Percival Lowell: Difference between revisions
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It's notable that predictions of a planet beyond [[Neptune (planet)|Neptune]] were based on discrepancies between the predicted and observed positions of Neptune and [[Uranus (planet)|Uranus]], and the erroneous assumption that such discrepancies were caused by the gravitational influence of an unknown planet. These discrepancies were due to erroneous values for the masses of Neptune and Uranus; with modern precise values, the discrepancies disappear. It is now known that the mass of Pluto is too small to exert an appreciable gravitational influence large enough to disturb the orbits of other planets to a degree we can observe and measure. |
It's notable that predictions of a planet beyond [[Neptune (planet)|Neptune]] were based on discrepancies between the predicted and observed positions of Neptune and [[Uranus (planet)|Uranus]], and the erroneous assumption that such discrepancies were caused by the gravitational influence of an unknown planet. These discrepancies were due to erroneous values for the masses of Neptune and Uranus; with modern precise values, the discrepancies disappear. It is now known that the mass of Pluto is too small to exert an appreciable gravitational influence large enough to disturb the orbits of other planets to a degree we can observe and measure. |
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''Lowell's canals on Mars were never independently verified and Mars in fact does not have the features he described. In the face of ridicule from the scientific community and fascination from the science-appreciation community, he continued to record and publish his observations. In light of his many other notable and verifiable scientific contributions, history could never dismiss his canals and they have remained a mystery. It is now hypothesized that his observations were, in fact, real: Without his knowledge, he was carefully and scientifically mapping the blood vessels of his own retina! His observations were done with a custom-designed and unique eyepiece that allowed the observer a wider field of view necessary for observing such a relatively close object the size of Mars. Frustratingly, it had the effect of causing the image to only be sharp when the observer's eye was in the exact center of the eyepiece and the observer had to remain very still, much more so than with any other instrument. Unknown to Lowell, another characteristic of his custom made eyepiece was that some of the light incident upon the observer's eye was reflected back into the telescope and then reflected again returning to the eye as part of the image itself. Percival Lowell's canals are a tribute to his faithful recording of data and a reminder to us all that science is more (or less) than meets the eye.'' {{fact}} |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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Revision as of 14:08, 25 April 2007
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| Asteroids discovered: 1 |
| Designator (name): 793 Arizona |
| Discovery Date: April 9 1907 |
Percival Lowell (March 13, 1855–November 12, 1916) was a businessman, author, mathematician, and astronomer who fueled speculation that there were canals on Mars, founded the Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona, and formed the beginning of the effort that led to the discovery of Pluto 14 years after his death.
Biography
Percival Lowell, a descendant of the Boston Lowell family, was the brother of A. Lawrence, president of Harvard University, and Amy, an imagist poet, critic, and publisher.
Percival graduated from Harvard University in 1876 with distinction in mathematics.
In the 1880s, Lowell traveled extensively in the Far East. In August of 1883, he served as a foreign secretary and counsellor for a special Korean diplomatic mission to the United States. He also spent significant periods of time in Japan, writing books on Japanese religion, psychology, and behavior. His texts are filled with observations and academic discussions of various aspects of Japanese life, including language, religious practices, economics, travel in Japan, and the development of personality. Books by Percival Lowell on the Orient include Noto (1891) and Occult Japan (1894); the latter from his third and final trip to the region. The most popular of Lowell's books on the Orient, The Soul of the Far East, (1888) contains an early synthesis of some of his ideas, that in essence, postulated that human progress is a function of the qualities of individuality and imagination.
Beginning in the winter of 1893-94, using his wealth and influence, Lowell became determined to study Mars and astronomy as a full-time career after reading Camille Flammarion's La planète Mars.[1] He was interested in the canals of Mars, as drawn by Italian astronomer Giovanni Schiaparelli, who was director of the Milan Observatory.
For the last 23 years of his life astronomy, Lowell Observatory, and his and others' work at his observatory were the focal points of his life. Lowell died on November 12, 1916 and was buried on Mars Hill near his observatory.
Astronomy career
In 1894 he moved to Flagstaff, Arizona. At an altitude of over 7000 feet, and with few cloudy nights, it was an excellent site for astronomical observations. For the next fifteen years he studied Mars extensively, and made intricate drawings of the surface markings as he perceived them. Lowell published his views in three books: Mars (1895), Mars and Its Canals (1906), and Mars As the Abode of Life (1908). He thereby instigated the long-held belief that Mars had once sustained intelligent life forms.
His works include a detailed description of what he termed the 'non-natural features' of the planet's surface, including especially a full account of the 'canals,' single and double; the 'oases,' as he termed the dark spots at their intersections; and the varying visibility of both, depending partly on the Martian seasons. He upheld the theory that the canals had been constructed for the purpose of 'husbanding' Mars's scanty water-supply.
Lowell's greatest contribution to planetary studies came during the last 8 years of his life, which he devoted to the search for Planet X, which was the designation for a planet beyond Neptune. The search continued for a number of years after his death at Flagstaff in 1916; the planet, named Pluto was discovered by Clyde Tombaugh in 1930. Pluto's astronomical symbol is a stylized P-L monogram, 
, chosen in part to honor Lowell.
It's notable that predictions of a planet beyond Neptune were based on discrepancies between the predicted and observed positions of Neptune and Uranus, and the erroneous assumption that such discrepancies were caused by the gravitational influence of an unknown planet. These discrepancies were due to erroneous values for the masses of Neptune and Uranus; with modern precise values, the discrepancies disappear. It is now known that the mass of Pluto is too small to exert an appreciable gravitational influence large enough to disturb the orbits of other planets to a degree we can observe and measure.
Lowell's canals on Mars were never independently verified and Mars in fact does not have the features he described. In the face of ridicule from the scientific community and fascination from the science-appreciation community, he continued to record and publish his observations. In light of his many other notable and verifiable scientific contributions, history could never dismiss his canals and they have remained a mystery. It is now hypothesized that his observations were, in fact, real: Without his knowledge, he was carefully and scientifically mapping the blood vessels of his own retina! His observations were done with a custom-designed and unique eyepiece that allowed the observer a wider field of view necessary for observing such a relatively close object the size of Mars. Frustratingly, it had the effect of causing the image to only be sharp when the observer's eye was in the exact center of the eyepiece and the observer had to remain very still, much more so than with any other instrument. Unknown to Lowell, another characteristic of his custom made eyepiece was that some of the light incident upon the observer's eye was reflected back into the telescope and then reflected again returning to the eye as part of the image itself. Percival Lowell's canals are a tribute to his faithful recording of data and a reminder to us all that science is more (or less) than meets the eye. [citation needed]
See also
External links
Notes
- ^ Chambers P. (1999), Life on Mars; The Complete Story, London: Blandford, ISBN 0713727470
References
- Zahnel K. (2001). "Decline and Fall of the Martian Empire". Nature. 412: 209–213. doi:10.1038/35084148.
- Crossley R. (2000). "Percival Lowell and the history of Mars". Massachusetts Review. 41: 297–318.
{{cite journal}}: Text "issue3" ignored (help) - Strauss D. (1994). "Lowell, Percival, Pickering, W.H. and the founding of the Lowell Observartory". Annals of Science. 51 (1): 37–58. doi:10.1080/00033799400200121.
- Trefil J. (1988). "Turn-of-the-Century American Astronomer Lowell, Percival". Smithsonian. 18 (10): 34-.
- Meyer W. B. (1984). "Life on Mars is almost Certain + Lowell,Percival on Exobiology". American Heritage. 35 (2): 38–43.
- Hetherington N. S. (1981). "Lowell, Percival - Professional Scientist or Interloper". Journal of the History of Ideas. 42 (1): 159–161.
- Heffernan W. C. (1981). "Lowell, Percival and the Debate over Extraterrestrial Life". Journal of the History of Ideas. 42 (3): 527–530.
- Webb G. E. (1980). "The Planet Mars and Science in Victorian America". Journal of American Culture. 3 (4): 573. doi:10.1111/j.1542-734X.1980.0304_573.x.
- Hoyt W. G., Wesley W. G. (1977). "Lowell and Mars". American Journal of Physics. 45 (3): 316–317. doi:10.1119/1.10630.
- Hofling C. K. (1964). "Percival Lowell and the Canals of Mars". British Journal of Medical Psychology. 37 (1): 33–42.