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==Summary==
==Summary==


Yockey adopted Spenglerian ideas in ''Imperium''.<ref>{{harvnb|Reilly|2010}}</ref> He described "high culture" as an organic being, "a Life-form at the peak of the organic hierarchy of which plants, animals and men are the lower beings".{{sfn|Gardell|2003|pp=51}} Following [[Oswald Spengler]], Yockey argued that all high cultures follow an organic pattern of birth, growth, maturity, fulfillment and death.{{sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|2002|pp=260}} He asserted that world history was the record of the lives and deaths of eight high cultures, of which the West was the last remaining one. He wrote that each high culture has a soul that seizes humans in its sphere of influence and impresses them into service for cultural expression. Soul of a high culture determines its religious expression, science, art forms, state structures, politics and morality throughout its life span.<ref>{{harvnb|Goodrick-Clarke|2002|pp=260}}</ref> Races, he argued, are "spirituo-biological", changeable, fluid constructions,<ref>{{harvnb|Maibaum|2003|pp=15}}</ref> and raw material for cultural expression, differing in their degree of [[will to power]], an instict to exert power and control over other organisms.{{sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|2002|pp=260}} He argued that civilization is not an end product of progress, but a certain phase in the life of each high culture, and that high cultures are moved by will to power and a "spiritual drive" to fulfill "destiny" and "mission".<ref>{{harvnb|Maibaum|2003|pp=14-15}}</ref> Yockey wrote that the West's fulfillment of its destiny was threatened by "cultural pathology", including interrelated sicknesses of "culture-parasitism", "culture-retardation" and "culture-distortion". Non-Western groups in Western countries, he argued, deprived the West of its spritiual energy by their presence and thus distorted its organic life-path. He claimed that black, Slavic, Jewish and Asian "primitive cultures" lacked the soul and destiny of "high cultures" and described them as cultural parasites of the West.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}} Yockey expressed the [[Crank (person)|crank]] idea that immigration in the early 20th century replaced Western unborn people with Slavs, Jews and Asians (because in his view, immigration caused the birthrate of the native population to fall), thus depriving the Western culture of proper raw material for the fulfillment of its destiny.<ref>{{harvnb|Reilly|2010}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=April 2022}}<ref>{{harvnb|Goodrick-Clarke|2002|pp=76}}</ref> He argued that Jews were most harmful to the Western soul and aggravated a deeper crisis in the West by allegedly promoting materialism, rationalism, liberalism, democracy, equality, feminism, capitalism and communism.{{sfn|Gardell|2003|pp=51-52, 170}}{{sfn|Reilly|2010}}<ref>{{harvnb|Goodrick-Clarke|2002|pp=76}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Coogan |first=Kevin|url=https://www.lobster-magazine.co.uk/free/lobster78/lob78-lost-imperium.pdf|title='Lost Imperium? Yockey: 20 years later.' Review of Yockey: A Fascist Odyssey by Kerry Bolton|date=2019 |publisher=Lobster Magazine|pages=6 |language=en}}</ref> He claimed that the United States (which he considered as a Western colony) was lost in the "the American Revolution of 1933", a presidential victory of [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], which he alleged was a Jewish seizure of political power, as opposed to "the European Revolution of 1933" represented by the rise of Hitler in Germany.<ref>{{harvnb|Goodrick-Clarke|2002|pp=76}}</ref> According to Yockey, Hitler set Europe toward a fulfillment of its destiny as a unified empire, which the United States sided with Russia to stop. Yockey decried the postwar trials by "extra-European forces" that he termed "[[show trial]]s", and in an early example of [[Holocaust denial]] claimed the [[Gas chamber#Nazi Germany|gas chambers]] were faked to discredit the Nazis.<ref>{{harvnb|Goodrick-Clarke|2002|pp=76}}</ref> However, Yockey saw outcomes of the world wars of the first half of the 20th century as only temporary setbacks toward the ultimate goal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reilly |first=John |date=2010-09-12 |title=Francis Parker Yockey’s ‘Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics’ |url=http://constantinereport.com/francis-parker-yockeys-imperium-the-philosophy-of-history-and-politics/|url-status=live |access-date=2022-04-24 |website=Constantine Report|language=en}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=April 2022}}
Yockey adopted Spenglerian ideas in ''Imperium''.<ref>{{harvnb|Reilly|2010}}</ref> He described "high culture" as an organic being, "a Life-form at the peak of the organic hierarchy of which plants, animals and men are the lower beings".{{sfn|Gardell|2003|pp=51}} Following [[Oswald Spengler]], Yockey argued that all high cultures follow an organic pattern of birth, growth, maturity, fulfillment and death.{{sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|2002|pp=260}} He asserted that world history was the record of the lives and deaths of eight high cultures, of which the West was the last remaining one. He wrote that each high culture has a soul that seizes humans in its sphere of influence and impresses them into service for cultural expression. Soul of a high culture determines its religious expression, science, art forms, state structures, politics and morality throughout its life span.<ref>{{harvnb|Goodrick-Clarke|2002|pp=260}}</ref> Races, he argued, are "spirituo-biological", changeable, fluid constructions,<ref>{{harvnb|Maibaum|2003|pp=15}}</ref> and raw material for cultural expression, differing in their degree of [[will to power]], an instict to exert power and control over other organisms.{{sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|2002|pp=260}} He argued that civilization is not an end product of progress, but a certain phase in the life of each high culture, and that high cultures are moved by will to power and a "spiritual drive" to fulfill "destiny" and "mission".<ref>{{harvnb|Maibaum|2003|pp=14-15}}</ref> Yockey wrote that the West's fulfillment of its destiny was threatened by "cultural pathology", including interrelated sicknesses of "culture-parasitism", "culture-retardation" and "culture-distortion". Non-Western groups in Western countries, he argued, deprived the West of its spritiual energy by their presence and thus distorted its organic life-path. He claimed that black, Slavic, Jewish and Asian "primitive cultures" lacked the soul and destiny of "high cultures" and described them as cultural parasites of the West.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}} Yockey claimed that Slavs, Jews and Asians displaced unborn Western people, thus depriving culture of proper raw material for the fulfillment of its destiny.<ref>{{harvnb|Goodrick-Clarke|2002|pp=76}}</ref> He argued that Jews were most harmful to the Western soul and aggravated a deeper crisis in the West by allegedly promoting materialism, rationalism, liberalism, democracy, equality, feminism, capitalism and communism.{{sfn|Gardell|2003|pp=51-52, 170}}{{sfn|Reilly|2010}}<ref>{{harvnb|Goodrick-Clarke|2002|pp=76}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Coogan |first=Kevin|url=https://www.lobster-magazine.co.uk/free/lobster78/lob78-lost-imperium.pdf|title='Lost Imperium? Yockey: 20 years later.' Review of Yockey: A Fascist Odyssey by Kerry Bolton|date=2019 |publisher=Lobster Magazine|pages=6 |language=en}}</ref> He claimed that the United States (which he considered as a Western colony) was lost in the "the American Revolution of 1933", a presidential victory of [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], which he alleged was a Jewish seizure of political power, as opposed to "the European Revolution of 1933" represented by the rise of Hitler in Germany.<ref>{{harvnb|Goodrick-Clarke|2002|pp=76}}</ref> According to Yockey, Hitler set Europe toward a fulfillment of its destiny as a unified empire, which the United States sided with Russia to stop. Yockey decried the postwar trials by "extra-European forces" that he termed "[[show trial]]s", and in an early example of [[Holocaust denial]] claimed the [[Gas chamber#Nazi Germany|gas chambers]] were faked to discredit the Nazis.<ref>{{harvnb|Goodrick-Clarke|2002|pp=76}}</ref> However, Yockey saw outcomes of the world wars of the first half of the 20th century as only temporary setbacks toward the ultimate goal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reilly |first=John |date=2010-09-12 |title=Francis Parker Yockey’s ‘Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics’ |url=http://constantinereport.com/francis-parker-yockeys-imperium-the-philosophy-of-history-and-politics/|url-status=live |access-date=2022-04-24 |website=Constantine Report|language=en}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=April 2022}}


==Publication==
==Publication==

Revision as of 01:40, 25 April 2022

Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics
AuthorFrancis Parker Yockey
LanguageEnglish
SubjectPhilosophy of history
Political philosophy
Publication date
1948
Publication placeIreland

Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics is a Spenglerian, antisemitic 1948 book by Francis Parker Yockey, using the pen name Ulick Varange, that calls for a pan-European empire.[1][2][3][4] The book was dedicated to Adolf Hitler, who Yockey called "the hero of the Second World War".[2]

Summary

Yockey adopted Spenglerian ideas in Imperium.[5] He described "high culture" as an organic being, "a Life-form at the peak of the organic hierarchy of which plants, animals and men are the lower beings".[6] Following Oswald Spengler, Yockey argued that all high cultures follow an organic pattern of birth, growth, maturity, fulfillment and death.[7] He asserted that world history was the record of the lives and deaths of eight high cultures, of which the West was the last remaining one. He wrote that each high culture has a soul that seizes humans in its sphere of influence and impresses them into service for cultural expression. Soul of a high culture determines its religious expression, science, art forms, state structures, politics and morality throughout its life span.[8] Races, he argued, are "spirituo-biological", changeable, fluid constructions,[9] and raw material for cultural expression, differing in their degree of will to power, an instict to exert power and control over other organisms.[7] He argued that civilization is not an end product of progress, but a certain phase in the life of each high culture, and that high cultures are moved by will to power and a "spiritual drive" to fulfill "destiny" and "mission".[10] Yockey wrote that the West's fulfillment of its destiny was threatened by "cultural pathology", including interrelated sicknesses of "culture-parasitism", "culture-retardation" and "culture-distortion". Non-Western groups in Western countries, he argued, deprived the West of its spritiual energy by their presence and thus distorted its organic life-path. He claimed that black, Slavic, Jewish and Asian "primitive cultures" lacked the soul and destiny of "high cultures" and described them as cultural parasites of the West.[citation needed] Yockey claimed that Slavs, Jews and Asians displaced unborn Western people, thus depriving culture of proper raw material for the fulfillment of its destiny.[11] He argued that Jews were most harmful to the Western soul and aggravated a deeper crisis in the West by allegedly promoting materialism, rationalism, liberalism, democracy, equality, feminism, capitalism and communism.[12][13][14][15] He claimed that the United States (which he considered as a Western colony) was lost in the "the American Revolution of 1933", a presidential victory of Franklin D. Roosevelt, which he alleged was a Jewish seizure of political power, as opposed to "the European Revolution of 1933" represented by the rise of Hitler in Germany.[16] According to Yockey, Hitler set Europe toward a fulfillment of its destiny as a unified empire, which the United States sided with Russia to stop. Yockey decried the postwar trials by "extra-European forces" that he termed "show trials", and in an early example of Holocaust denial claimed the gas chambers were faked to discredit the Nazis.[17] However, Yockey saw outcomes of the world wars of the first half of the 20th century as only temporary setbacks toward the ultimate goal.[18][better source needed]

Publication

Imperium spanned 600 pages in two volumes.[19] Yockey invited Oswald Mosley to publish Imperium in his name, but Mosley refused.[citation needed] Publication of Imperium was financed by the Mosleyites Guy Chesham, Peter Huxley-Blythe and Baroness von Pflugl.[20]

The far-right activist and antisemite Willis Carto acquired the rights to Imperium from Westropa Press, and published it more widely in 1948.[21][22] The 1962 edition, published after Yockey's suicide in jail in 1960, included an introduction by Carto,[22] along with Revilo P. Oliver's positive review.[23][third-party source needed]

Influence

Imperium has been called the most influential antisemitic book since Hitler's Mein Kampf.[22] It influenced the American neo-Nazi James H. Madole, the racial Odinist Else Christensen, the fascist Christian Bouchet and the British neo-Nazi David Myatt.[24] Some others on the far right[who?] considered Imperium the "impenetrable ramblings of a madman".[4] The book's ideology was adopted by Willis Carto for the National Youth Alliance and some members of groups such as the Liberty Lobby (founded by Carto) and the American Independent Party.[25] Liberty Lobby and its spinoffs promoted Imperium as the Mein Kampf of postwar Nazism.[19]

Italian hermetic philosopher Julius Evola praised Yockey’s work.[26]

References

  1. ^ Goodrick-Clarke 2002, p. 75: "While in Ireland he [Yockey] wrote Imperium (1948), a voluminous account of Western heritage and destiny from a Spenglerian point of view."
  2. ^ a b Goodrick-Clarke 2002.
  3. ^ Mostrom 2020.
  4. ^ a b Kaplan, Jeffrey (2000). Encyclopedia of White Power: A Sourcebook on the Radical Racist Right. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-7425-0340-3.
  5. ^ Reilly 2010
  6. ^ Gardell 2003, pp. 51.
  7. ^ a b Goodrick-Clarke 2002, pp. 260.
  8. ^ Goodrick-Clarke 2002, pp. 260
  9. ^ Maibaum 2003, pp. 15
  10. ^ Maibaum 2003, pp. 14–15
  11. ^ Goodrick-Clarke 2002, pp. 76
  12. ^ Gardell 2003, pp. 51–52, 170.
  13. ^ Reilly 2010.
  14. ^ Goodrick-Clarke 2002, pp. 76
  15. ^ Coogan, Kevin (2019). 'Lost Imperium? Yockey: 20 years later.' Review of Yockey: A Fascist Odyssey by Kerry Bolton (PDF). Lobster Magazine. p. 6.
  16. ^ Goodrick-Clarke 2002, pp. 76
  17. ^ Goodrick-Clarke 2002, pp. 76
  18. ^ Reilly, John (2010-09-12). "Francis Parker Yockey's 'Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics'". Constantine Report. Retrieved 2022-04-24.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  19. ^ a b Lee, Martin A. (2000). The Beast Reawakens: Fascism's Resurgence from Hitler's Spymasters to Today's Neo-Nazi Groups and Right-Wing Extremists. New York. pp. 94, 157. ISBN 978-1-135-28124-3. OCLC 858861623.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  20. ^ Goodrick-Clarke 2002, pp. 77: "In 1949 Yockey’s Mosleyite circle included Guy Chesham, Peter Huxley-Blythe and Baroness von Pflugl, who financed the publication of Imperium."
  21. ^ Durham, Martin (2007-11-13). White Rage: The Extreme Right and American Politics. Routledge. pp. 25, 26. ISBN 978-1-134-23181-2.
  22. ^ a b c Mostrom, Anthony (2020-08-08). "America's "Mein Kampf": Francis Parker Yockey and "Imperium"". Los Angeles Review of Books. Retrieved 2022-01-05.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  23. ^ Oliver, Revilo P. (1962). "Revilo P. Oliver › Introduction to Imperium". Noontide Press. Archived from the original on 21 November 2018. Retrieved 2022-01-05.
  24. ^ Goodrick-Clarke 2002, pp. 5, 74, 76, 216, 221, 223, 226, 261.
  25. ^ Maibaum 2003, pp. 17
  26. ^ Steiger, Brad and Steiger, Sherry Hanson (2006). Conspiracies and Secret Societies: The Complete Dossier. Canton Township, Michigan: Visible Ink Press. p. 511. ISBN 978-1-57859-174-9.

Sources

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