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| binomial = ''Argonauta bottgeri''
| binomial = ''Argonauta bottgeri''
| binomial_authority = [[Maltzan]], 1881
| binomial_authority = [[Maltzan]], 1881
⚫
| synonyms = ''Argonauta boettgeri'' <small>''orth. var.''</small>
| synonyms =
⚫
*''Argonauta boettgeri'' <small>''orth. var.''</small>
}}
}}


'''Böttger's Argonaut''' (''Argonauta bottgeri'') is a [[species]] of [[pelagic]] [[octopus]] belonging to the [[genus]] ''[[Argonauta]]''. The female of the species, like all [[argonaut (animal)|argonaut]]s, creates a paper-thin eggcase that coils around the octopus much like the way a nautilus lives in its shell (hence the name [[paper nautilus]]).
'''Böttger's Argonaut''', ''Argonauta bottgeri'', is a [[species]] of [[pelagic]] [[octopus]] belonging to the [[genus]] ''[[Argonauta]]''. The female of the species, like all [[argonaut (animal)|argonaut]]s, creates a paper-thin eggcase that coils around the octopus much like the way a nautilus lives in its shell (hence the name [[paper nautilus]]).


''A. bottgeri'' is the smallest argonaut species. The eggcase rarely exceeds 50 mm in diameter, although exceptional specimens have been known to grow up to 67.0 mm.<ref>{{cite book | author = Pisor, D. L. | year = 2005 | title = Registry of World Record Size Shells | edition = 4th edition | publisher = Snail's Pace Productions and ConchBooks | pages = p. 12}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | author = Clarke, M. R. | year = 1986 | title = A Handbook for the Identification of Cephalopod Beaks | publisher = Oxford University Press | pages = p. 245}}</ref> ''A. bottgeri'' is similar to ''[[Argonauta hians]]'', but differs in having more pronounced ribs and prominent tubercles on the keel. The eggcase does not have winged protrusions as is sometimes the case with ''A. hians''. It is generally darker than that of any other species, ranging in colour from ochre-yellow to almost black, although completely white specimens have been reported from [[South Africa]]n waters. The eggcase is finely granulated and normally lacks the porcelain-like shine of other species.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Hall, P. | year = 1997 | url = http://www.mlssa.asn.au/journals/1997Journal.htm | title = The Paper Nautilus ''Argonauta'' (spp) and The Chambered Nautilus ''Nautilus'' (spp) | journal = 1997 MLSSA Journal}}</ref>
''A. bottgeri'' is the smallest argonaut species. The eggcase rarely exceeds 50 [[millimetre|mm]] in diameter, although exceptional specimens have been known to grow up to 67.0 mm.<ref>{{cite book | author = Pisor, D. L. | year = 2005 | title = Registry of World Record Size Shells | edition = 4th edition | publisher = Snail's Pace Productions and ConchBooks | pages = p. 12}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | author = Clarke, M. R. | year = 1986 | title = A Handbook for the Identification of Cephalopod Beaks | publisher = Oxford University Press | pages = p. 245}}</ref> ''A. bottgeri'' is similar to ''[[Argonauta hians]]'', but differs in having more pronounced ribs and prominent [[tubercle]]s on the keel. The eggcase does not have winged protrusions as is sometimes the case with ''A. hians''. It is generally darker than that of any other species, ranging in colour from ochre-yellow to almost black, although completely white specimens have been reported from [[South Africa]]n waters. The eggcase is finely granulated and normally lacks the porcelain-like shine of other species.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Hall, P. | year = 1997 | url = http://www.mlssa.asn.au/journals/1997Journal.htm | title = The Paper Nautilus ''Argonauta'' (spp) and The Chambered Nautilus ''Nautilus'' (spp) | journal = 1997 MLSSA Journal}}</ref>


''A. bottgeri'' is best known from the waters around the southern and eastern parts of the [[Africa|African continent]], although it has also been reported from the [[Indian Ocean]] and the western [[Pacific Ocean]]. The ''[[locus classicus]]'' of ''A. bottgeri'' is [[Mozambique]].
''A. bottgeri'' is best known from the waters around the southern and eastern parts of the [[Africa|African continent]], although it has also been reported from the [[Indian Ocean]] and the western [[Pacific Ocean]]. The ''[[locus classicus]]'' of ''A. bottgeri'' is [[Mozambique]].


''A. bottgeri'' feeds primarily on pelagic [[mollusc]]s, especially [[heteropod]]s and [[pteropod]]s, with other octopods constituting a smaller portion of the animal's diet.<ref name=Nesis>{{cite journal | author = Nesis, K. N. | year = 1977 | title = The biology of paper nautiluses, ''Argonauta boettgeri'' and ''A. hians'' (Cephalopoda, Octopoda), in the western Pacific and the seas of the East Indian Archipelago | journal = Zool. Zh. | volume = 56 | pages = 1004-1014}}</ref> Females from [[Japan]]ese waters have been reported to prey on the pteropod ''[[Carolina tridentata]]''.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Okutani, T. | year = 1960 | title = ''Argonauta boettgeri'' preys on ''Cavolinia tridentata'' | journal = Venus | volume = 21 | issue = 1 | pages = 39-41}}</ref> The species is preyed on by numerous predators. ''A. bottgeri'' has been reported in the stomach contents of [[yellowfin tuna]] from the Indian Ocean.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Okutani, T. & K. Suzuki | year = 1975 | title = Concurrence of bathypelagic ''Spirula spirula'' and epipelagic ''Argonauta boettgeri'' in stomach contents of a yellowfin tuna from the Indian Ocean | journal = Venus | volume = 34 | issue = 1 | pages = 49-51}}</ref>
''A. bottgeri'' feeds primarily on [[pelagic]] [[mollusc]]s, especially [[heteropod]]s and [[pteropod]]s, with other octopods constituting a smaller portion of the animal's diet.<ref name=Nesis>{{cite journal | author = Nesis, K. N. | year = 1977 | title = The biology of paper nautiluses, ''Argonauta boettgeri'' and ''A. hians'' (Cephalopoda, Octopoda), in the western Pacific and the seas of the East Indian Archipelago | journal = Zool. Zh. | volume = 56 | pages = 1004-1014}}</ref> Females from [[Japan]]ese waters have been reported to prey on the pteropod ''[[Carolina tridentata]]''.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Okutani, T. | year = 1960 | title = ''Argonauta boettgeri'' preys on ''Cavolinia tridentata'' | journal = Venus | volume = 21 | issue = 1 | pages = 39-41}}</ref> The species is preyed on by numerous predators. ''A. bottgeri'' has been reported in the stomach contents of [[yellowfin tuna]] from the Indian Ocean.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Okutani, T. & K. Suzuki | year = 1975 | title = Concurrence of bathypelagic ''Spirula spirula'' and epipelagic ''Argonauta boettgeri'' in stomach contents of a yellowfin tuna from the Indian Ocean | journal = Venus | volume = 34 | issue = 1 | pages = 49-51}}</ref>


Males of this species reach sexual maturity at a mantle length (ML) of about 7 mm, presumably the maximum size attained.<ref name=Nesis/> Females begin to secrete an eggcase at 6.5-7 mm ML.<ref name=Nesis/> Female ''A. bottgeri'' as small as 11-13 mm ML have been reported with [[hectocotylus|hectocotyli]] in the mantle cavity. They mature at about half the size of ''[[Argonauta argo]]''.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Naef, A. | year = 1923 | title = Die Cephalopoden, Systematik | journal = Fauna Flora Golf. Napoli (35) | volume = 1 | pages = 1-863}}</ref> Eggs are usually laid when females reach 14-15 mm ML, although the size at which this takes place differs across the animal's range.<ref name=Nesis/>
Males of this species reach sexual maturity at a mantle length (ML) of about 7 mm, presumably the maximum size attained.<ref name=Nesis/> Females begin to secrete an eggcase at 6.5 to 7 mm ML.<ref name=Nesis/> Female ''A. bottgeri'' as small as 11 to 13 mm ML have been reported with [[hectocotylus|hectocotyli]] in the mantle cavity. They mature at about half the size of ''[[Argonauta argo]]''.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Naef, A. | year = 1923 | title = Die Cephalopoden, Systematik | journal = Fauna Flora Golf. Napoli (35) | volume = 1 | pages = 1-863}}</ref> Eggs are usually laid when females reach 14 or 15 mm ML, although the size at which this takes place differs across the animal's range.<ref name=Nesis/>


It has been reported that the egg clusters of ''A. bottgeri'' can be clearly divided into three portions, each with eggs at a similar developmental stage.<ref name=Nesis/> The first lies closest to the aperture of the eggcase and contains eggs at an early stage of development. The second is located in the middle of the mass and contains eggs at a later stage of development, ranging from the appearance of red eye pigmentation to the beginning of [[chromatophore]] formation. The third portion lies furthest from the aperture of the eggcase and consists of eggs with embryos that are ready to hatch, having a fully formed ink sac, chromatophores, and dark coloured eyes.<ref name=Nesis/> Similar development has been observed in the egg masses of ''[[Argonauta nodosa]]'' from southern [[Australia]].<ref>{{cite journal | author = Reid, A. | year = 1989 | title = Argonauts: ancient mariners in boats of shell | journal = Aust. Nat. Hist. | volume = 22 | issue = 12 | pages = 580-587}}</ref> Egg laying is thought to occur at night and it has been suggested that the three stages of development may represent the products of three successive nights.<ref name=Nesis/>
It has been reported that the egg clusters of ''A. bottgeri'' can be clearly divided into three portions, each with eggs at a similar developmental stage.<ref name=Nesis/> The first lies closest to the aperture of the eggcase and contains eggs at an early stage of development. The second is located in the middle of the mass and contains eggs at a later stage of development, ranging from the appearance of red eye pigmentation to the beginning of [[chromatophore]] formation. The third portion lies furthest from the aperture of the eggcase and consists of eggs with [[embryo]]s that are ready to hatch, having a fully formed ink sac, chromatophores, and dark coloured eyes.<ref name=Nesis/> Similar development has been observed in the egg masses of ''[[Argonauta nodosa]]'' from southern [[Australia]].<ref>{{cite journal | author = Reid, A. | year = 1989 | title = Argonauts: ancient mariners in boats of shell | journal = Aust. Nat. Hist. | volume = 22 | issue = 12 | pages = 580-587}}</ref> Egg laying is thought to occur at night and it has been suggested that the three stages of development may represent the products of three successive nights.<ref name=Nesis/>


''A. bottgeri'' is known to cling to objects floating on the surface of the sea, including other argonauts.<ref>{{cite book | author = Voss, G. L. & G. Williamson | year = 1971 | title = Cephalopods of Hong Kong | publisher = Hong Kong: Government Press | pages = 138 pp}}</ref><ref name=Nesis/> Chains of up to 20-30 argonauts of similar size have been reported.<ref name=Nesis/> The first female in such chains usually clings to some inanimate object, while the other females hold onto the ventral part of the shell of the preceding animal.<ref>{{cite book | author = Norman, M. | year = 2000 | title = Cephalopods: A World Guide | publisher = ConchBooks | pages = p. 195}}</ref><ref name=Nesis/>
''A. bottgeri'' is known to cling to objects floating on the surface of the sea, including other argonauts.<ref>{{cite book | author = Voss, G. L. & G. Williamson | year = 1971 | title = Cephalopods of Hong Kong | publisher = Hong Kong: Government Press | pages = 138 pp}}</ref><ref name=Nesis/> Chains of up to 30 argonauts of similar size have been reported.<ref name=Nesis/> The first female in such chains usually clings to some inanimate object, while the other females hold onto the ventral part of the shell of the preceding animal.<ref>{{cite book | author = Norman, M. | year = 2000 | title = Cephalopods: A World Guide | publisher = ConchBooks | pages = p. 195}}</ref><ref name=Nesis/>


''A. bottgeri'' is named after [[O. Böttger]]. The orthographic variant "''Argonauta boettgeri''" is sometimes encountered. ''A. bottgeri'' does not appear to have any nomenclatural [[synonymy|synonyms]]. The [[Type locality (biology)|type locality]] and [[type repository]] of ''A. bottgeri'' are unknown.<ref>[http://www.mnh.si.edu/cephs/newclass.pdf Current Classification of Recent Cephalopoda]</ref>
''A. bottgeri'' is named after [[O. Böttger]]. The orthographic variant "''Argonauta boettgeri''" is sometimes encountered. ''A. bottgeri'' does not appear to have any nomenclatural [[synonymy|synonyms]]. The [[Type locality (biology)|type locality]] and [[type repository]] of ''A. bottgeri'' are unknown.<ref>[http://www.mnh.si.edu/cephs/newclass.pdf Current Classification of Recent Cephalopoda]</ref>
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{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web | author = Lu, C. C | work = Australian Biological Resources Study | url = http://www.deh.gov.au/cgi-bin/abrs/fauna/details.pl?pstrVol=CEPHALOPODA;pstrTaxa=89;pstrChecklistMode=2 | title = Argonautidae | accessdate = 2006-09-13}}
* {{cite web | author = Lu, C. C | work = Australian Biological Resources Study | url = http://www.deh.gov.au/cgi-bin/abrs/fauna/details.pl?pstrVol=CEPHALOPODA;pstrTaxa=89;pstrChecklistMode=2 | title = Argonautidae | accessdate = 2006-09-13}}
*Smith, E.A. (1887). Notes on ''Argonauta böttgeri''. ''Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser.'' '''5''' (20): 409-411.
* Smith, E.A. (1887). Notes on ''Argonauta böttgeri''. ''Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser.'' '''5''' (20): 409-411.


==External links==
==External links==
{{CephBase Species|694}}
{{CephBase Species|694}}
*[http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Argonauta Tree of Life web project: ''Argonauta'']
* [http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Argonauta Tree of Life web project: ''Argonauta'']

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{{Argonauta}}


[[Category:Octopuses]]
[[Category:Octopuses]]
[[Category:Molluscs of South Africa]]

⚫
{{Argonauta}}

Revision as of 10:31, 26 January 2008

Böttger's Argonaut
Eggcase of Argonauta bottgeri
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Mollusca
Class:
Cephalopoda
Order:
Octopoda
Family:
Argonautidae
Genus:
Argonauta
Species:
A. bottgeri
Binomial name
Argonauta bottgeri
Maltzan, 1881
Synonyms

Argonauta boettgeri orth. var.

Böttger's Argonaut, Argonauta bottgeri, is a species of pelagic octopus belonging to the genus Argonauta. The female of the species, like all argonauts, creates a paper-thin eggcase that coils around the octopus much like the way a nautilus lives in its shell (hence the name paper nautilus).

A. bottgeri is the smallest argonaut species. The eggcase rarely exceeds 50 mm in diameter, although exceptional specimens have been known to grow up to 67.0 mm.[1][2] A. bottgeri is similar to Argonauta hians, but differs in having more pronounced ribs and prominent tubercles on the keel. The eggcase does not have winged protrusions as is sometimes the case with A. hians. It is generally darker than that of any other species, ranging in colour from ochre-yellow to almost black, although completely white specimens have been reported from South African waters. The eggcase is finely granulated and normally lacks the porcelain-like shine of other species.[3]

A. bottgeri is best known from the waters around the southern and eastern parts of the African continent, although it has also been reported from the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific Ocean. The locus classicus of A. bottgeri is Mozambique.

A. bottgeri feeds primarily on pelagic molluscs, especially heteropods and pteropods, with other octopods constituting a smaller portion of the animal's diet.[4] Females from Japanese waters have been reported to prey on the pteropod Carolina tridentata.[5] The species is preyed on by numerous predators. A. bottgeri has been reported in the stomach contents of yellowfin tuna from the Indian Ocean.[6]

Males of this species reach sexual maturity at a mantle length (ML) of about 7 mm, presumably the maximum size attained.[4] Females begin to secrete an eggcase at 6.5 to 7 mm ML.[4] Female A. bottgeri as small as 11 to 13 mm ML have been reported with hectocotyli in the mantle cavity. They mature at about half the size of Argonauta argo.[7] Eggs are usually laid when females reach 14 or 15 mm ML, although the size at which this takes place differs across the animal's range.[4]

It has been reported that the egg clusters of A. bottgeri can be clearly divided into three portions, each with eggs at a similar developmental stage.[4] The first lies closest to the aperture of the eggcase and contains eggs at an early stage of development. The second is located in the middle of the mass and contains eggs at a later stage of development, ranging from the appearance of red eye pigmentation to the beginning of chromatophore formation. The third portion lies furthest from the aperture of the eggcase and consists of eggs with embryos that are ready to hatch, having a fully formed ink sac, chromatophores, and dark coloured eyes.[4] Similar development has been observed in the egg masses of Argonauta nodosa from southern Australia.[8] Egg laying is thought to occur at night and it has been suggested that the three stages of development may represent the products of three successive nights.[4]

A. bottgeri is known to cling to objects floating on the surface of the sea, including other argonauts.[9][4] Chains of up to 30 argonauts of similar size have been reported.[4] The first female in such chains usually clings to some inanimate object, while the other females hold onto the ventral part of the shell of the preceding animal.[10][4]

A. bottgeri is named after O. Böttger. The orthographic variant "Argonauta boettgeri" is sometimes encountered. A. bottgeri does not appear to have any nomenclatural synonyms. The type locality and type repository of A. bottgeri are unknown.[11]

References

  1. ^ Pisor, D. L. (2005). Registry of World Record Size Shells (4th edition ed.). Snail's Pace Productions and ConchBooks. pp. p. 12. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help); |pages= has extra text (help)
  2. ^ Clarke, M. R. (1986). A Handbook for the Identification of Cephalopod Beaks. Oxford University Press. pp. p. 245. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  3. ^ Hall, P. (1997). "The Paper Nautilus Argonauta (spp) and The Chambered Nautilus Nautilus (spp)". 1997 MLSSA Journal.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Nesis, K. N. (1977). "The biology of paper nautiluses, Argonauta boettgeri and A. hians (Cephalopoda, Octopoda), in the western Pacific and the seas of the East Indian Archipelago". Zool. Zh. 56: 1004–1014.
  5. ^ Okutani, T. (1960). "Argonauta boettgeri preys on Cavolinia tridentata". Venus. 21 (1): 39–41.
  6. ^ Okutani, T. & K. Suzuki (1975). "Concurrence of bathypelagic Spirula spirula and epipelagic Argonauta boettgeri in stomach contents of a yellowfin tuna from the Indian Ocean". Venus. 34 (1): 49–51.
  7. ^ Naef, A. (1923). "Die Cephalopoden, Systematik". Fauna Flora Golf. Napoli (35). 1: 1–863.
  8. ^ Reid, A. (1989). "Argonauts: ancient mariners in boats of shell". Aust. Nat. Hist. 22 (12): 580–587.
  9. ^ Voss, G. L. & G. Williamson (1971). Cephalopods of Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Government Press. pp. 138 pp.
  10. ^ Norman, M. (2000). Cephalopods: A World Guide. ConchBooks. pp. p. 195. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  11. ^ Current Classification of Recent Cephalopoda
  • Lu, C. C. "Argonautidae". Australian Biological Resources Study. Retrieved 2006-09-13.
  • Smith, E.A. (1887). Notes on Argonauta böttgeri. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. 5 (20): 409-411.
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