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Rangefinding telemeter

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+#REDIRECT [[Rangefinding telemeter]]
-{{Short description|Device for determining the distance to an object}}
-{{broader|Length, distance, or range meter}}
-{{redirect-distinguish|Range scanner|3D scanner}}
-{{for|the photographic camera|Rangefinder camera}}
-{{Multiple issues|
-{{more footnotes|date=December 2010}}
-{{Lead too short|date=January 2021}}
-}}
-[[File:Polish destroyer's range-finder.JPG|thumb|The [[coincidence rangefinder]] of [[ORP Wicher (1928)|ORP ''Wicher'']]]]
-[[File:Lightweight Laser Designator Rangefinder, laserowy dalmierz.jpg|thumb|Laser rangefinder]]
-[[File:Graf Spee telémetro 01.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Rangefinding telemeter]] salvaged from [[German cruiser Admiral Graf Spee|German cruiser ''Admiral Graf Spee'']]]]
-[[File:La_Corbière_range_finder.jpg|thumb|right|German range finding tower in Jersey]]
-A '''rangefinder''' is a device that measures distance from the observer to a target, in a process called '''ranging'''.
-==Techniques==
-Active methods use unilateral transmission and passive reflection. Active rangefinding methods include [[laser rangefinder|laser]], [[lidar]], [[radar distance measurement|radar]], [[sonar]] and [[ultrasonic ranging module|ultrasonic rangefinding]].
-Other devices measure distance using [[trigonometry]] are [[Stadiametric rangefinding|stadiametric]], [[coincidence rangefinder|coincidence]] and [[stereoscopic rangefinder]]s. Older methodologies that use a set of known information (usually distance or target sizes) to make the measurement, have been in regular use since the 18th century.
-Special ranging makes use of actively synchronized transmission and [[Time-of-flight|travel time]] measurements. The time difference between several received signals is used to determine exact distances (upon multiplication by the [[speed of light]]). This principle is used in [[satellite navigation]]. In conjunction with a standardized model of the Earth's surface, a location on that surface may be determined with high accuracy. Ranging methods without accurate time synchronization of the receiver are called [[pseudorange]], used, for example, in [[GPS]] positioning.
-With other systems ranging is obtained from passive radiation measurements only: the [[noise]] or [[radiation]] [[signature]] of the object generates the signal that is used to determine range. This [[wikt:asynchronous|asynchronous]] method requires multiple measurements to obtain a range by taking multiple bearings instead of appropriate [[scaling (geometry)|scaling]] of active [[Sonar#Active sonar|pings]], otherwise the system is just capable of providing a simple [[Bearing (navigation)|bearing]] from any single measurement.
-Ranging is the term applied to distance measurement with moving objects. Combining several measurements in a time sequence leads to [[Tracking and tracing (surveillance)|tracking and tracing]]. A commonly used term for residing terrestrial objects is [[surveying]].
-==Applications==
-Applications include [[surveying]], [[navigation]], to assist focusing in [[photography]], choosing a [[golf club]] according to distance, and correcting aim of a projectile [[weapon]] for distance.
-===Golf===
-[[Laser rangefinder]]s are used in golf to measure the yardage of a particular shot but also to gauge slope and wind as well. There has been debate over whether they should be allowed in tournaments. While their use is banned on the professional level, they are becoming widely used on the amateur level.<ref>"Golf Rangefinder Comparison Chart at Golfsmith." Golf Rangefinder Comparison Chart at Golfsmith. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2014.</ref><ref>"While We're Young, USGA." Golf.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2014.</ref>
-===Ballistics===
-Rangefinders may be used by users of [[firearm]]s over long distances, to measure the distance to a target to allow for projectile drop.<ref>Farey, Pat and Spicer, Mark (2009) ''Sniping: An Illustrated History'' Zenith Press, Grand Rapids, Michigan, [https://books.google.com/books?id=l1a-kB-1MMAC&pg=PA7 page 7], {{ISBN|978-0-7603-3717-2}}</ref> Until the development of electronic means of measuring range during the [[Second World War]], warships used very large optical rangefinders—with a baseline of many meters—to measure range for naval gunnery.
-===Forestry===
-Rangefinders are used for surveying in forestry. Special devices with anti-leaf filters are used.
-===Virtual reality===
-Since the 1990s, rangefinders have been used in [[virtual reality]] systems to detect operator movements and locate objects.<ref>Kidd, Cory D. ''et al.'' (1999) "The aware home: A living laboratory for ubiquitous computing research"  ''Lecture Notes in Computer Science'' 1670: pp. 191&ndash;198, {{doi|10.1007/10705432_17}}</ref>
-== See also ==
-* [[Bradley A. Fiske]]
-* [[Dazzle camouflage]]
-* [[Depression range finder]]
-* [[Fire-control system]]
-* [[Range-finder painting]]
-* [[Rangefinding telemeter]]
-* [[Slant range]]
-* [[Tacheometry]]
-* [[Telemeter chronograph]]
-* [[Tellurometer]]
-==References==
-{{Reflist}}
-==Further reading==
-* The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. "Range Finder (instrument)." Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2014.
-===Ballistics===
-* Army Test and Evaluation Command, Aberdeen Proving Ground Maryland (1969)  ''Laser Rangefinders'' Ft. Belvoir [[Defense Technical Information Center]], U.S. Army, Ft. Belvoir, Virginia, {{OCLC|227620848}} 20 pages (early history of the use of lasers in rangefinders)
-* Infantry and Cavalry School (1905) [http://www.cgsc.edu/carl/download/lectures/Rangefinders.pdf ''Notes on rangefinders, compasses and on contouring with the Scale of Horizontal Equivalents''] (series: Infantry and Cavalry School Lectures 1902-1910) Staff College Press, U.S. Army, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, {{OCLC|278057724}}, 35 pages
-===Photography===
-* Photographic and Imaging Manufacturers Association (1999) ''American national standard for photography (optics) : rangefinders and other focusing aids – performance specifications'' (revision and redesignation of "ANSI PH3.619-1988" as "ANSI/PIMA IT3.619-1998") American National Standards Institute, New York, {{OCLC|41501265}}, 14 pages
-* Hicks, Roger and Schultz, Frances (2003) ''Rangefinder: Equipment, History, Techniques'' Guild of Master Craftsman, Lewes, United Kingdom, {{ISBN|1-86108-330-0}}
-===Surveying===
-* {{cite book | last=Rüeger | first=J. M. | title=Electronic Distance Measurement | publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg | location=Berlin, Heidelberg | year=1996 | isbn=978-3-540-61159-2 | doi=10.1007/978-3-642-80233-1}}
-* Infantry and Cavalry School (1905) [http://www.cgsc.edu/carl/download/lectures/Rangefinders.pdf ''Notes on rangefinders, compasses and on contouring with the Scale of Horizontal Equivalents''] (series: Infantry and Cavalry School Lectures 1902-1910) Staff College Press, U.S. Army, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, {{OCLC|278057724}}, 35 pages
-* Whitehouse, J. C. (2005) "[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.924.1109&rep=rep1&type=pdf Further considerations of defocus rangefinders]" ''Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control'' 27(4): pp.&nbsp;297–316
-===Other sources===
-{{Commonscat|Rangefinders}}
-* [https://books.google.com/books?id=7igDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT35 ''Range-Finding in the Army. How to use range-finders to get results: the erect and inverted types,'' [[Popular Science]] monthly, February 1919, page 118–120, Scanned by Google Books]
-* "Rangefinder Comparison - A National Forest Service document" [http://www.fs.fed.us/eng/pubs/html/98241307/98241307.html#Intro]
-* "Light Pulse Generator for rangefinder testing" [https://web.archive.org/web/20110711162313/http://bnc.helpserve.com/index.php?_m=downloads&_a=downloadfile&downloaditemid=96]
-* "Rangefinder for Hunting - A Review Article" [https://honesthunters.com/best-rangefinder-for-hunting-review/]
-[[Category:Firearm sights]]
-[[Category:Forestry tools]]
-[[Category:Length, distance, or range measuring devices]]
-[[Category:Golf equipment]]