Gwangju Uprising

The Gwangju massacre (Korean: 광주 민주화운동:Gwangju Democratization Movement) refers to the violent suppression of a popular uprising in the city of Gwangju, South Korea from May 18 to May 27, 1980. It is simply called 5.18 by South Koreans.

For the period of Chun Doo-hwan's reign, the incident was fabricated as a rebellion inspired by Communist sympathisers. But after civil rule was reinstated, the incident received recognition as an effort to restore democracy from military rule. The government made a formal apology for the incident, and a national cemetery was established for the victims.

Timeline

May 17, 1980

After the Coup d'état of December Twelfth (1979) in Seoul, ROK Army Lieutenant General Chun Doo-hwan, commander of Security Command, declared martial law on May 17, 1980 to suppress student demonstrations around the country. The next day, students in Gwangju protested at the gate of Chonnam National University against the closing of the university, when armed forces blocking the university responded with violent means. After the incident, students moved into the downtown area, where they were joined by the citizens of the city. The growing crowd was met by the use of force, including gunfire, that caused some fatalities.

May 20, 1980

As the news of the fatalities spread, on May 20, protesters burned down the MBC local station which, under effective government control, portrayed the protests as hooligans led by Communist agents. By May 21, some 300,000 people had joined the protest against the General's power; weapons depots and police stations were looted of their weapons and the civil militias, known as the Citizen Army, beat back the armed forces, killing several soldiers.

With all routes and communications leading in and out of the city blocked by armed forces, a civilian body was formed to maintain order and conduct negotiations with the government. Although order was well maintained, a number of negotiations to resolve the situation failed to achieve any results.

May 27, 1980

On May 27, airborne and army troops from five divisions were inserted and defeated the civil militias in the downtown area in only 90 minutes.　

Background

Tim Shorrock, through his analysis of recently declassified U.S. government documents, has suggested the following regarding U.S. involvement with the incident:

• Senior officials in the Carter administration, fearing that chaos in South Korea could unravel a vital military ally and possibly tempt North Korea to intervene, approved Chun's plans to use military units against the large student demonstrations that rocked Korean cities in the spring of 1980.

• Two of the key decision-makers at the time were Warren Christopher, later to become President Clinton's secretary of state, and Richard C. Holbrooke, the U.S. chief negotiator on Bosnia. In 1980, Christopher was deputy secretary of state and Holbrooke was assistant secretary of state of East Asian and Pacific affairs.

• U.S. officials in Seoul and Washington had indications that Chun would deploy a unit of the ROK Army Special Warfare Command to Gwangju. Special Forces brigades had been used previously for internal stability operations in several cities in South Korea, and during the period of the Gwangju Uprising, Special Forces units repositioned around the country, including one unit that the Defense Intelligence Agency assessed would likely be used in Gwangju or Cholla.

• On May 22, 1980, in the midst of the Gwangju uprising, the Carter administration approved further use of force to retake the city and agreed to provide short-term support to Chun if he agreed to long-term political change.

The findings above are however controversial, and have been contested in some quarters.

Casualties

The death toll of the 1980 Gwangju Massacre has been subject to considerable dispute. The official investigation by the civilian government in the 1990s found the number of civilians confirmed dead to be 207. [1] In addition they found 987 "Other Casualties" who suffered substantial injury. However, a BBC report indicated that these numbers may be conservative. [2] Estimates prepared by dissident groups during the period of military government rule, and opposition parties in the late-1980s such as the Peace and Democracy Party, claimed that one to two thousand had died. [3] However, detailed information about the identities of the dead has not been provided to back up these claims.

See also

• Coup d'état of December Twelfth

External links

• The May 18 National Cemetery (in Korean and English)
• 1980: The Kwangju uprising - article about the uprising, with comment on the organs of self-administration people developed.
• Kwangju: Citizen's response to state violence (AHRC HRCS Educational Module)
• Kwangju: People's perseverence in seeking justice (AHRC HRCS Educational Module)
• Kwangju: A flame of Democracy (by Sanjeewa Liyanage)
• Photo gallery
• Shorrock, Tim. "The U.S. Role in Korea in 1979 and 1980".
• "Lingering legacy of Korean massacre", BBC News, May 18, 2005.
• "United States Government Statement on the Events in Kwangju, Republic of Korea, in May 1980, June 19, 1989