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-[[Image:Chenilval 006.jpg|thumb|300px|right| Paris Teknival, May 2005]]
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-'''Teknivals''' (the word is a [[portmanteau]] of the words [[free tekno|tekno]] and [[music festival|festival]]) are large [[free party|free parties]] which take place worldwide. They take place most often in Europe and are often illegal under various national or regional laws. They vary in size from dozens to thousands of people, depending on factors such as accessibility and reputation, weather and of course the police. The parties often take place in venues far away from residential areas such as squatted warehouses, empty military bases, forests or fields. The teknival phenomenon is a [[grassroots]] movement which has grown out of the [[rave]], [[New age travellers|UK traveller]] and [[Burning Man]] scenes and spawned an entire [[subculture]] (though some have argued that such global networks call for the term post-subculture). Summer is the usual season for teknivals.
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-==History==
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-Teknivals are a larger scale version of free parties and emerged in the early [[1990s]], when [[acid house party|acid house parties]] and [[New age travellers|travellers]] in [[United Kingdom|Great Britain]] became the target of political repression, culminating in the [[Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994]] <ref name=CJ94>Full Government text of [http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1994/Ukpga_19940033_en_6.htm#mdiv63 Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994] section 63</ref>. Section 63 of the Act gave the police new powers to close down illegal parties.
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-[[freetekno soundsystem|Sound systems]] then started travelling to countries in Europe where laws were less restrictive and the authorities were uncertain how to stop the festivals. One of the most famous of these sound systems was [[Spiral Tribe]], which was at the forefront of the free party movement in Europe. Other systems were called [[Bedlam sound system|Bedlam]], Circus Normal, Circus Warp and Vox Populi.  Desert Storm sound system organised teknivals in France and Spain and brought raves to war-torn [[Sarajevo]], Bosnia, in 1996. At one party the front-line was 10 kilometres away and they were asked to turn off their lights in case they attracted enemy fire <ref>http://www.undercurrents.org/desertstorm23/desert1.htm</ref>.
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-While some teknivals are one-off events, most take place every year on or around the same date; the biggest, such as the ones in [[France]] or [[Czechtek]] in the [[Czech Republic]] (which blossomed from a small festival in 1994), can attract up to 80,000 visitors.
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-Just as the word 'teknival' was formed by merging together the words 'tekno' and 'festival', teknivals in different countries are referred to by abbreviated names, such as the aforementioned [[Czechtek]], and also Poltek (Poland), Slovtek (Slovakia), Southtek (South Germany), Dutchtek (Netherlands), Easttek (East Germany), [[Northtek]] (Canada) and Occitek ([[Occitania]], South France). NorthTek was held on [[Crown Land]] in [[Ontario]].
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-== French Teknivals ==
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-As thousands of sound systems proliferated post-Spiral Tribe, France rapidly became the center of the teknival world. The May Day teknival at Fontainebleau near Paris was attracting 60-80,000 people by the late 1990s and, by 2004, as a now legitimate (but still non-commercial) event, up to 110,000 with over 200 sound systems. Eventual amendments to the public safety laws, the Loi sur la Securité Quotidienne, were passed in 2002 (known as the “Mariani Law” named after Thierry Mariani) in which free parties became linked with terrorism. Like the UK’s CJA, this effectively criminalized large free festivals and increased police powers to prevent these events. Legitimate teknivals, now dubbed “Sarkovals” after [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] (formerly the Minister of the Interior, now President) would require permission from the Ministry. But while regulatory interventions have inaugurated the institutionalization and commercialization of a scene rooted in an autonomous vibe, the scene still thrives. Currently French law permits free parties with 500 people or under (subject to no noise complaints), and while Prefets generally refuse the applications now required for free parties with over 500 people, through constant negotiations with the Ministry of Interior since the August 2002 teknival on the French/Italian frontier at Col de l’Arches where sound crews set up rigs inside the Italian border facing the party goers in France,<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2196478.stm</ref> the French Government have reluctantly allowed up to three large teknivals each year, even though they are technically unauthorized events. Teknivals also take place outside legal festivals such as [[Printemps de Bourges]], [[Transmusicales]] in Rennes or [[Borealis]] in Montpellier.<ref>eds Hugh Dauncey, H. and Cannon S. (2003) Popular Music in France from Chanson to Techno: Culture, Identity, and Society Page 238, Ashgate, ISBN 0-7546-0849-2</ref>. Teknival negotiators deal directly with the Ministry of Interior, not the Ministry of Culture (with whom the commercial ventures seeking official status must deal) indicating that they are largely not cultural but security concerns.
-== UK Teknivals ==
-Recently in the United Kingdom teknivals have occurred again, despite huge police attention. In 2002 the tenth anniversary of the legendary [[Castlemorton Common Festival|Castlemorton rave]] was celebrated at Steart Beach <ref>http://www.squall.co.uk/squall.cfm?sq=2002061403&ct=9</ref> <ref>http://www.crossbones.co.uk/uktek2002.htm</ref> in Somerset (there had also been a smaller teknival at the same location one year previously). In 2005 there was a UKtek in Wales <ref>http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2005/05/312259.html</ref>
-<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/south_west/4593319.stm</ref> and also a teknival known as Scumtek that happened twice in London. The first Scumtek was stopped by the police.
-saw a teknival occur in Camelford, Cornwall. The event saw approximately 2,500 people attend, and was eventually clamped down on by the police three days after the event began.
-==Czech Teknivals==
-Please see the [[CzechTek]] page.
-==Organization==
-[[freetekno soundsystem|Sound systems]] gather on the site and play varied types of electronic music. Along with each sound system come friends and travellers so most teknivals have a multicultural atmosphere.  The parties can last for several days or even weeks. Teknivals are organised by the sound system community using underground methods such as [[word of mouth]], answerphone messages, [[flyer (pamphlet)]] and [[Internet forum|internet discussion boards]]. Normally the flyer states that the party is an open invitation, thus any artist who turns up can play music. The emphasis is on a [[DIY ethic]]. As well as local sound systems, who might act as the hosts, larger sound systems can spend the summer travelling from one teknival to the next before returning to their home country for the winter.
-[[Image:Dutchtek aug 2001.JPG|thumb|300px|none| Dutch teknival, August 2001]]
-==Music==
-Since a teknival can last a week or longer, many musical styles will be represented. The music which grew in tandem with teknivals was [[free tekno]], which is characterised by heavy, repetitive kick drums and is normally about 180 [[Beats per minute|bpm]]. The DJs and party goers are unconcerned by musical boundaries, so a lot of different, mostly electronic, music is played and performed.
-Most sound systems play styles such as [[acid techno]], [[spiral tekno]], [[terrorcore]], [[electro (music)|electro]], [[jungle music]], [[breakcore]] and [[speedcore]]. Instead of focusing on genre, the music can be characterised by being more underground than the music heard in clubs and at commercial parties, although some sound systems might specialise in a certain subgenre. The music is played by [[DJ]]s playing vinyl records and [[Mp3]] files on a [[computer]]. Livesets are also frequently played using a variety of equipment: [[keyboards]], [[drum machines]], [[Effects pedal|guitar effects pedals]], [[MIDI controller]] and [[computers]].
-At early teknivals, sound systems would play until either no-one was left dancing or the [[diesel]] ran out in the [[electrical generator|generator]].
-==Subculture==
-The teknival is often regarded as an example of what [[Hakim Bey]] has termed the [[Temporary Autonomous Zone]] <ref>http://www.hermetic.com/bey/taz_cont.html</ref>, though in interviews Bey has professed that rave culture's interest in technology remains problematic for the implementation of the TAZ. However this has not stopped various groups from claiming the teknival and rave culture in general as the implementation of the TAZ.<ref>http://quadrantcrossing.org/papers/ItsNotARave-Fuse2003-tV.pdf</ref>
-Anyone is welcome to enter the site, there is no ticket or fee. Normally any artist who turns up is encouraged to participate. Over the course of a few days the site can grow into a confusing village of sound systems, cafes, tents and vehicles.
-[[Recreational drug use]] is common but by no means a prerequisite for entry. Drugs used include [[marijuana]], [[ketamine]], [[MDMA]] (ecstasy), [[alcohol]], [[amphetamine]] (speed), [[LSD]] and [[magic mushrooms]].<ref>Collins, M., (1997) Altered States: The Story of Ecstasy and Acid House, Serpent's Tail, ISBN 1-85242-604-7 </ref>
-At the teknival site one finds a mixed group of young people which may include students, tekno travellers, squatters and hippies, bonded together by their love for listening to [[free tekno]] 'sous les etoiles' (translation: 'under the stars') - as an early flyer proclaimed.
-It is usually the perception that there is no "coherent" politics or philosophical stance represented by the teknival subculture, mainly due to the fact that emphasis is placed on individual freedom. Many young teknival goers are disillusioned with mainstream politics. Nevertheless, the parties themselves require complex collective organisation and, in order to be successful, a sustainable environment of community relations. In themselves such events can be seen as a political statement of self-organisation at a distance from the State. Clashes with the police have mobilised some people to action against laws which would prohibit self-organisation and gathering to enjoy teknivals. These clashes date back to the '80s (when teknivals were arguably indistinguishable from UK Orbital raves, summer acid house parties, UK traveller gatherings, Stonehenge pagan events, early Burning Man and tribal gatherings, trance parties in Goa, India and the like) and have continued to be part of teknival life. In April 2006 there was a march followed by a small teknival in Strasbourg, France to protest against police repression generally and more specifically against the closure of [[Czechtek]] in 2005. During the implementation of the Criminal Justice Act in the UK, various large-scale protests took place during daylight and in public. The [[Reclaim the Streets]] and [[Anti-Capitalist Carnivals]] of the '90s that led up to and beyond the Seattle WTO protests (and subsequent "anti-globalization" events) drew from teknival and rave organisation and culture, often involving many of the same organisers and cross-section of the population. <ref>http://www.quadrantcrossing.org/papers/Rave-GRV12_tV.pdf</ref>
-As occurs with many subcultures, a [[dress code]] has developed. This 'underground look' involves dark, baggy clothing (often ex-military) and extreme haircuts, such as dyed hair, dreadlocks or a shaved head (or a combination of the above). (1999:164) <ref>Reynolds, Simon (1999) Generation Ecstasy: Into the World of Techno and Rave Culture, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 0-415-92373-5</ref> [[Body piercing]]s and [[tattoo]]s are common. People often buy large vehicles [[second-hand]] such as decommissioned [[bus]]es, coaches or trucks.  The vehicles are often primarily homes, lived in permanently or for a few months while travelling (see [[Irish Traveller]]).  They are also used to transport sound equipment. The ''tekno traveller'' is also known as a [[New age travellers|New Age traveller]] or "crusty".<ref>Petersen, V. No System, Steidl, ISBN 3-88243-645-X</ref>
-[[Image:Czechtek 2001.JPG|thumb|300px|right| CzechTek 2001]]
-==Clashes with authority==
-As the teknival movement has grown bigger, attention from the police has increased.  Teknivals will sometimes be stopped; each country has different attitudes and laws concerning teknivals. To stop a teknival, police will usually begin by asking the organisers to move on but they can resort to measures such as using tear gas and impounding sound systems, for example at [[Czechtek]] in 2005<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4738371.stm</ref>.
-Teknivals still happen in [[Canada]], [[Italy]], [[Spain]], [[Portugal]], [[Poland]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Austria]] and [[Slovakia]].
-==References==
-;Notes
-<div class="references-small">
-<references/>
-</div>
-== See also ==
-*[[Free party]]
-*[[Free tekno]]
-*[[Czechtek]]
-*[[Sound system (DJ)]]
-*[[List of free party sound systems]]
-*[[Doof]]
-*[[DJ Teknival]]
-==External links==
-* {{fr}} [http://www.3boom.net/ www.3boom.net] (Webzine tekno)
-*[http://www.taznetwork.org taz Network - Tekno Webzine]
-*[http://www.mutantfest.org Autonomous Mutant Festival (Cascadia)]
-*[http://czechtek.freetekno.org/ Czechtek website]
-*[http://www.freetekno.org/ Freetekno.org website]
-*[http://www.defcore.net French free tekno website (in French)]
-*[http://northtek.tk NorthTek website]
-*[http://freetekno.wikicities.com Freetekno wiki]
-*[http://www.spaz.org/~clang/zineteknival2004.html Teknival report from 2004]
-*[http://www.free4euroalternatives.org Strasbourg protest and teknival April 2006]
-*[http://teknival.ardkor.com The next teknival in France (satirical website, in French)]
-*[http://www.drone-zone.org/html/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=132 Yet another French Teknival (satirical website, in French)]
-[[Category:Parties]]
-[[Category:DIY culture]]
-[[Category:Music festivals]]
-[[Category:Subcultures]]
-[[Category:Electronic music]]
-[[cs:Teknival]]
-[[fr:Teknival]]
-[[nl:Teknival]]