = 2007
| website = Maritime Museum of Montenegro
| access-date = 25 January 2020
| ref = {{harvid|Maritime Museum of Montenegro|2007}}
}}
{{Ships of the Royal Yugoslav Navy}}
{{Beograd class destroyers}}
{{April 1941 shipwrecks}}

{{featured article}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zagreb}}
[[Category:Beograd-class destroyers]]
[[Category:1938 ships]]
[[Category:Ships built in Yugoslavia]]
[[Category:World War II destroyers of Yugoslavia]]
[[Category:Scuttled vessels]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in April 1941]]