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The '''skunk clownfish''' (''Amphiprion akallopisos''), or nosestripe anemonefish, is an [[anemonefish]] (also called clownfish) that lives in association with [[sea anemone]]s. ''A. akallopisos'', like ''[[Amphiprion_percula|A. percula]]'', is most always associated specifically with ''[[Heteractis magnifica]]'' and ''[[Stichodactyla gigantea]]''[http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=212770], and is found in the [[Indo-Pacific]]. It resides in shallow inshore reefs as deep as 15 [[m]] with a moderate to strong current. The skunk clownfish can also be kept in captivity by [[aquarists]].
The '''skunk clownfish''' or '''nosestripe anemonefish''', ''Amphiprion akallopisos'', is an [[anemonefish]] (also called clownfish) that lives in association with [[sea anemone]]s. ''A. akallopisos'', like ''[[Amphiprion percula|A. percula]]'', is nearly always associated with ''[[Heteractis magnifica]]'' and ''[[Stichodactyla gigantea]]''[http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=212770], and is found in the [[Indo-Pacific]]. It resides in shallow inshore reefs as deep as 15 [[metre|m]] with a moderate to strong current. The skunk clownfish can also be kept in captivity by [[aquarists]].


== Description ==
== Description ==
The skunk clownfish is identified by a light orange color, with a single, narrow, white stripe running from the mouth to the [[Caudal_peduncle|caudal peduncle]], and can grow as large as 11 [[cm]] in length.[http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/speciesSummary.php?ID=8017&genusname=Amphiprion&speciesname=akallopisos]
The skunk clownfish is identified by a light orange color, with a single, narrow, white stripe running from the mouth to the [[caudal peduncle]], and can grow as large as 11 [[centimetre|cm]] in length.[http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/speciesSummary.php?ID=8017&genusname=Amphiprion&speciesname=akallopisos]
Like other anemonefish, ''|A. akallopisos'' is a [[Hermaphrodite|protandrous hemaphrodite]], and maintains a hierarchy within the host anemone that consists of a mating pair, of which the female is the largest, and non-mating males which get progressively smaller in size.
Like other anemonefish, the skunk clownfish is a [[Hermaphrodite|protandrous hemaphrodite]], and maintains a hierarchy within the host anemone that consists of a mating pair, of which the female is the largest, and non-mating males which get progressively smaller in size.


== Territorial behaviors ==
== Territorial behaviors ==
The skunk clownfish, and other clownfish are fairly unique in the fact that they use sound production to defend their territory. This behavior is most common with [[Damselfish|Damselfishes]] that produce a wide variety of sounds,<ref>Myberg Jr, A. A. 1972. Ethology of the bicolour damselfish Eupomacentrus partitus (Pisces: Pomacentridae): a comparative analysis of laboratory and field behavior." Animal Behavior (Monographs in Behavior and Ecology). Vol. 5:197-283.</ref><ref>Mann, D. A.; Lobel, P. S. 1998. "Acoustic behavior of the damselfish Dascyllus albisella: behavioral and geographic variation." Environmental Biology of Fishes. Vol. 51:421-428.</ref> a behavior shared with at least 10 species of [[anemonefish]].<ref>Takemura, A. 1983. Acoustic behavior of the clownfishes (Amphiprion spp.) Bulletin of the Faculty of Fishes Nagasaki University. Vol. 54:21-27.</ref><ref>Chen, K. C.; Mok, H. K. 1988. "Sound production in the anemonefishes, Amphiprion clarkii and A. frenatus (Pomacentridae) in captivity. Fpn. F. Ichthyol. Vol. 35:90-97.</ref> Sounds resembling pops and chirps are most commonly exhibited when interacting with invading fish of the same species or different species.<ref>Luh, H. K.; Mok, H. K. 1986. "Sound production in the domino damselfish, Dascyllus trimaculatus (Pomacentridae) under laboratory conditions." Fpn. F. Ichthyol. Vol. 33:70-74.</ref><ref>Myberg Jr, A. A.; Mohler, M.; Catala, J. 1986. "Sound production by males of a coral reef fish (Pomacentrus paritus): its significance to females." Animal Behavior. Vol. 34:913-923.</ref> Studies have shown that it is the female that defends the anemone using sound production, as well as a physical charge when other fishes attempt to enter. ''A. akallopisos'' exhibit three different types of sounds, pops, short chirps, and long chirps, used depending on the type and duration of the encounter, which can also vary by locality.<ref>Parmentier, E.; Lagardère, J. P.; Vandewalle, P.; Fine, M. L. 2005. "Geographical variation in sound production in the anemonefish Amphiprion akallopisos." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Biology. Vol. 272:1697-1703.</ref>
The skunk clownfish, and other clownfish, use sound production to defend their territory. This behavior is most common with [[Damselfish|damselfishes]] that produce a wide variety of sounds,<ref>Myberg Jr, A. A. 1972. Ethology of the bicolour damselfish Eupomacentrus partitus (Pisces: Pomacentridae): a comparative analysis of laboratory and field behavior." Animal Behavior (Monographs in Behavior and Ecology). Vol. 5:197-283.</ref><ref>Mann, D. A.; Lobel, P. S. 1998. "Acoustic behavior of the damselfish Dascyllus albisella: behavioral and geographic variation." Environmental Biology of Fishes. Vol. 51:421-428.</ref> a behavior shared with at least 10 species of [[anemonefish]].<ref>Takemura, A. 1983. Acoustic behavior of the clownfishes (Amphiprion spp.) Bulletin of the Faculty of Fishes Nagasaki University. Vol. 54:21-27.</ref><ref>Chen, K. C.; Mok, H. K. 1988. "Sound production in the anemonefishes, Amphiprion clarkii and A. frenatus (Pomacentridae) in captivity. Fpn. F. Ichthyol. Vol. 35:90-97.</ref> Sounds resembling pops and chirps are most commonly heard when interacting with invading fish of the same species or different species.<ref>Luh, H. K.; Mok, H. K. 1986. "Sound production in the domino damselfish, Dascyllus trimaculatus (Pomacentridae) under laboratory conditions." Fpn. F. Ichthyol. Vol. 33:70-74.</ref><ref>Myberg Jr, A. A.; Mohler, M.; Catala, J. 1986. "Sound production by males of a coral reef fish (Pomacentrus paritus): its significance to females." Animal Behavior. Vol. 34:913-923.</ref> Studies have shown that it is the female that defends the anemone using sound production, as well as a physical charge when other fishes attempt to enter. ''A. akallopisos'' exhibit three different types of sounds, pops, short chirps, and long chirps, used depending on the type and duration of the encounter, which can also vary by locality.<ref>Parmentier, E.; Lagardère, J. P.; Vandewalle, P.; Fine, M. L. 2005. "Geographical variation in sound production in the anemonefish Amphiprion akallopisos." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Biology. Vol. 272:1697-1703.</ref>


== References ==
== References ==
<div class="references-small"><references /></div>
<div class="references-small"><references /></div>


== Common references ==
== External links ==
* {{ITIS|ID=170140|taxon=Amphiprion akallopisos|year=2008|date=12 February}}
* {{ITIS|ID=170140|taxon=Amphiprion akallopisos|year=2008|date=12 February}}
* {{FishBase_species|genus=Amphiprion|species=akallopisos|year=2008|month=February}}
* {{FishBase_species|genus=Amphiprion|species=akallopisos|year=2008|month=February}}

Revision as of 19:28, 12 February 2008

Skunk clownfish
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Actinopterygii
Order:
Perciformes
Suborder:
Labroidei
Family:
Pomacentridae
Genus:
Amphiprion
Species:
A. akallopisos
Binomial name
Amphiprion akallopisos
(Bleeker, 1853)

The skunk clownfish or nosestripe anemonefish, Amphiprion akallopisos, is an anemonefish (also called clownfish) that lives in association with sea anemones. A. akallopisos, like A. percula, is nearly always associated with Heteractis magnifica and Stichodactyla gigantea[1], and is found in the Indo-Pacific. It resides in shallow inshore reefs as deep as 15 m with a moderate to strong current. The skunk clownfish can also be kept in captivity by aquarists.

Description

The skunk clownfish is identified by a light orange color, with a single, narrow, white stripe running from the mouth to the caudal peduncle, and can grow as large as 11 cm in length.[2] Like other anemonefish, the skunk clownfish is a protandrous hemaphrodite, and maintains a hierarchy within the host anemone that consists of a mating pair, of which the female is the largest, and non-mating males which get progressively smaller in size.

Territorial behaviors

The skunk clownfish, and other clownfish, use sound production to defend their territory. This behavior is most common with damselfishes that produce a wide variety of sounds,[1][2] a behavior shared with at least 10 species of anemonefish.[3][4] Sounds resembling pops and chirps are most commonly heard when interacting with invading fish of the same species or different species.[5][6] Studies have shown that it is the female that defends the anemone using sound production, as well as a physical charge when other fishes attempt to enter. A. akallopisos exhibit three different types of sounds, pops, short chirps, and long chirps, used depending on the type and duration of the encounter, which can also vary by locality.[7]

References

  1. ^ Myberg Jr, A. A. 1972. Ethology of the bicolour damselfish Eupomacentrus partitus (Pisces: Pomacentridae): a comparative analysis of laboratory and field behavior." Animal Behavior (Monographs in Behavior and Ecology). Vol. 5:197-283.
  2. ^ Mann, D. A.; Lobel, P. S. 1998. "Acoustic behavior of the damselfish Dascyllus albisella: behavioral and geographic variation." Environmental Biology of Fishes. Vol. 51:421-428.
  3. ^ Takemura, A. 1983. Acoustic behavior of the clownfishes (Amphiprion spp.) Bulletin of the Faculty of Fishes Nagasaki University. Vol. 54:21-27.
  4. ^ Chen, K. C.; Mok, H. K. 1988. "Sound production in the anemonefishes, Amphiprion clarkii and A. frenatus (Pomacentridae) in captivity. Fpn. F. Ichthyol. Vol. 35:90-97.
  5. ^ Luh, H. K.; Mok, H. K. 1986. "Sound production in the domino damselfish, Dascyllus trimaculatus (Pomacentridae) under laboratory conditions." Fpn. F. Ichthyol. Vol. 33:70-74.
  6. ^ Myberg Jr, A. A.; Mohler, M.; Catala, J. 1986. "Sound production by males of a coral reef fish (Pomacentrus paritus): its significance to females." Animal Behavior. Vol. 34:913-923.
  7. ^ Parmentier, E.; Lagardère, J. P.; Vandewalle, P.; Fine, M. L. 2005. "Geographical variation in sound production in the anemonefish Amphiprion akallopisos." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Biology. Vol. 272:1697-1703.
  • "Amphiprion akallopisos". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 12 February. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help)
  • Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2008). "Amphiprion akallopisos" in FishBase. February 2008 version.
  • http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=212770 marinespecies.org
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