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Revision as of 06:42, 10 May 2011

Field hockey has been played by women in Australia since 1901. By 1907, there were clubs in several states including New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania, and Victoria. Women's field hockey was eventually represented by the Australian Institute of Sport, though the amount of support it received was less than the support the men received. The sport for women was originally governed by the All Australian Women's Hockey Association. The game has been played by women on the university and school level. Interstate matches were being played by 1909. The level of play on the interstate level is very high. Australia has competed internationally since 1912. Between 1931 and 1983, Australia's national team has finished first in twice, second five times, third six times and fourth three times in international competitions. During that same time period, Australia's women have competed in sixty-two test matches, where they won twenty-seven, drew eleven and lost twenty-four matches.

History

black and white photo of a female hockey player wearing a knee length skirt and elbow length shirt. She is wearing dark colour tights. She is standing upright while holding the hockey stick pointed down at the ground. She is in a running position and about to hit a ball that is shown in the lower left hand corner.
May Campbell, Australian Field hockey player

The first women's field hockey team founded in Australia was the Wandah Club. This club was based out of Sydney and was created in 1903. It was founded by Miss Clubbe and her sister. Later that year, after the club was founded, school based began to be played in Hobart and Sydney girls' schools.[1] That year also saw the creation of clubs in New South Wales, Tasmania and South Australia.[1] Women's hockey in Australia predates this on an informal, non-club level. Women were informally playing field hockey in New South Wales, South Australia and Tasmania by 1901.[2]Field hockey began to be played by women in Melbourne in 1907.[2]

In January 1981, the Australian Institute of Sport opened. Field hockey, men's or women's, was not a sport that was part of the original group of sports represented by the institute.[3]The sport was later included, with women being represented in equal numbers to their male peers. While the representation by gender would later be similar, space issues at the Australian Institute of Sport prevented some development when compared to the men's game.[3] Hockey was originally based at the Australian Institute of Sport at a Perth based headquarters. This arrangement was done with agreements between the Institute, the Commonwealth government and the government of Western Australia.[3] When hockey was first included at AIS, an initial committee was created which included a chairman from AIS, an AHA representative, an AWHA representative, a representative from WAIT, a representative from Western Australia's government and a sports medicine representative.[3] At the onset, sixteen male players were awarded scholarships but zero female players were.[3]

Women's state teams have historically been coached by men.This means that there are many similarities in the style of play between the men and women's style of play on the local, state and national level.[4]

Governance

The governance of women's field hockey in Australia began in 1907, when a New South Wales association was created.[2] National governance came about on July 2, 1910 when the All Australian Women's Hockey Association was created. The first president of this organisation was Gwynneth Morris of Victoria.[2] The national organisation became an affiliate of the All England Women's Hockey Association right away.[2]

Schools and university

A university field hockey for women was first established at the University of Queensland in 1912.[5]

Interstate

The first interstate match in Australia occurred in 1909 when a New South Wales representative side competed against a representative Victorian side in Melbourne.[2] The first interstate tournament occurred the following year at a competition in Rushcutters Bay, New South Wales. Representative sides from Tasmania, South Australia, Victoria and New South Wales competed.[2]

An interstate competition was held to determine the national champions starting in 1946. In the period between 1946 and 1967, Western Australia's team claimed sole victory in all but five years. Those years they did not win sole victory include 1948 where they shared the top with New South Wales, 1954 when New South Wales won, 1956 when the competition was not held, 1961 when Queensland won, and 1965 when they shared victory with South Australia.[2]

State sides have historically been very competitive, making national team selection very difficult as the level of play is very high.[4] An example of the level of competition being high on the state side can be found in 1983 when a South Australian representative side beat the Indian national team that was doing a tour of the country.[4]

International

A female Australian player with blonde hair moves crouched over on the left of the screen while holding her hockey stick down low to move the ball. Behind her is a brown haired Argentinian player who is also crouched down and moving towards the Australian.
An Australian handles the ball in a match against Argentina in 2005

The first national women's team to visit the country was a team from England in 1912. The England XI team played an All Australian team. This was the first international match the Australia competed in. The English made an appearance in the country on a trip to New Zealand and played only one game.[2] An English representative team was the first to international team to tour Australia. They did this tour in 1927, playing three test matches, an inter-state tournament and matches in every Australian state. England won every game they played during this 1927 tour.[2]

Australia played their first international match on foreign soil in 1930 when they went to South Africa and Rhodesia to compete in an Empire tournament. At the conclusion of this tournament, the team on a tour of the United Kingdom and continental Europe.[2] Australia made their first appearance in a World Championship competition in 1936 in the tournament held in the United States.[2] Australia had their first victory against England in 1953. They beat England 2 goals to 1. This victory occurred at the 5th International Tournament that was held in England that year.[2] In 1959, Australia won their first international tournament: The 1959 Holland Tournament.[4]

In 1967, the Australian women's national team completed a tour of ten countries in a period of four months, playing thirty-one games and only losing five.[2] That same year, they competed in the 9th World Championship where they finished in the top four along side national teams from South Africa, England and Holland.[2] The Australian women participated in the first Women's World Cup for field hockey that was held in 1979.[6] The team finished fourth.[7] During the late 1970s and early 1980s, Australia and New Zealand were both leading women's field hockey nations that were competitive with their European counterparts.[8] In 1981, the Australians won the America's Cup, the first year this competition was held.[9] That same year, the team also competed in the 1981 version of the World Cup.[6] They finished fourth.[7] In 1982, the Australians competed in a New Zealand tournament featuring teams from Holland, the United States, New Zealand, Canada and England.[8] The team finished second.[7] That year, the team also competed in the New Zealand Tournament. They finished second.[7]

The process for qualifying for the 1984 Summer Olympics depended on a team's performance at the 1983 World Cup. The 1983 World Cup was also an significant event for Australian women's field hockey because it was the first World Cup that was governed by the International Hockey Federation, an international governing body that for the first time represented both sexes. The World Cup was held in April in Kuala Lumpur. Australia was in pool A with Scotland, the United States, Wales, the Netherlands and India.[10] Players for the team included Lorraine Wharton.[11]Players for the team included Lorraine Wharton[11] and Elspeth Clement.[10] The team was coached by Brian Glencross.[10] Elspeth Clement was the second leading scorer in the tournament, scoring seven goals, three less than Jane Swinnerton of England who scored ten.[10] The Australians led in penalty scorners awarded in the tournament, with seventy-one, where they converted nine of them into goals.[10] Australia finished tied with England for first in the tournament for penalty strokes award with three. They converted only one of those, compared to England's two.[10]On the first day, Australia beat Wales five to zero.[10] On the third day, Australia beat India by a score of three to two.[12] On the fourth day, Australia tied Scotland one all.[12] On day six, the Netherlands beat Australia one to zero.[12] On day six, the Netherlands beat Australia one to zero.[13] On day seven, Australia tied the American team one all.[14] On day ten during the semi-finals, Australia tied Canada zero to zero. Extra time was played. The game was still a tie. The game went to penalty strokes, which Canada won eight to five. On day twelve, Australia played in the Bronze Medal match and beat Germany by a score of three to one.[13] The Australian team finished third.[7]

Between 1931 and 1983, Australia's national team has finished first in twice, second five times, third six times and fourth three times in international competitions. During that same time period, Australia's women have competed in sixty-two test matches, where they won twenty-seven, drew eleven and lost twenty-four matches.[4]

Uniforms

Early field hockey uniforms in the 1900s and 1910s consisted of high-button shoes, ankle length skirts and long sleeved button up shirts.[15]

People

One of the important people in developing women's field hockey in Australia was Louie Wilkie.[15]

References

  1. ^ a b Pollard 1968, p. 144
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Pollard 1968, p. 145
  3. ^ a b c d e Tronson 1984, p. 74
  4. ^ a b c d e Tronson 1984, p. 112
  5. ^ Howell, Howell & Brown 1989, p. 87
  6. ^ a b Tronson 1984, p. 13
  7. ^ a b c d e Tronson 1984, p. 18
  8. ^ a b Tronson 1984, p. 16
  9. ^ Tronson 1984, p. 10
  10. ^ a b c d e f g Tronson 1984, p. 44
  11. ^ a b Tronson 1984, p. 7
  12. ^ a b c Tronson 1984, p. 46
  13. ^ a b Tronson 1984, p. 48
  14. ^ Tronson 1984, p. 47
  15. ^ a b Howell, Howell & Brown 1989, p. 81

Bibliography

  • Howell, Max; Howell, Reet; Brown, David W. (1989). The Sporting Image, A pictorial history of Queenslanders at play. Brisbane: University of Queensland Press. ISBN 0702222062. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Pollard, Jack (1968). AMPOL book of Australian Sporting Records. Sydney: The Pollard Publishing Co. OCLC 71140. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Tronson, Mark (1984). Esanda's World Hockey. Wallacia, Australia: International Field Hockey Publishing Co. ISBN 9780959110203. OCLC 27616070. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |loc= ignored (help)
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