Radiolaria: Difference between revisions
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Radiolarians have many needle-like [[pseudopod]]ia supported by bundles of [[microtubule]]s, called [[axopod]]s, which aid in flotation. The [[cell nucleus|nuclei]] and most other [[organelle]]s are in the endoplasm, while the ectoplasm is filled with frothy [[vacuole]]s and [[lipid]] droplets, keeping them buoyant. Often it also contains [[symbiosis|symbiotic]] algae, especially [[zooxanthella]]e, which provide most of the cell's energy. Some of this organization is found among the [[heliozoa]], but those lack central capsules and only produce simple scales and spines. |
Radiolarians have many needle-like [[pseudopod]]ia supported by bundles of [[microtubule]]s, called [[axopod]]s, which aid in flotation. The [[cell nucleus|nuclei]] and most other [[organelle]]s are in the endoplasm, while the ectoplasm is filled with frothy [[vacuole]]s and [[lipid]] droplets, keeping them buoyant. Often it also contains [[symbiosis|symbiotic]] algae, especially [[zooxanthella]]e, which provide most of the cell's energy. Some of this organization is found among the [[heliozoa]], but those lack central capsules and only produce simple scales and spines. |
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The main [[Class (biology)|class]] of radiolarians are the [[Polycystine]]a, which produce [[Silica|siliceous]] skeletons. These include the majority of fossils. They also include the [[Acantharea]], which produce |
The main [[Class (biology)|class]] of radiolarians are the [[Polycystine]]a, which produce [[Silica|siliceous]] skeletons. These include the majority of fossils. They also include the [[Acantharea]], which produce skeletons of [[strontium sulfate]]. Despite some initial suggestions to the contrary, genetic studies place these two groups close together. They also include the peculiar genus ''[[Sticholonche]]'', which lacks an internal skeleton and so is usually considered a heliozoan. |
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Traditionally the radiolarians have also included the [[Phaeodarea]], which produce siliceous skeletons but differ from the polycystines in several other respects. However, on [[molecular tree]]s they branch with the [[Cercozoa]], a group including various [[flagellate]] and [[amoeboid]] [[protist]]s.<br>The other radiolarians appear near, but outside, the Cercozoa, so the similarity is due to [[convergent evolution]]. The radiolarians and Cercozoa are included within a supergroup called the [[Rhizaria]]. |
Traditionally the radiolarians have also included the [[Phaeodarea]], which produce siliceous skeletons but differ from the polycystines in several other respects. However, on [[molecular tree]]s they branch with the [[Cercozoa]], a group including various [[flagellate]] and [[amoeboid]] [[protist]]s.<br>The other radiolarians appear near, but outside, the Cercozoa, so the similarity is due to [[convergent evolution]]. The radiolarians and Cercozoa are included within a supergroup called the [[Rhizaria]]. |
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Revision as of 22:29, 10 January 2008
| Radiolaria Temporal range: Cambrian - Recent
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| Plate from Ernst Haeckel's 1904 Kunstformen der Natur (Artforms of Nature), showing radiolarians belonging to the superfamily Stephoidea. | |
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| Phylum: | Radiolaria Müller 1858 emend.
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Radiolarians (also radiolaria) are amoeboid protozoa that produce intricate mineral skeletons, typically with a central capsule dividing the cell into inner and outer portions, called endoplasm and ectoplasm. They are found as zooplankton throughout the ocean, and because of their rapid turn-over of species, their tests are important diagnostic fossils found from the Cambrian onwards. Some common radiolarian fossils include Actinomma, Heliosphaera and Hexadoridium.
Description
Radiolarians have many needle-like pseudopodia supported by bundles of microtubules, called axopods, which aid in flotation. The nuclei and most other organelles are in the endoplasm, while the ectoplasm is filled with frothy vacuoles and lipid droplets, keeping them buoyant. Often it also contains symbiotic algae, especially zooxanthellae, which provide most of the cell's energy. Some of this organization is found among the heliozoa, but those lack central capsules and only produce simple scales and spines.
The main class of radiolarians are the Polycystinea, which produce siliceous skeletons. These include the majority of fossils. They also include the Acantharea, which produce skeletons of strontium sulfate. Despite some initial suggestions to the contrary, genetic studies place these two groups close together. They also include the peculiar genus Sticholonche, which lacks an internal skeleton and so is usually considered a heliozoan.
Traditionally the radiolarians have also included the Phaeodarea, which produce siliceous skeletons but differ from the polycystines in several other respects. However, on molecular trees they branch with the Cercozoa, a group including various flagellate and amoeboid protists.
The other radiolarians appear near, but outside, the Cercozoa, so the similarity is due to convergent evolution. The radiolarians and Cercozoa are included within a supergroup called the Rhizaria.
Some radiolarians are known for their resemblance to regular polyhedra, such as with this icosahedron shaped one.
Haeckel's radiolarians
German biologist Ernst Haeckel produced exquisite (and perhaps somewhat exaggerated) drawings of radiolaria, helping to popularize these protists among Victorian parlor microscopists alongside foraminifera and diatoms.
Illustrations from Kunstformen der Natur (1904)
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1. Phaeodaria -
11. Discoidea -
21. Acanthometra -
22. Spyroidea -
31. Cyrtoidea -
41. Acanthophracta -
51. Polycyttaria -
61. Phaeodaria -
71. Stephoidea -
91. Spumellaria
References
- Zettler, Linda A. (1997). "Phylogenetic relationships between the Acantharea and the Polycystinea: A molecular perspective on Haeckel's Radiolaria". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 94: 11411–11416.
- P. Lopez-Garcia; et al. (2002). "Toward the Monophyly of Haeckel's Radiolaria: 18S rRNA Environmental Data Support the Sisterhood of Polycystinea and Acantharea". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 19 (1): 118–121.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=(help) - Sina M. Adl; et al. (2005). "The New Higher Level Classification of Eukaryotes with Emphasis on the Taxonomy of Protists". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 52 (5): 399–451.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=(help) - Haeckel, Ernst (2005). Art Forms from the Ocean: The Radiolarian Atlas of 1862. Munich; London: Prestel Verlag. ISBN 3-7913-3327-5.
External links
