Japan: Difference between revisions
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Pork Chop! |
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{{about|the country}} |
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HI-YAH! |
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: ''For a topical guide to this subject, see [[Outline of Japan]].''<!-- PLEASE LEAVE THIS LINE IN PLACE as it leads to the page that serves as the table of contents for this subject's coverage across Wikipedia. Thank you.--> |
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{{Infobox Country |
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|native_name = {{lang|ja|日本国}}<br />''Nippon-koku'' or ''Nihon-koku'' |
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|common_name = Japan |
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|conventional_long_name = Japan |
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|image_flag = Flag of Japan.svg |
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|image_coat = Imperial Seal of Japan.svg |
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|symbol_type = Imperial Seal |
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|other_symbol_type = [[Government Seal of Japan|Government Seal]]: |
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|other_symbol = [[File:Goshichi no kiri.svg|85x85px|Seal of the Office of the Prime Minister and the Government of Japan]] <br /> <small>{{nihongo|Paulownia|五七桐|''Go-Shichi no Kiri''}}</small> |
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|image_map = Japan (orthographic projection).svg |
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|national_anthem = {{nihongo|''[[Kimi ga Yo]]''|君が代}} <br /><small>("May your reign last forever")</small> |
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|official_languages = None<ref>{{cite web|url=http://houseikyoku.sangiin.go.jp/column/column068.htm|title=法制執務コラム集「法律と国語・日本語」|publisher=Legislative Bureau of the House of Councillors|accessdate=2009-01-19}}</ref> |
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|languages_type = [[National language]] |
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|languages = [[Japanese language|Japanese]] |
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|regional_languages = <small>[[Aynu itak]], [[Eastern Japanese]], [[Western Japanese]], [[Ryukyuan language|Ryukyuan]], and several other [[Japanese dialects]]</small> |
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|demonym = Japanese |
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|ethnic_groups = 98.5% [[Japanese people|Japanese]], 0.5% [[Koreans|Korean]], 0.4% [[Chinese people|Chinese]], 0.6% other<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ja.html CIA Factbook: Japan]</ref> |
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|capital = [[Tokyo]] (''de facto'')<sup>1</sup> |
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|latd = 35 |
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|latm = 41 |
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|latNS = N |
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|longd = 139 |
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|longm = 46 |
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|longEW = E |
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|largest_city = capital |
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|government_type = [[Parliamentary system|Parliamentary]] [[constitutional monarchy]] |
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|leader_title1 = [[Emperor of Japan|Emperor]] |
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|leader_name1 = [[Akihito]] |
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|leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Japan|Prime Minister]] |
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|leader_name2 = [[Taro Aso]] |
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|legislature = [[Diet of Japan|National Diet]] |
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|upper_house = [[House of Councillors]] |
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|lower_house = [[House of Representatives of Japan|House of Representatives]] |
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|area_rank = 61st |
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|area_magnitude = 1 E11 |
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|area_km2 = 377,873 |
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|area_sq_mi = 145,883 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |
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|percent_water = 0.8 |
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|population_estimate = 127,433,494 |
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|population_estimate_year = 2007 |
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|population_estimate_rank = 10th |
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|population_census = 127,333,002 |
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|population_census_year = 2004 |
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|population_density_km2 = 337 |
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|population_densitymi2 = 873 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |
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|population_density_rank = 30th |
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|GDP_PPP_year = 2008 |
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|GDP_PPP = $4,354 billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2006&ey=2009&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=158&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=59&pr.y=14 |title=Japan|publisher=International Monetary Fund|accessdate=2009-04-22}}</ref> |
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|GDP_PPP_rank = |
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|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $34,100<ref name=imf2/> |
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|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = |
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|GDP_nominal = $4,923 billion<ref name=imf2/> |
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|GDP_nominal_rank = |
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|GDP_nominal_year = 2008 |
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|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $38,559<ref name=imf2/> |
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|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = |
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|sovereignty_type = [[History of Japan|Formation]] |
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|established_event1 = [[National Foundation Day]] |
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|established_date1 = February 11, 660 [[Anno Domini|BC]]<sup>3</sup> |
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|established_event2 = [[Meiji Constitution]] |
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|established_date2 = November 29, 1890 |
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|established_event3 = [[Constitution of Japan|Current constitution]] |
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|established_date3 = May 3, 1947 |
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|established_event4 = [[Treaty of San Francisco|Treaty of<br />San Francisco]] |
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|established_date4 = <br />April 28, 1952 |
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|HDI_year = 2006 |
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|HDI = {{increase}} 0.956<ref>[http://hdrstats.undp.org/2008/countries/country_fact_sheets/cty_fs_JPN.html HDI of Japan]. The United Nations. Retrieved 8 July 2009</ref> |
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|HDI_rank = 8th |
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|HDI_category = <font color="#009900">high</font> |
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|Gini = 38.1 (2002)<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html CIA World Factbook][Gini rankings]</ref> |
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|currency = International Symbol '''¥''' ''Pronounced'' ([[Japanese yen|'''Yen''']])<br />Japanese Symbol {{lang|ja|'''円'''}} ''Pronounced'' {{transl|ja|([[Japanese yen|'''En''']])}}<br /> |
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|currency_code = '''JPY''' |
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|country_code = JPN |
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|time_zone = [[Japan Standard Time|JST]] |
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|utc_offset = +9 |
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|time_zone_DST = not observed |
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|utc_offset_DST = |
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|date_format = yyyy-mm-dd<br />yyyy年m月d日<br />[[Japanese era name|Era]] yy年m月d日 ([[Common Era|CE]]−1988) |
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|drives_on = left |
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|cctld = [[.jp]] |
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|calling_code = 81 |
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|ISO_3166–1_alpha2 = JP |
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|ISO_3166–1_alpha3 = JPN |
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|ISO_3166–1_numeric = 392 |
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|sport_code = JPN |
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|vehicle_code = J |
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|footnote1 = [[Yokohama]] is the largest incorporated city. |
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|footnote2 = {{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ja.html#Econ|title=World Factbook; Japan—Economy|publisher=[[CIA]]|date=2006-12-19|accessdate=2006-12-28}} |
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|footnote3 = According to legend, Japan was founded on this date by the [[Emperor Jimmu]], first emperor of Japan; it is seen as largely symbolic. |
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}} |
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{{nihongo|'''Japan'''|日本|Nihon</i> or <i>Nippon|officially {{lang|ja|日本国}} {{audio|help=no|Ja-nippon_nihonkoku.ogg|''Nippon-koku''}} or ''Nihon-koku''}} is an [[island country|island nation]] in [[East Asia]]. Located in the [[Pacific Ocean]], it lies to the east of the [[Sea of Japan]], [[People's Republic of China]], [[North Korea]], [[South Korea]] and [[Russia]], stretching from the [[Sea of Okhotsk]] in the north to the [[East China Sea]] and [[Taiwan]] in the south. The [[kanji|characters]] which make up [[Names of Japan|Japan's name]] mean "sun-origin", which is why Japan is sometimes identified as the "[[Land of the Rising Sun]]". |
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Japan comprises 6,852 islands<ref>{{cite web | title = ''Facts and Figures of Japan 2007 01: Land'' | url = http://fpcj.jp/old/e/mres/publication/ff/pdf_07/01_land.pdf | publisher = Foreign Press Center Japan | accessdate = 2009-07-04}}</ref> making it an [[archipelago]]. The four largest islands are [[Honshū]], [[Hokkaidō]], [[Kyūshū]] and [[Shikoku]], together accounting for 97% of Japan's land area. Most of the islands are [[mountain]]ous, many [[volcano|volcanic]]; for example, Japan’s highest peak, [[Mount Fuji]], is a volcano. Japan has the world's [[List of countries by population|tenth largest population]], with about 128 million people. The [[Greater Tokyo Area]], which includes [[Capital of Japan|the ''de facto'' capital city]] of [[Tokyo]] and several surrounding [[Prefectures of Japan|prefectures]], is the [[World's largest cities|largest metropolitan area]] in the world, with over 30 million residents. |
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[[Archaeology|Archaeological]] research indicates that people were living on the islands of Japan as early as the [[Upper Paleolithic]] period. The first written mention of Japan begins with brief appearances in [[History of China|Chinese history]] texts from the first century A.D. Influence from the outside world followed by long periods of isolation has characterized [[History of Japan|Japan's history]]. Since adopting its [[Constitution of Japan|constitution]] in 1947, Japan has maintained a [[Unitary state|unitary]] [[constitutional monarchy]] with an [[Emperor of Japan|emperor]] and an elected parliament, the [[Diet of Japan|Diet]]. |
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A [[Great power#Economic great powers|major economic power]],<ref name="ciawfbjapan"/> Japan has the world's [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|second largest]] economy by [[gross domestic product|nominal GDP]] and the [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|third largest]] in [[purchasing power parity]]. Japan has a significant military equipped with modern defense systems, such as [[AEGIS]], and boasts a large fleet of [[destroyers]]. It is also the world's [[List of countries by exports|fourth largest exporter]] and [[List of countries by imports|sixth largest importer]]. It is additionally a member of the [[G-8]] and is the sole Asian power in that organization. It is a [[developed country]] with high [[living standards]] [[List of countries by Human Development Index|(8th highest HDI)]]. Japan has the highest life expectancy of any country in the world and the third lowest [[infant mortality rate]]. (according to both UN and [[World Health Organization|WHO]] estimates).<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1087765.html WHO: Life expectancy in Israel among highest in the world]Haaretz, May, 2009</ref><ref>[http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2006/WPP2006_Highlights_rev.pdf United Nations World Population Propsects: 2006 revision] – Table A.17 for 2005-2010</ref> |
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==Etymology== |
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{{main|Names of Japan}} |
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{{further|[[wikt:Japan#Etymology|Wiktionary etymology for the word "Japan"]]}} |
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The [[English language|English]] word ''Japan'' is an [[exonym]]. The [[Japanese language|Japanese]] names for Japan are {{Nihongo|''Nippon''|にっぽん}} ({{Audio|ja-nippon(日本).ogg|listen}}) and {{nihongo|''Nihon''|にほん}} ({{Audio|ja-nihon(日本).ogg|listen}}). They are both written in Japanese using the [[kanji]] {{nihongo2|'''日本'''}}. The Japanese name ''Nippon'' is used for most official purposes, including on [[Japanese yen|Japanese money]], [[postage stamp]]s, and for many international [[sport|sporting events]]. ''Nihon'' is a more casual term and the most frequently used in contemporary speech. Japanese people refer to themselves as {{Nihongo|''Nihonjin''|日本人}} and they call their language {{Nihongo|''Nihongo''|日本語}}. |
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Both ''Nippon'' and ''Nihon'' literally mean "the sun's origin" and are often translated as the ''Land of the Rising Sun''. This nomenclature comes from [[Imperial embassies to China|Imperial correspondence]] with the [[China|Chinese]] [[Sui Dynasty]] and refers to Japan's eastward position relative to [[China]]. Before Japan had relations with China, it was known as ''[[Yamato period|Yamato]]'' and ''Hi no moto'', which means "source of the sun".<ref>[http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/japanese/message/jpnEVwSABIuEVrrH_51.html Teach Yourself Japanese Message Board]</ref> |
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The English word for Japan came to the West from early trade routes. The early [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] or possibly [[Wu Chinese]] (呉語) word for Japan was recorded by [[Marco Polo]] as ''Cipangu.'' In modern [[Shanghainese dialect|Shanghainese]], a Wu dialect, the pronunciation of characters {{nihongo2|日本}} 'Japan' is ''Zeppen'' {{IPA-all|zəʔpən|}}; in Wu, the character 日 has two pronunciations, {{nihongo|informal|白讀}} {{IPA-all|niʔ|}} and {{nihongo|formal|文讀}} {{IPA-all|zəʔ|}}. (In some southern Wu dialects, 日本 is pronounced {{IPA-all|niʔpən|}}, similar to its pronunciation in Japanese.) The old [[Malay language|Malay]] word for Japan, ''Jepang'' (now spelled ''Jepun'' in Malaysia, though still spelled ''Jepang'' in Indonesia), was borrowed from a Chinese language, and this Malay word was encountered by [[Portugal|Portuguese]] traders in [[Malacca]] in the 16th century. It is thought the Portuguese traders were the first to bring the word to [[Europe]]. It was first recorded in English in a 1565 letter spelled ''Giapan''. [citation needed] |
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==History== |
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<!--Please try to keep this section as general as possible. Specific information should be added to a more specific article. This section stresses the most important facts, and leaves analysis of cause and effect to the daughter articles. --> |
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{{main|History of Japan}} |
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The first signs of occupation on the [[Japanese Archipelago]] appeared with a [[Japanese Paleolithic|Paleolithic]] culture around [[Upper Paleolithic|30,000 BC]], followed from around [[Upper Paleolithic|14,000 BC]] by the [[Jōmon period]], a [[Mesolithic]] to [[Neolithic]] semi-sedentary [[hunter-gatherer]] culture of pit dwelling and a rudimentary form of [[agriculture]]. Decorated clay vessels from this period, often with plaited patterns, are some of the oldest surviving examples of [[pottery]] in the world. |
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The [[Yayoi period]], starting around the third century BC, saw the introduction of many new practices, such as [[Rice|wet-rice farming]]<ref>[[National Science Museum of Japan]] "Road of rice plant" [http://www.kahaku.go.jp/special/past/japanese/ipix/5/5-25.html] "The research of DNA of the rice plant has proven wet-rice cultivation of Japan was introduced directly from [[Yangtze River]] Delta." </ref>, a new style of pottery<ref> The Metropolitan Museum of Art [http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/kofu/hd_kofu.htm] "Although the roots of [[Sue ware|Sueki]] reach back to ancient China, its direct precursor is the grayware of the Three Kingdoms period in Korea."</ref> and [[iron]]<ref>[[National Museum of Japanese History]] [http://mutsu-nakanishi.web.infoseek.co.jp/iron/jstlbb12.pdf] "弥生時代には種々の鉄製工具が使われ出したが、いずれも日本で作られた鉄ではなく、大陸から持ち込まれた物と見られている。" (Ironware was introduced to by China in [[Yayoi Period]]. )</ref> and [[bronze]]-making, brought by migrants from [[China]] and [[Korea]]. |
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The Japanese first appear in written history in China’s ''[[Book of Han]]''. According to the Chinese ''[[Records of Three Kingdoms]]'', the most powerful kingdom on the archipelago during the third century was called [[Yamataikoku]]. |
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[[Buddhism]] was first introduced to Japan from [[Baekje]] of the [[Korean Peninsula]], but the subsequent development of [[Buddhism in Japan|Japanese Buddhism]] and Buddhist sculptures were primarily influenced by [[China]].<ref>{{cite book |editor=Delmer M. Brown (ed.) |year=1993 |title=The Cambridge History of Japan |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=140–149}}</ref> Despite early resistance, [[Buddhism in Japan|Buddhism]] was promoted by the ruling class and eventually gained growing acceptance since the [[Asuka period]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Japanese Experience: A Short History of Japan |author=William Gerald Beasley |publisher=University of California Press |year=1999 |url=http://books.google.com/books?visbn=0520225600&id=9AivK7yMICgC&pg=PA42&lpg=PA42&dq=Soga+Buddhism+intitle:History+intitle:of+intitle:Japan&sig=V65JQ4OzTFCopEoFVb8DWh5BD4Q#PPA42,M1 |pages=42 |isbn=0520225600 |accessdate=2007-03-27}}</ref> |
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The [[Nara period]] of the eighth century marked the first emergence of a strong central Japanese state, centered on an imperial court in the city of [[Heijō Palace|Heijō-kyō]], or modern day [[Nara, Nara|Nara]]. In addition to the continuing adoption of Chinese administrative practices, the [[Nara period]] is characterized by the appearance of a nascent written literature with the completion of the massive chronicles ''[[Kojiki]]'' (712) and ''[[Nihon Shoki]]'' (720).<ref>{{cite book |author=Conrad Totman |year=2002 |title=A History of Japan |publisher=Blackwell |pages=64–79 | isbn=978-1405123594}}</ref> (Nara was not the first capital city in Japan, though. Before Nara, [[Fujiwara-kyō]] and [[Asuka, Yamato|Asuka]] served as capitals of the Yamato state.) |
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[[File:Mooko-Suenaga.jpg|thumb|250px|left|The [[Mongol invasions of Japan|Mongol invasions]] in 1274 and 1281 were successfully repelled]] |
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In 784, [[Emperor Kammu]] moved the capital from Nara to [[Nagaoka-kyō]] for a brief ten-year period, before relocating it to [[Heian-kyō]] (modern day [[Kyoto]]) in 794, where it remained for more than a millennium.<ref>{{cite book |author=Conrad Totman |year=2002 |title=A History of Japan |publisher=Blackwell |pages=79–87 | isbn=978-1405123594}}</ref> This marked the beginning of the [[Heian period]], during which time a distinctly indigenous Japanese culture emerged, noted for its [[Japanese art|art]], [[Japanese poetry|poetry]] and [[Japanese literature|literature]]. [[Murasaki Shikibu|Lady Murasaki's]] ''[[The Tale of Genji]]'' and the lyrics of modern Japan's national anthem, ''[[Kimi ga Yo]]'' were written during this time.<ref>{{cite book |author=Conrad Totman |year=2002 |title=A History of Japan |publisher=Blackwell |pages=122–123 | isbn=978-1405123594}}</ref> |
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[[File:Sengoku period battle.jpg|thumb|upright|left|An old Japanese painting depicting a [[List of Japanese battles|battle]] during the [[Sengoku period]] (1467–1615)]] |
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Japan's [[feudalism|feudal]] era was characterized by the emergence of a ruling class of warriors, the [[samurai]]. In 1185, following the defeat of the rival [[Taira clan]], [[Minamoto no Yoritomo]] was appointed [[Shogun]] and established a base of power in [[Kamakura, Kanagawa|Kamakura]]. After Yoritomo's death, the [[Hōjō clan]] came to rule as regents for the shoguns. [[Zen]] Buddhism was introduced from China in the [[Kamakura period]] (1185–1333) and became popular among the samurai class. The [[Kamakura shogunate]] managed to repel [[Mongol invasions of Japan|Mongol invasions]] in 1274 and 1281, aided by a storm that the Japanese interpreted as a ''[[Kamikaze (typhoon)|kamikaze]]'', or Divine Wind. The Kamakura shogunate was eventually [[Kemmu restoration|overthrown by Emperor Go-Daigo]], who was soon himself defeated by [[Ashikaga Takauji]] in 1336.<ref>{{cite book |author=[[George Sansom]] |year=1961 |title=A History of Japan: 1334–1615 |publisher=Stanford |pages=42 | isbn=0-8047-0525-9}}</ref> The succeeding [[Ashikaga shogunate]] failed to control the feudal warlords (''[[daimyo]]''), and a civil war erupted (the [[Ōnin War]]) in 1467 which opened a century-long [[Sengoku period]].<ref>{{cite book |author=[[George Sansom]] |year=1961 |title=A History of Japan: 1334–1615 |publisher=Stanford |pages=217 | isbn=0-8047-0525-9}}</ref> |
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During the sixteenth century, traders and [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] [[missionary|missionaries]] from [[Portugal]] reached Japan for the first time, initiating active commercial and cultural exchange between Japan and the West (''[[Nanban trade]]''). |
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[[File:RedSealShip.JPG|thumb|One of Japan's [[Red seal ships]] (1634), which were used for trade throughout [[Asia]].]] |
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[[File:Satsuma-samurai-during-boshin-war-period.jpg|thumb|[[Samurai]] of the [[Satsuma clan]] during the [[Boshin War]], circa 1867.]] |
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[[Oda Nobunaga]] conquered numerous other daimyo by using European technology and [[firearm]]s and had almost unified the nation when he was assassinated in 1582. [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]] succeeded Nobunaga and united the nation in 1590. Hideyoshi [[Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)|invaded Korea twice]], but following several defeats by [[Korea]]n and [[Ming Dynasty|Ming]] [[China]] forces and Hideyoshi's death, Japanese troops were withdrawn in 1598.<ref>{{cite book |author=[[Stephen Turnbull (historian)|Stephen Turnbull]] |year=2002 |title=Samurai Invasion: Japan's Korean War |publisher=Cassel |pages=227| isbn=978-0304359486}}</ref> |
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After Hideyoshi's death, [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]] utilized his position as regent for Hideyoshi's son [[Toyotomi Hideyori]] to gain political and military support. When open war broke out, he defeated rival clans in the [[Battle of Sekigahara]] in 1600. Ieyasu was appointed [[shogun|shōgun]] in 1603 and established the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] at [[Edo]] (modern [[Tokyo]]). The Tokugawa shogunate enacted a variety of measures such as ''[[Buke shohatto]]'' to control the autonomous daimyo. In 1639, the shogunate began the isolationist ''[[sakoku]]'' ("closed country") policy that spanned the two and a half centuries of tenuous political unity known as the [[Edo period]]. The study of Western sciences, known as ''[[rangaku]]'', continued during this period through contacts with the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] enclave at [[Dejima]] in [[Nagasaki, Nagasaki|Nagasaki]]. The Edo period also gave rise to ''[[kokugaku]]'', or literally "national studies", the study of Japan by the Japanese themselves.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hooker |first=Richard |url=http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/GLOSSARY/KOKUGAKU.HTM |title=Japan Glossary; Kokugaku | publisher = Washington State University | date=1999-07-14 | accessdate=2006-12-28}}</ref> |
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On March 31, 1854, [[Matthew C. Perry|Commodore Matthew Perry]] and the "[[Black Ships]]" of the [[United States Navy]] forced the opening of Japan to the outside world with the [[Convention of Kanagawa]]. Subsequent similar treaties with the Western countries in the [[Bakumatsu]] period brought Japan into economic and political crises. The abundance of the prerogative and the resignation of the shogunate led to the [[Boshin War]] and the establishment of [[Abolition of the han system|a centralized state]] unified under the name of the Emperor ([[Meiji Restoration]]). Adopting Western political, judicial and military institutions, the [[Cabinet of Japan|Cabinet]] organized the [[Privy Council (Japan)|Privy Council]], introduced the [[Meiji Constitution]], and assembled the [[Diet of Japan|Imperial Diet]]. The [[Meiji Restoration]] transformed the [[Empire of Japan]] into an [[industrialisation|industrialized]] world power that embarked on a number of military conflicts to expand the nation's sphere of influence. After victories in the [[First Sino-Japanese War]] (1894–1895) and the [[Russo-Japanese War]] (1904–1905), Japan gained control of [[Taiwan]], [[Korea]], and the southern half of [[Sakhalin]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://filebox.vt.edu/users/jearnol2/MeijiRestoration/imperial_japan.htm |title=Japan: The Making of a World Superpower (Imperial Japan) |author=Jesse Arnold | publisher = vt.edu/users/jearnol2 | accessdate=2007-03-27}}</ref> |
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The early twentieth century saw a brief period of "[[Taishō period|Taisho democracy]]" overshadowed by the rise of [[expansionism]] and [[Japanese militarism|militarization]]. [[World War I]] enabled Japan, which joined the side of the victorious [[Allies of World War I|Allies]], to [[Japan during World War I|expand its influence and territorial holdings]]. Japan continued its expansionist policy by occupying [[Manchuria]] in 1931. As a result of [[Lytton Report|international condemnation for this occupation]], Japan resigned from the [[League of Nations]] two years later. In 1936, Japan signed the [[Anti-Comintern Pact]] with [[Nazi Germany]], joining the [[Axis powers]] in 1941.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.friesian.com/pearl.htm |title= The Pearl Harbor Strike Force |author= Kelley L. Ross | publisher = friesian.com |accessdate=2007-03-27}}</ref> |
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In 1937, Japan invaded other parts of [[China]], precipitating the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] (1937–1945), after which the [[United States]] placed an oil embargo on Japan.<ref>{{cite book |author=Roland H. Worth, Jr. |title=No Choice But War: the United States Embargo Against Japan and the Eruption of War in the Pacific |publisher=McFarland |year=1995 |isbn=0-7864-0141-9}}</ref> |
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On December 7, 1941, Japan [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|attacked the United States naval base]] in [[Pearl Harbor]] and declared war on the [[United States]], the [[United Kingdom]] and the [[Netherlands]]. This act brought the United States into [[World War II]]. After the [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|atomic bombings]] of [[Hiroshima]] and [[Nagasaki, Nagasaki|Nagasaki]] in 1945, along with [[Soviet invasion of Manchuria|the Soviet Union joining the war against it]], Japan agreed to an [[Surrender of Japan|unconditional surrender]] on August 15 ([[Victory over Japan Day]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://library.educationworld.net/txt15/surrend1.html |title=Japanese Instrument of Surrender |publisher=educationworld.net |accessdate=2006-12-28}}</ref> |
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[[File:Skyscrapers Shinjuku 2007 rev.jpg|thumb|Skyscrapers in [[Shinjuku]], [[Tokyo]]]] |
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The war cost Japan and countries part of the [[Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere]] millions of lives and left much of the country's industry and infrastructure destroyed. The Allied powers repatriated millions of [[Japanese diaspora|ethnic Japanese]] from colonies throughout Asia.<ref>[http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/WATWHC.html When Empire Comes Home : Repatriation and Reintegration in Postwar Japan by Lori Watt], Harvard University Press</ref> The [[International Military Tribunal for the Far East]], was convened by the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] (on May 3, 1946) to prosecute some Japanese leaders for [[Japanese war crimes|war crimes]]. However, all members of the [[Unit 731|bacteriological research units]] and members of the imperial family involved in the conduct of the war were exonerated from criminal prosecutions by the [[Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces]]. |
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In 1947, Japan adopted a new [[Pacifism|pacifist]] [[Constitution of Japan|constitution]] emphasizing [[Liberal democracy|liberal democratic]] practices. [[Occupation of Japan|The Allied occupation]] ended by the [[Treaty of San Francisco]] in 1952<ref>{{cite web |url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20070306f3.html |title='52 coup plot bid to rearm Japan: CIA |author=Joseph Coleman| date=2006-03-06| publisher=[[The Japan Times]] |accessdate=2007-04-03}}</ref> and Japan was granted membership in the [[United Nations]] in 1956. Japan later achieved [[Japanese post-war economic miracle|spectacular growth]] to become the second largest economy in the world, with an annual growth rate averaging 10% for four decades. This ended in the mid-1990s when Japan suffered [[Japanese asset price bubble|a major recession]]. Positive growth in the early twenty-first century has signaled a gradual recovery.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/5178822.stm |title=Japan scraps zero interest rates |publisher=[[BBC News Online]] |date=2006-07-14 |accessdate=2006-12-28}}</ref> |
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==Government and politics== |
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{{main|Government of Japan|Politics of Japan}} |
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[[File:Emperor Akihito and empress Michiko of japan.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Emperor Akihito]] and [[Empress Michiko]]]] |
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Japan is a [[constitutional monarchy]] where the power of the [[Emperor of Japan|Emperor]] is very limited. As a ceremonial figurehead, he is defined by the [[Constitution of Japan|constitution]] as "the symbol of the state and of the unity of the people". Power is held chiefly by the [[Prime Minister of Japan]] and other elected members of the [[Diet of Japan|Diet]], while sovereignty is vested in the [[Japanese people]].<ref name="Constitution">{{cite web |url=http://www.sangiin.go.jp/eng/law/index.htm |title=The Constitution of Japan |publisher=House of Councillors of the National Diet of Japan |date=1946-11-03 |accessdate=2007-03-10}}</ref> The Emperor effectively acts as the [[head of state]] on diplomatic occasions. [[Akihito]] is the current Emperor of Japan. [[Naruhito, Crown Prince of Japan]], stands as next in line to the throne. |
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Japan's legislative organ is the [[Diet of Japan|National Diet]], a bicameral [[parliament]]. The Diet consists of a [[House of Representatives of Japan|House of Representatives]], containing 480 seats, elected by popular vote every four years or when dissolved and a [[House of Councillors]] of 242 seats, whose popularly elected members serve six-year terms. There is [[universal suffrage]] for adults over 20 years of age,<ref name="ciawfbjapan">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ja.html |title=World Factbook; Japan |publisher=[[CIA]] |date=2007-03-15 | accessdate=2007-03-27}}</ref> with a [[secret ballot]] for all elective offices.<ref name="Constitution"/> The [[Liberal conservatism|liberal conservative]] [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Liberal Democratic Party]] (LDP) has been in power since 1955, except for a short-lived [[coalition government]] formed from opposition parties in 1993.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jimin.jp/jimin/english/history/index.html |title=A History of the Liberal Democratic Party |publisher=Liberal Democratic Party of Japan |accessdate=2007-03-27}}</ref> The largest opposition party is the [[Social liberalism|social liberal]] [[Democratic Party of Japan]]. |
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The Prime Minister of Japan is the [[head of government]]. The position is appointed by the [[Emperor of Japan]] after being designated by the [[Diet of Japan|Diet]] from among its members and must enjoy the confidence of the [[House of Representatives of Japan|House of Representatives]] to remain in office. The Prime Minister is the head of the [[Cabinet of Japan|Cabinet]] (the literal translation of his Japanese title is "Prime Minister of the Cabinet") and appoints and dismisses the [[Minister of State|Ministers of State]], a majority of whom must be Diet members. [[Taro Aso]] currently serves as the Prime Minister of Japan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kantei.go.jp/foreign/index-e.html |title=Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet |publisher=Office of the Prime Minister of Japan| accessdate=2008-09-23}}</ref> |
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Historically influenced by [[Chinese law]], the [[law of Japan|Japanese legal system]] developed independently during the [[Edo period]] through texts such as ''[[Kujikata Osadamegaki]]''. However, since the late nineteenth century, the [[judicial system of Japan|judicial system]] has been largely based on the [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]] of [[Europe]], notably [[France]] and [[Germany]]. For example, in 1896, the Japanese government established a [[civil code]] based on the German model. With post-World War II modifications, the code remains in effect in present-day Japan.<ref name="civilcode">{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9043364?hook=6804 |title="Japanese Civil Code" |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |year=2006 |accessdate=2006-12-28}}</ref> Statutory law originates in Japan's legislature, the National Diet of Japan, with the [[Rubber stamp (politics)|rubber stamp]] approval of the Emperor. The current constitution requires that the Emperor promulgates legislation passed by the Diet, without specifically giving him the power to oppose the passing of the legislation.<ref name="Constitution"/> Japan's court system is divided into four basic tiers: the [[Supreme Court of Japan|Supreme Court]] and three levels of lower courts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kantei.go.jp/foreign/judiciary/0620system.html |publisher=Office of the Prime Minister of Japan |title=The Japanese Judicial System |accessdate=2007-03-27}}</ref> The main body of Japanese statutory law is a collection called the [[Six Codes]].<ref name="civilcode"/> |
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==Foreign relations and military== |
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{{main|Foreign relations of Japan|Japan Self-Defense Forces|Ministry of Defense (Japan)}} |
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[[File:JMSDF DDH 181 Hyuga.jpg|thumb|The [[Hyuga class destroyer|JDS ''Hyuga'']], one of two [[Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force]] [[helicopter carriers]].]] |
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[[File:Two JASDF F-15J take off in formation.JPEG|thumb|[[Japanese Air Self-Defense Force]] [[F-15]]s.]] |
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Japan maintains close economic and military relations with its key ally the [[United States]], with the [[Japan-United States relations|U.S.-Japan security alliance]] serving as the cornerstone of its [[foreign policy]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2007/03/japan_is_back_why_tokyos_new_a.html |title=Japan Is Back: Why Tokyo's New Assertiveness Is Good for Washington| author=Michael Green |publisher=Real Clear Politics | accessdate=2007-03-28}}</ref> A member state of the [[United Nations]] since 1956, Japan has served as a non-permanent [[United Nations Security Council|Security Council]] member for a [[List_of_elected_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council#By_number_of_years_as_Security_Council_member|total of 18 years]], most recently in 2005–2006. It is also one of the [[G4 nations]] seeking permanent membership in the Security Council.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.centralchronicle.com/20070111/1101194.htm |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070221044357/http://www.centralchronicle.com/20070111/1101194.htm |archivedate=2007-02-21 |title=UK backs Japan for UNSC bid |publisher=Cenral Chronicle | accessdate=2007-03-28}}</ref> As a member of the [[G8]], the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation|APEC]], the "[[Association of Southeast Asian Nations Plus Three|ASEAN Plus Three]]" and a participant in the [[East Asia Summit]], Japan actively participates in international affairs and enhances diplomatic ties with its important partners around the world. Japan signed a security pact with [[Australia]] in March 2007<ref>[http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/australia/joint0703.html Japan-Australia Joint Declaration on Security Cooperation]</ref> and with [[India]] in October 2008.<ref>[http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/india/pmv0810/joint_d.html Joint Declaration on Security Cooperation between Japan and India]</ref> It is also the world's third largest donor of [[official development assistance]] after the [[United States]] and [[United Kingdom]], donating US$8.86 billion in 2004.<ref>{{PDFlink|[http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/40/3/35389786.pdf Table: Net Official Development Assistance In 2004 (PDF).]|32.9 [[Kibibyte|KiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 33766 bytes -->}} Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2005-04-11). Retrieved on 2006-12-28.</ref> Japan contributed non-combatant troops to the [[Iraq War]] but subsequently withdrew its forces from [[Iraq]].<ref name="Iraq deployment">{{cite web |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/06/20/news/japan.php |title= Tokyo says it will bring troops home from Iraq |publisher=[[International Herald Tribune]] |date=2006-06-20 | accessdate=2007-03-28}}</ref> |
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Japan is engaged in several territorial disputes with its neighbors: with [[Russia]] over the [[Kuril Islands dispute|South Kuril Islands]], with [[South Korea]] over the [[Liancourt Rocks]], with the [[People's Republic of China]] and [[Republic of China|Taiwan]] over the [[Senkaku Islands]], and with the PRC over the [[EEZ]] around [[Okinotorishima]]. |
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Japan also faces an ongoing dispute with [[North Korea]] over its [[North Korean abductions of Japanese|abduction of Japanese citizens]] and its [[North Korea and weapons of mass destruction|nuclear weapons and missile program]] (see also [[Six-party talks]]). As a result of the Kuril Islands dispute, Japan is technically still at war with Russia since no treaty resolving the issue was ever signed.<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rs.html CIA - The World Factbook - Russia<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
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Japan's military is restricted by the [[Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution]], which renounces Japan's right to declare war or use military force as a means of settling international disputes. Japan's military is governed by the [[Ministry of Defense (Japan)|Ministry of Defense]], and primarily consists of the [[Japan Ground Self-Defense Force]] (JGSDF), the [[Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force]] (JMSDF) and the [[Japan Air Self-Defense Force]] (JASDF). The forces have been recently used in [[peacekeeping]] operations and the [[Japanese Iraq Reconstruction and Support Group|deployment of Japanese troops to Iraq]] marked the first overseas use of its military since [[World War II]].<ref name="Iraq deployment"/> |
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==Administrative divisions== |
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[[File:Regions and Prefectures of Japan.svg|thumb|250px|Map of the prefectures of Japan in [[ISO 3166-2:JP]] order and the [[regions of Japan]]]] |
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{{main|Prefectures of Japan|Cities of Japan|Towns of Japan|Villages of Japan|List of Japanese cities by population}} |
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Japan consists of [[Prefectures of Japan|forty-seven prefectures]], each overseen by an elected governor, legislature and administrative bureaucracy. Each prefecture is further divided into cities, towns and villages. |
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{| style="margin:auto;" |
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| style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | |
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<center>'''[[Hokkaidō]]'''</center> |
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---- |
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1. [[Hokkaidō]]<br> |
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| style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | |
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<center>'''[[Tōhoku region|Tōhoku]]'''</center> |
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---- |
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2. [[Aomori Prefecture|Aomori]]<br> |
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3. [[Iwate Prefecture|Iwate]]<br> |
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4. [[Miyagi Prefecture|Miyagi]]<br> |
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5. [[Akita Prefecture|Akita]]<br> |
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6. [[Yamagata Prefecture|Yamagata]]<br> |
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7. [[Fukushima Prefecture|Fukushima]]<br> |
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| style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | |
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<center>'''[[Kantō region|Kantō]]'''</center> |
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---- |
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8. [[Ibaraki Prefecture|Ibaraki]]<br> |
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9. [[Tochigi Prefecture|Tochigi]]<br> |
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10. [[Gunma Prefecture|Gunma]]<br> |
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11. [[Saitama Prefecture|Saitama]]<br> |
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12. [[Chiba Prefecture|Chiba]]<br> |
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13. [[Tokyo]]<br> |
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14. [[Kanagawa Prefecture|Kanagawa]]<br> |
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| style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | |
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<center>'''[[Chūbu region|Chūbu]]'''</center> |
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---- |
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15. [[Niigata Prefecture|Niigata]]<br> |
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16. [[Toyama Prefecture|Toyama]]<br> |
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17. [[Ishikawa Prefecture|Ishikawa]]<br> |
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18. [[Fukui Prefecture|Fukui]]<br> |
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19. [[Yamanashi Prefecture|Yamanashi]]<br> |
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20. [[Nagano Prefecture|Nagano]]<br> |
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21. [[Gifu Prefecture|Gifu]]<br> |
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22. [[Shizuoka Prefecture|Shizuoka]]<br> |
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23. [[Aichi Prefecture|Aichi]]<br> |
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|- |
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| style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | |
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<center>'''[[Kansai]]'''</center> |
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---- |
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24. [[Mie Prefecture|Mie]]<br> |
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25. [[Shiga Prefecture|Shiga]]<br> |
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26. [[Kyoto Prefecture|Kyoto]]<br> |
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27. [[Osaka Prefecture|Osaka]]<br> |
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28. [[Hyōgo Prefecture|Hyōgo]]<br> |
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29. [[Nara Prefecture|Nara]]<br> |
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30. [[Wakayama Prefecture|Wakayama]]<br> |
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| style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | |
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<center>'''[[Chūgoku region|Chūgoku]]'''</center> |
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---- |
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31. [[Tottori Prefecture|Tottori]]<br> |
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32. [[Shimane Prefecture|Shimane]]<br> |
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33. [[Okayama Prefecture|Okayama]]<br> |
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34. [[Hiroshima Prefecture|Hiroshima]]<br> |
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35. [[Yamaguchi Prefecture|Yamaguchi]]<br> |
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| style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | |
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<center>'''[[Shikoku]]'''</center> |
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---- |
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36. [[Tokushima Prefecture|Tokushima]]<br> |
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37. [[Kagawa Prefecture|Kagawa]]<br> |
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38. [[Ehime Prefecture|Ehime]]<br> |
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39. [[Kōchi Prefecture|Kōchi]]<br> |
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| style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" | |
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<center>'''[[Kyūshū]] and [[Okinawa]]'''</center> |
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---- |
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40. [[Fukuoka Prefecture|Fukuoka]]<br> |
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41. [[Saga Prefecture|Saga]]<br> |
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42. [[Nagasaki Prefecture|Nagasaki]]<br> |
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43. [[Kumamoto Prefecture|Kumamoto]]<br> |
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44. [[Ōita Prefecture|Ōita]]<br> |
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45. [[Miyazaki Prefecture|Miyazaki]]<br> |
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46. [[Kagoshima Prefecture|Kagoshima]]<br> |
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47. [[Okinawa Prefecture|Okinawa]] <br> |
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|} |
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The nation is currently undergoing administrative [[Merger and dissolution of municipalities of Japan|reorganization by merging]] many of the cities, towns and villages with each other. This process will reduce the number of sub-prefecture administrative regions and is expected to cut administrative costs.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mabuchi |first=Masaru |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/WBI/Resources/wbi37175.pdf |title=''Municipal Amalgamation in Japan'' (PDF) |publisher=World Bank |month=May | year=2001 | accessdate=2006-12-28|format=PDF}}</ref> |
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Japan has dozens of [[List of Japanese cities by population|major cities]], which play an important role in Japan's culture, heritage and economy. |
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==Geography== |
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{{main|Geography of Japan}} |
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[[File:Mountfujijapan.jpg|thumb|[[Mount Fuji]] with [[cherry blossom]] trees and a [[shinkansen]] in the foreground—all three are iconic of Japan]] |
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Japan is a country of over three thousand islands extending along the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] coast of Asia. The main islands, running from north to south, are [[Hokkaidō]], [[Honshū]] (the main island), [[Shikoku]] and [[Kyūshū]]. The [[Ryukyu Islands]], including [[Okinawa Island|Okinawa]], are a chain of islands south of Kyushū. Together they are often known as the [[Japanese Archipelago]]. |
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About 70% to 80% of the country is [[forest]]ed, mountainous,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761566679/Japan.html |title="Japan" |publisher=Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia |year=2006 |accessdate=2006-12-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldinfozone.com/country.php?country=Japan |title=Japan Information—Page 1 |publisher=WorldInfoZone.com |accessdate=2006-12-28}}</ref> and unsuitable for agricultural, industrial, or residential use. This is because of the generally steep elevations, climate and risk of landslides caused by earthquakes, soft ground and heavy rain. This has resulted in an extremely high population density in the habitable zones that are mainly located in coastal areas. Japan is one of the [[list of countries by population density|most densely populated countries]] in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://esa.un.org/unpp/ |title=World Population Prospects |publisher=UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs |accessdate=2007-03-27}}</ref> |
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Its location on the [[Pacific Ring of Fire]], at the juncture of three tectonic plates, gives Japan frequent low-intensity tremors and occasional volcanic activity. Destructive [[earthquake]]s, often resulting in [[tsunami]]s, occur several times each century.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://volcano.und.edu/vwdocs/volc_images/north_asia/japan_tec.html |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070204064754/http://volcano.und.edu/vwdocs/volc_images/north_asia/japan_tec.html |archivedate=2007-02-04 |title=Tectonics and Volcanoes of Japan |publisher=Oregon State University |accessdate=2007-03-27}}</ref> The most recent major quakes are the [[2004 Chūetsu earthquake]] and the [[Great Hanshin earthquake|Great Hanshin Earthquake]] of 1995. [[Onsen|Hot springs]] are numerous and have been developed as resorts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jnto.go.jp/eng/arrange/attractions/hotSprings.html |title=Attractions: Hot Springs |publisher=[[JNTO]] |accessdate=2007-04-01}}</ref> |
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The climate of Japan is predominantly [[temperate]], but varies greatly from north to south.<ref name="climate">{{cite web |url=http://www.jnto.go.jp/eng/arrange/essential/climate.html |title=Essential Info: Climate |publisher=[[JNTO]] |accessdate=2007-04-01}}</ref> Japan's geographical features divide it into six principal climatic zones: |
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* [[Hokkaidō]]: The northernmost zone has a temperate climate with long, cold winters and cool summers. [[precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]] is not heavy, but the islands usually develop deep snow banks in the winter. |
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* [[Sea of Japan]]: On Honshū's west coast, the northwest wind in the wintertime brings heavy snowfall. In the summer, the region is cooler than the Pacific area, though it sometimes experiences extremely hot temperatures, because of the [[foehn wind]] phenomenon. |
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* [[Central Highland (Japan)|Central Highland]]: A typical inland climate, with large temperature differences between summer and winter, and between day and night. Precipitation is light. |
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* [[Inland Sea|Seto Inland Sea]]: The mountains of the [[Chūgoku region|Chūgoku]] and [[Shikoku]] regions shelter the region from the seasonal winds, bringing mild weather throughout the year. |
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* [[Pacific Ocean]]: The east coast experiences cold winters with little snowfall and hot, humid summers because of the southeast seasonal wind. |
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* [[Ryukyu Islands]]: The Ryukyu Islands have a subtropical climate, with warm winters and hot summers. Precipitation is very heavy, especially during the rainy season. [[tropical cyclone|Typhoons]] are common. |
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The highest temperature ever measured in Japan — 40.9 °C (105.6 °F) — was recorded on August 16, 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.japannewsreview.com/society/national/20070816page_id=1553 |title=Gifu Prefecture sees highest temperature ever recorded in Japan - 40.9 |publisher=Japan News Review Society |date=2007-08-16| accessdate=2007-08-16}}</ref> |
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The main [[East Asian rainy season|rainy season]] begins in early May in Okinawa, and the stationary rain front responsible for this gradually works its way north until it dissipates in northern Japan before reaching Hokkaidō in late July. In most of Honshū, the rainy season begins before the middle of June and lasts about six weeks. In late summer and early autumn, typhoons often bring heavy rain.<ref name="climate"/> |
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Japan is home to nine forest [[ecoregions in Japan|ecoregions]] which reflect the climate and geography of the islands. They range from [[Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests|subtropical moist broadleaf forests]] in the Ryūkyū and Bonin islands, to [[temperate broadleaf and mixed forests]] in the mild climate regions of the main islands, to [[temperate coniferous forest]]s in the cold, winter portions of the northern islands.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.us.emb-japan.go.jp/jicc/spotflora.htm |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070213035135/http://www.us.emb-japan.go.jp/jicc/spotflora.htm |archivedate=2007-02-13 |title=Flora and Fauna: Diversity and regional uniqueness |publisher=Embassy of Japan in the USA |accessdate=2007-04-01}}</ref> |
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==Environment== |
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{{main|Environmental issues in Japan}} |
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[[File:Ikata Nuclear Powerplant.JPG|thumb|right|[[Ikata Nuclear Power Plant]].]] |
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Japan's environmental history and current policies reflect a tenuous balance between economic development and environmental protection. In the rapid economic growth after [[World War II]], environmental policies were downplayed by the government and industrial corporations. As an inevitable consequence, some crucial environmental pollution (see [[Four Big Pollution Diseases of Japan|Pollution in Japan]]) occurred in the 1950s and 1960s. In the rising concern over the problem, the government introduced many environmental protection laws<ref>[http://www.erca.go.jp/taiki/history/ko_syousyu.html 日本の大気汚染の歴史], Environmental Restoration and Conservation Agency</ref> in 1970 and established the [[Ministry of the Environment (Japan)|Ministry of the Environment]] in 1971. The [[1973 oil crisis|Oil crisis in 1973]] also encouraged the efficient use of energy due to Japan's lack of natural resources.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20080216005103/http://nice.erina.or.jp/en/pdf/C-SEKIYAMA.pdf Japan' international cooperation for energy efficiency & conservation in Asian region.], Takeshi Sekiyama, Energy Conservation Center, 2008</ref> Current priority environmental issues include urban [[air pollution]] ([[NOx]], suspended particulate matter, toxics), [[waste management]], water eutrophication, [[nature conservation]], [[climate change]], chemical management and international co-operation for environmental conservation.<ref>[http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/0/17/2110905.pdf OECD Environmental Performance Review of Japan], [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]]</ref> |
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Today Japan is one of the world's leaders in the development of new environment-friendly technologies. [[Honda]] and [[Toyota]] [[hybrid electric vehicle]]s were named to have the highest [[Fuel economy in automobiles|fuel economy]] and lowest [[automobile emission|emission]]s.<ref>[http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_vehicles/vehicles_health/automaker-rankings-2007.html Automaker Rankings 2007: The Environmental Performance of Car Companies], [[Union of Concerned Scientists]], 10/15/07.</ref> This is due to the advanced technology in hybrid systems, biofuels, use of lighter weight material and better engineering. |
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Japan also takes issues surrounding [[climate change]] and [[global warming]] seriously. As a signatory of the [[Kyoto Protocol]], and host of the 1997 conference which created it, Japan is under treaty obligations to reduce its carbon dioxide emissions and to take other steps related to curbing climate change. The [[Cool Biz campaign]] introduced under former Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi was targeted at reducing energy use through the reduction of air conditioning use in government offices. Japan is preparing to force industry to make big cuts in greenhouse gases, taking the lead in a country struggling to meet its [[Kyoto Protocol]] obligations.<ref>[http://www.wbcsd.org/plugins/DocSearch/details.asp?type=DocDet&ObjectId=MzAyNzQ World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
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Japan is ranked 30th best in the world in the [[Environmental Sustainability Index]].<ref>[http://www.yale.edu/esi/ESI2005_Main_Report.pdf 2005 Environmental Sustainability Index Benchmarking National Environmental Stewardship], [[Yale Center for Environmental Law and Policy]], [[Yale University]] and [[Center for International Earth Science Information Network]], [[Columbia University]], 2005.</ref> |
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==Economy== |
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{{main|Economy of Japan}} |
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[[File:Tokyo stock exchange.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Tokyo Stock Exchange]] is the world's second largest [[stock exchange]].]] |
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From 1868, the [[Meiji period]] launched economic expansion. Meiji rulers embraced the concept of a free market economy and adopted British and North American forms of free enterprise capitalism. Japanese went to study overseas and Western scholars were hired to teach in Japan. Many of today's enterprises were founded at the time. Japan emerged as the most developed nation in Asia. |
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From the 1960s to the 1980s, overall real economic growth has been called [[Japanese post-war economic miracle|a "Japanese miracle"]]: a 10% average in the 1960s, a 5% average in the 1970s and a 4% average in the 1980s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-7176.html |title=Japan: Patterns of Development |publisher=country-data.com |month=January | year=1994 |accessdate=2006-12-28}}</ref> Growth slowed markedly in the 1990s, largely because of the after-effects of [[Japanese asset price bubble]] and domestic policies intended to wring speculative excesses from the stock and real estate markets. Government efforts to revive economic growth met with little success and were further hampered [[Dot-com bubble|by the global slowdown in 2000]].<ref name="ciaecon">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ja.html#Econ |title=World Factbook; Japan—Economy |publisher=[[CIA]] |date=2006-12-19 | accessdate=2006-12-28}}</ref> The economy showed strong signs of recovery after 2005. GDP growth for that year was 2.8%, with an annualized fourth quarter expansion of 5.5%, surpassing the growth rates of the [[US]] and [[European Union]] during the same period.<ref>Masake, Hisane. [http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Japan/HC02Dh01.html A farewell to zero]. ''Asia Times Online'' (2006-03-02). Retrieved on 2006-12-28.</ref> |
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Japan is the [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|second largest]] economy in the world,<ref name="imf">{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2006/02/data/weorept.aspx?sy=2005&ey=2005&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C446%2C914%2C666%2C612%2C668%2C614%2C672%2C311%2C946%2C213%2C137%2C911%2C962%2C193%2C674%2C122%2C676%2C912%2C548%2C313%2C556%2C419%2C678%2C513%2C181%2C316%2C682%2C913%2C684%2C124%2C273%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C686%2C218%2C688%2C963%2C518%2C616%2C728%2C223%2C558%2C516%2C138%2C918%2C353%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C522%2C692%2C622%2C694%2C156%2C142%2C624%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C283%2C228%2C853%2C924%2C288%2C233%2C293%2C632%2C566%2C636%2C964%2C634%2C182%2C238%2C453%2C662%2C968%2C960%2C922%2C423%2C714%2C935%2C862%2C128%2C716%2C611%2C456%2C321%2C722%2C243%2C965%2C248%2C718%2C469%2C724%2C253%2C576%2C642%2C936%2C643%2C961%2C939%2C813%2C644%2C199%2C819%2C184%2C172%2C524%2C132%2C361%2C646%2C362%2C648%2C364%2C915%2C732%2C134%2C366%2C652%2C734%2C174%2C144%2C328%2C146%2C258%2C463%2C656%2C528%2C654%2C923%2C336%2C738%2C263%2C578%2C268%2C537%2C532%2C742%2C944%2C866%2C176%2C369%2C534%2C744%2C536%2C186%2C429%2C925%2C178%2C746%2C436%2C926%2C136%2C466%2C343%2C112%2C158%2C111%2C439%2C298%2C916%2C927%2C664%2C846%2C826%2C299%2C542%2C582%2C443%2C474%2C917%2C754%2C544%2C698%2C941&s=NGDPD&grp=0&a=&pr1.x=64&pr1.y=9 |title=World Economic Outlook Database; country comparisons |publisher=[[IMF]] |date=2006-09-01 |accessdate=2007-03-14}}</ref> after the [[United States]], at around US$5 [[Orders_of_magnitude_(numbers)#1012|trillion]] in terms of [[gross domestic product|nominal GDP]]<ref name="imf"/> and third after the [[United States]] and [[People's Republic of China|China]] in terms of [[purchasing power parity]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/eco_gdp_ppp-economy-gdp-ppp |title=NationMaster; Economy Statistics |publisher=[[NationMaster]] |accessdate=2007-03-26}}</ref> [[Bank]]ing, [[insurance]], [[real estate]], [[retailing]], [[Transportation in Japan|transportation]], [[telecommunication]]s and [[construction]] are all major industries.<ref>[http://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/handbook/c06cont.htm er 6 Manufacturing and Construction], Statistical Handbook of Japan, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications</ref> Japan has a large industrial capacity and is home to some of the largest, leading and most technologically advanced producers of [[motor vehicle]]s, [[Electronics|electronic equipment]], [[machine tool]]s, [[steel]] and nonferrous [[metal]]s, [[ship]]s, [[chemical substance|chemicals]], [[textile]]s and [[food processing|processed food]]s.<ref name="ciaecon"/> The [[service sector]] accounts for three quarters of the gross domestic product. |
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[[File:Yokohama MinatoMirai21.jpg|thumb|The [[Minato Mirai 21]] district of [[Yokohama]]. The majority of Japan's economy is [[service sector]] based.]] |
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As of 2001, Japan's shrinking labor force consisted of some 67 million workers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.archive.org/web/20070927032804/http://www.prcdc.org/summaries/japan/japan.html |title=Executive Summary: Population Trends in Japan |publisher=Population Resource Center |accessdate=2009-05-11}}</ref> Japan has a [[List of countries by unemployment rate|low unemployment rate]], around 4%. Japan's [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per hour worked|GDP per hour worked]] is the world's 19th highest as of 2007.<ref>[http://www.ggdc.net/ Groningen Growth and Development Centre (GGDC)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> [[Big Mac Index]] shows that Japanese workers get the highest salary per hour in the world. Some of the largest enterprises in Japan include [[Toyota]], [[NTT DoCoMo]], [[Canon (company)|Canon]], [[Honda]], [[Takeda Pharmaceutical]], [[Sony]], [[Nintendo]], [[Nippon Steel]], [[The Tokyo Electric Power Company|Tepco]], [[Mitsubishi]] and [[Seven & I Holdings Co.|711]].<ref>[http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/1b939a9a-2587-11dc-b338-000b5df10621,dwp_uuid=95d63dfa-257b-11dc-b338-000b5df10621.html Japan 500 2007], [[Financial Times]]</ref> It is home to some of [[Bank#Bank_size_information|the world's largest banks]], and the [[Tokyo Stock Exchange]] (known for its [[Nikkei 225]] and [[Topix]] indices) stands as the second largest in the world by [[market capitalization]].<ref>[http://www.nyse.com/events/1170156816059.html Market data.] New York Stock Exchange (2006-01-31). Retrieved on 2007-08-11.</ref> Japan is home to 326 companies from the [[Forbes Global 2000]] or 16.3% (as of 2006). |
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Japan ranks 12th of 178 countries in the [[Ease of Doing Business Index]] 2008 and it has [[List of countries by tax revenue as percentage of GDP|one of the smallest governments]] in the developed world. Japanese variant of [[capitalism]] has many distinct features. [[Keiretsu]] enterprises are influential. [[Lifetime employment]] and seniority-based career advancement are relatively common in [[Japanese work environment]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.economist.com/displayStory.cfm?story_id=7193984 |title=Japan's Economy: Free at last |publisher=[[The Economist]] |date=2006-07-20 |accessdate=2007-03-29}}</ref><ref name="oecd2008">[http://www.oecd.org/document/17/0,3343,en_2649_34111_40353553_1_1_1_1,00.html OECD: Economic survey of Japan 2008]</ref> Japanese companies are known for management methods such as "[[The Toyota Way]]". [[Shareholder activism]] is rare.<ref>[http://www.economist.com/business/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9414552 Activist shareholders swarm in Japan], The Economist</ref> Recently, Japan has moved away from some of these norms.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.moneyweek.com/file/26181/why-germanys-economy-will-outshine-japan.html |title=Why Germany's economy will outshine Japan |publisher=MoneyWeek |date=2007-02-28 |accessdate=2007-03-28}}</ref><ref>[http://www.economist.com/specialreports/displayStory.cfm?story_id=10169956 The Economist: Going hybrid]</ref> In the [[Index of Economic Freedom]], Japan is the 5th most [[laissez-faire]] of 30 Asian countries.<ref>[http://www.heritage.org/Index/country.cfm?id=Japan Japan], [[Index of Economic Freedom]]</ref> |
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[[File:Toyota Prius side.jpg|thumb|left|[[Toyota Prius]], a [[hybrid electric vehicle]]. [[Automobiles]] and [[electronics]] constitute a large proportion of Japanese exports.]] |
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Japan's exports amounted to [[List of countries by exports per capita|4,210 U.S. dollars per capita]] in 2005. Japan's main export markets are the [[United States]] 22.8%, the [[European Union]] 14.5%, [[People's Republic of China|China]] 14.3%, [[South Korea]] 7.8%, [[Republic of China|Taiwan]] 6.8% and [[Hong Kong]] 5.6% (for 2006). Japan's main exports are transportation equipment, [[motor vehicle]]s, [[electronics]], electrical machinery and [[chemical substance|chemicals]].<ref name="ciaecon"/> Japan's main import markets are [[People's Republic of China|China]] 20.5%, [[United States|U.S.]] 12.0%, the [[European Union]] 10.3%, [[Saudi Arabia]] 6.4%, [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]] 5.5%, [[Australia]] 4.8%, [[South Korea]] 4.7% and [[Indonesia]] 4.2% (for 2006). Japan's main imports are machinery and equipment, [[fossil fuel]]s, [[food]]stuffs (in particular [[beef]]), [[chemical substance|chemicals]], [[textile]]s and raw materials for its industries.<ref>Blustein, Paul. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A40192-2005Jan26.html "China Passes U.S. In Trade With Japan: 2004 Figures Show Asian Giant's Muscle".] ''[[The Washington Post]]'' (2005-01-27). Retrieved on 2006-12-28.</ref> By market share measures, domestic markets are the least open of any [[OECD]] country.<ref name="oecd2008"/> [[Junichiro Koizumi]] administration commenced some pro-competition reforms and foreign investment in Japan has soared recently.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4632747.stm Foreign investment in Japan soar]. BBC. 29th June, 2005</ref> |
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Japan's business culture has many indigenous concepts such as [[nemawashi]], [[Nenko System|nenko system]], [[salaryman]], and [[office lady]]. [[Housing in Japan|Japan's housing market]] is characterized by limited land supply in urban areas. This is particularly true for [[Tokyo]], the world's largest urban agglomeration GDP. More than half of Japanese live in suburbs or more rural areas, where [[detached house]]s are the dominant housing type. [[Agriculture, forestry, and fishing in Japan|Agricultural businesses in Japan]] often utilize a system of [[terrace farming]] and crop yields are high. 13% of Japan's land is cultivated. Japan accounts for nearly 15% of the global [[fish]] catch, second only to China.<ref name="ciaecon"/> Japan's agricultural sector is protected at high cost.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20070902121216/http://www.rirdc.gov.au/pub/shortreps/anu36a.html Has Japanese agricultural protection had its day? Policies for the new millennium]. Rural Industries Research & Development Corporation.</ref> |
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==Infrastructure== |
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{{main|Energy in Japan|Transportation in Japan}} |
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As of 2005, one half of [[energy in Japan]] is produced from [[petroleum]], a fifth from [[coal]], and 14% from [[natural gas]].<ref>[http://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/handbook/c07cont.htm Chapter 7 Energy], Statistical Handbook of Japan 2007</ref> [[Nuclear power in Japan|Nuclear power]] produces a quarter of Japan's electricity.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/01/21/2142636.htm |title=Japan taps into ocean winds for power |publisher=ABC News |date=2008-01-21 |accessdate=2009-0%-11}}</ref> |
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[[File:JR Central Shinkansen 700.jpg|thumb|left|[[High speed rail|High speed]] [[Shinkansen]] or ''Bullet trains'' are a common form of transportation in Japan.]] |
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Japan's road spending has been large.<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9500E3DC1031F932A35750C0A961958260 Japan's Road to Deep Deficit Is Paved With Public Works], New York Times in 1997</ref> The 1.2 million kilometers of paved road are the main means of transportation.<ref>[http://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/handbook/c09cont.htm Chapter 9 Transport], Statistical Handbook of Japan</ref> Japan has [[Right- and left-hand traffic|left-hand traffic]]. A single network of high-speed, divided, limited-access toll roads connects major cities and are operated by [[Toll road|toll-collecting enterprises]]. New and used cars are inexpensive. Car ownership fees and fuel levies are used to promote energy-efficiency. However, at just 50% of all distance travelled, car usage is the lowest of all [[G8]] countries.<ref name="transtatsjp"> {{cite web|url=http://www.iraptranstats.net/jp|title=Transport in Japan|accessdate=2009-02-17|work=International Transport Statistics Database|publisher=[[iRAP]] }}</ref> |
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[[List of railway companies in Japan|Dozens of Japanese railway companies]] compete in regional and local passenger transportation markets; for instance, 7 [[Japan Railways Group|JR]] enterprises, [[Kintetsu Corporation]], [[Seibu Railway]] and [[Keio Corporation]]. Often, strategies of these enterprises contain [[real estate]] or [[Department stores in Japan|department stores next to stations]]. Some 250 high-speed [[Shinkansen]] trains connect major cities. Japanese trains are known for their punctuality.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hitachi-rail.com/rail_now/column/just_in_time/index.html|title=Corporate Culture as Strong Diving Force for Punctuality- Another "Just in Time"|accessdate=2009-04-19|work=Hitachi-Rail.com|publisher=}}</ref> |
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There are 173 airports and flying is a popular way to travel between cities. The largest domestic airport, [[Haneda Airport]], is [[World's busiest airports by passenger traffic|Asia's busiest airport]]. The largest international gateways are [[Narita International Airport]] (Tokyo area), [[Kansai International Airport]] (Osaka/Kobe/Kyoto area) and [[Chūbu Centrair International Airport]] (Nagoya area). The largest ports include [[Port of Yokohama]] and [[Nagoya Port]]. |
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==Science and technology== |
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{{main|Science and technology in Japan}} |
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[[File:Honda ASIMO Walking Stairs.JPG|thumb|Press release photo of the most recent [[Honda]] [[ASIMO]] model.]] |
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[[File:Kibo PM and ELM-PS.jpg|thumb|[[JAXA]] [[Japanese Experiment Module]].]] |
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Japan is one of the leading nations in the fields of [[research|scientific research]], particularly [[technology]], [[machine]]ry and [[biomedical research]]. Nearly 700,000 researchers share a [[United States dollar|US$]]130 billion [[research and development]] budget, the third largest in the world.<ref>McDonald, Joe. "China to spend $136 billion on R&D." ''BusinessWeek'' (2006-12-04).</ref> For instance some of Japan's more prominent technological contributions are found in the fields of [[electronics]], [[automobile]]s, [[machine]]ry, [[earthquake engineering]], [[industrial robot]]ics, [[optics]], [[chemical substance|chemicals]], [[semiconductor]]s and [[metal]]s. Japan leads the world in [[robotics]] production and use, possessing more than half (402,200 of 742,500) of the world's industrial robots used for manufacturing.<ref>[http://www.unece.org/press/pr2000/00stat10e.htm The Boom in Robot Investment Continues—900,000 Industrial Robots by 2003.] and United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, Press release 2000-10-17. Retrieved on 2006-12-28.</ref> It also produced [[QRIO]], [[ASIMO]] and [[AIBO]]. Japan is the world's largest producer of automobiles<ref>{{cite web |title=World Motor Vehicle Production by Country |publisher=[[OICA|oica.net]] |year=2006 |url=http://www.oica.net/htdocs/statistics/tableaux2006/worldprod_country-2.pdf |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070807213925/http://www.oica.net/htdocs/statistics/tableaux2006/worldprod_country-2.pdf |archivedate=2007-08-07 |accessdate=2007-07-30|format=PDF}}</ref> and home to six of the [[automotive industry|world's fifteen largest]] automobile manufacturers and seven of the [[semiconductor sales leaders by year|world's twenty largest]] [[semiconductor]] sales leaders as of today. |
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The [[Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency]] (JAXA) is Japan's [[space agency]] that conducts space and planetary research, aviation research, and development of rockets and satellites. It is a participant in the [[International Space Station]] and the [[Japanese Experiment Module]] (Kibo) was added to the [[International Space Station]] during [[Space Shuttle]] assembly flights in 2008.<ref>{{cite web |title=Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Homepage |publisher = Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency|date=2006-08-03 |url=http://www.jaxa.jp/index_e.html |accessdate=2007-03-28}}</ref> It has plans in [[space exploration]], such as launching the ''[[Venus Climate Orbiter]]'' (''[[PLANET-C]]'') in 2010<ref>[http://www.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/planet_c/index_e.html JAXA, Venus Climate Orbiter "PLANET-C"]</ref><ref>[http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/e/enterp/missions/planet-c/index.shtml ISAS, Venus Meteorology PLANET-C]</ref>, developing the ''[[Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter]]'' to be launched in 2013<ref>[http://www.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/bepi/index_e.html JAXA, Mercury Exploration Mission "BepiColombo"]</ref><ref>[http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/e/enterp/missions/mmo/index.shtml ISAS, Mercury Exploration MMO (BepiColombo)]</ref>, and building a [[colonization of the Moon|moonbase]] by 2030.<ref>{{cite web |title=Japan Plans Moon Base by 2030 |publisher=MoonDaily |date=2006-08-03 |url=http://www.moondaily.com/reports/Japan_Plans_Moon_Base_By_2030_999.html |accessdate=2007-03-27}}</ref> On September 14, 2007, it launched [[lunar]] [[orbit]] [[explorer]] "''[[SELENE]]''" ('''Sel'''enological and '''En'''gineering '''E'''xplorer) on an [[H-IIA]] (Model H2A2022) carrier rocket from [[Tanegashima Space Center]]. ''SELENE'' is also known as ''Kaguya'', the lunar princess of the ancient folktale ''[[The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter]]''.<ref name="jaxa_nickname">{{cite web|url=http://www.jaxa.jp/countdown/f13/special/nickname_e.html| title="KAGUYA" selected as SELENE's nickname| accessdate=2007-10-13}}</ref> ''Kaguya'' is the largest lunar probe mission since the [[Apollo program]]. Its mission is to gather data on the [[Moon#Origin and geologic evolution|moon's origin and evolution]]. It entered into a lunar orbit on October 4,<ref>[http://www.japancorp.net/Article.Asp?Art_ID=15429 Japancorp.net, Japan Successfully Launches Lunar Explorer "Kaguya"]</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6994272.stm BBC NEWS, Japan launches first lunar probe]</ref> flying in a lunar orbit at an altitude of about {{convert|100|km|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.jaxa.jp/press/2008/10/20081009_kaguya_e.html JAXA, KAGUYA (SELENE) Image Taking of "Full Earth-Rise" by HDTV]</ref> |
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==Demographics== |
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{{main|Demographics of Japan|Japanese language|Japanese people|Racial issues in Japan|Religion in Japan}} |
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[[File:Shibuya night.jpg|thumb|A view of [[Shibuya, Tokyo|Shibuya crossing]], an example of Tokyo's often crowded streets.]] |
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[[File:Itsukushima torii distance.jpg|thumb|[[Shinto]] [[Itsukushima Shrine]] [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]].]] |
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Japan's population is estimated at around 127.3 million.<ref name="ciapeople">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ja.html#People |title=World Factbook; Japan—People |publisher=[[CIA]] |month=June | year=2008|accessdate=2008-05-18}}</ref> Japanese society is [[Linguistics|linguistically]] and culturally homogeneous with small populations of foreign workers. [[Koreans in Japan|Zainichi Korean]]s, [[Chinese people in Japan|Zainichi Chinese]], [[Filipinos in Japan|Filipinos]], [[Japanese Brazilian]]s are amongst the small minorities resident in Japan. The most dominant native [[ethnic group]] is the [[Yamato people]]; the primary [[minority group]]s include the indigenous [[Ainu people|Ainu]] and [[Ryukyuan people|Ryukyuan]], as well as social minority groups like the ''[[burakumin]]''. |
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Japan has one of the highest [[life expectancy]] rates in the world, at 81.25 years of age as of 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2102rank.html |title=The World Factbook: Rank order—Life expectancy at birth |publisher=[[CIA]] |date=2006-12-19 |accessdate=2006-12-28}}</ref> The Japanese population is rapidly aging, the effect of [[Post-World War II baby boom|a post-war baby boom]] followed by a decrease in births in the latter part of the twentieth century. In 2004, about 19.5% of the population was over the age of 65.<ref name="handbook">{{cite web |url=http://www.stat.go.jp/English/data/handbook/c02cont.htm |title=Statistical Handbook of Japan: Chapter 2—Population |publisher=Japan Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications |accessdate=2006-12-28}}</ref> |
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The changes in the demographic structure have created a number of social issues, particularly a potential decline in the workforce population and increases in the cost of social security benefits such as the [[pension|public pension plan]]. Many Japanese youth are increasingly preferring not to [[marriage|marry]] or have families as adults.<ref name="Ogawa"/> Japan's population is expected to drop to 100 million by 2050 and to 64 million by 2100.<ref name="handbook"/> Demographers and government planners are currently in a heated debate over how to cope with this problem.<ref name="Ogawa">Ogawa, Naohiro.[http://www.mofa.go.jp/j_info/japan/socsec/ogawa.html "Demographic Trends and Their Implications for Japan's Future"] The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Transcript of speech delivered on (7 March, 1997). Retrieved on 14 May 2006.</ref> [[Immigration]] and birth incentives are sometimes suggested as a solution to provide younger workers to support the nation's aging population.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jipi.gr.jp/english/message.html |title=Japan Immigration Policy Institute: Director's message| author= Hidenori Sakanaka| publisher=Japan Immigration Policy Institute |date=2005-10-05 |accessdate=2007-01-05}}</ref><ref>French, Howard.[http://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/24/international/asia/24JAPA.html?ei=5007&en=53c7315175389e69&ex=1374379200&partner=USERLAND&pagewanted=all&position= "Insular Japan Needs, but Resists, Immigration".] "[[The New York Times]]" (2003-07-24). Retrieved on 2007-02-21.</ref> |
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The highest estimates for the amount of Buddhists and Shintoists in Japan is 84-96%, representing a large number of believers in a syncretism of both religions.<ref name="ciawfbjapan"/><ref>{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71342.htm |title=International Religious Freedom Report 2006 |author=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor |publisher=U.S. Department of State |date=2006-09-15 |accessdate=2007-12-04}}</ref> However, these estimates are based on people with an association with a temple, rather than the number of people truly following the religion.<ref name=Kisala>{{cite book |
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| last = Kisala | first = Robert | editor= Robert Wargo| title = The Logic Of Nothingness: A Study of Nishida Kitarō | publisher = University of Hawaii Press| year = 2005| pages = 3–4 | isbn = 0824822846}}</ref> Professor Robert Kisala ([[Nanzan University]]) suggests that only 30 percent of the population identify themselves as belonging to a religion.<ref name=Kisala/> |
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[[Taoism]] and [[Confucianism]] from China have also influenced Japanese beliefs and customs. Religion in Japan tends to be [[syncretism|syncretic]] in nature, and this results in a variety of practices, such as parents and children celebrating [[Shinto]] rituals, students praying before exams, couples holding a wedding at a [[Christian]] [[Church (building)|church]] and funerals being held at [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] temples. A minority (2,595,397, or 2.04%) profess to [[Christianity]].<ref>[http://www.bunka.go.jp/english/pdf/chapter_10.pdf Religious Juridical Persons and Administration of Religious Affairs, [[Agency for Cultural Affairs]] Retrieved August 25, 2008]</ref> In addition, since the mid-19th century, numerous religious sects (''[[Shinshūkyō]]'') have emerged in Japan, such as [[Tenrikyo]] and [[Aum Shinrikyo]] (or Aleph). |
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More than 99% of the population speaks [[Japanese language|Japanese]] as their first language.<ref name="ciapeople" /> It is an [[agglutinative language]] distinguished by a system of [[Honorific speech in Japanese|honorifics]] reflecting the [[Hierarchy|hierarchical]] nature of Japanese society, with verb forms and particular vocabulary which indicate the relative status of speaker and listener. According to a [[Japanese dictionary]] ''Shinsen-kokugojiten'', [[Sino-Japanese vocabulary|Chinese-based words]] make up 49.1% of the total vocabulary, indigenous words are 33.8% and other [[loanword]]s are 8.8%.<ref>Shinsen-kokugojiten (新選国語辞典), [[Kyōsuke Kindaichi]], [[Shogakukan]], 2001, ISBN 4095014075</ref> The [[Japanese writing system|writing system]] uses [[kanji]] ([[Chinese character]]s) and two sets of [[kana]] ([[Syllabary|syllabaries]] based on simplified Chinese characters), as well as the [[Latin alphabet]] and [[Arabic numerals]]. The [[Ryukyuan languages]], also part of the [[Japonic languages|Japonic language family]] to which Japanese belongs, are spoken in [[Okinawa Prefecture|Okinawa]], but few children learn these languages.<ref>言語学大辞典セレクション：日本列島の言語 (''Selection from the Encyclopædia of Linguistics: The Languages of the Japanese Archipelago''). "琉球列島の言語" (''The Languages of the Ryukyu Islands''). 三省堂 1997</ref> The [[Ainu language]] is [[Moribund language|moribund]], with only a few elderly [[First language|native speakers]] remaining in [[Hokkaidō]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/works/culture/japan_story.html |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080106062419/http://www.un.org/works/culture/japan_story.html |archivedate=2008-01-06 |title=15 families keep ancient language alive in Japan |publisher=[[UN]] | accessdate=2007-03-27}}</ref> Most public and private schools require students to take courses in both Japanese and English.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiana.edu/~japan/digest5.html |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20060427225148/http://www.indiana.edu/~japan/digest5.html |archivedate=2006-04-27 |title=Japan Digest: Japanese Education |date=2005-09-01 |author= Lucien Ellington|publisher=Indiana University |accessdate=2006-04-27}}</ref> |
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{{Infobox largest cities |
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<!--- Table title ---> |
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| title = [[List of Japanese cities by population|Largest cities of Japan]] |
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<!--- List header ---> |
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| city_type = Core City |
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| subdivision_type = Prefecture |
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<!--- Central images ---> |
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| image1 = Tokyo odaiba.jpg |
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| image2 = YokohamaNight.jpg |
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<!--- List ---> |
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| city1 = Tokyo |
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| city1_div = Tokyo |
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| city1_pop = 8,483,050 |
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| city2 = Yokohama |
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| city2_div = Kanagawa Prefecture{{!}}Kanagawa |
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| city2_pop = 3,579,133 |
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| city3 = Osaka |
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| city3_div = Osaka Prefecture{{!}}Osaka |
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| city3_pop = 2,628,776 |
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| city4 = Nagoya |
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| city4_div = Aichi Prefecture{{!}}Aichi |
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| city4_pop = 2,215,031 |
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| city5 = Sapporo |
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| city5_div = Hokkaidō |
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| city5_pop = 1,880,875 |
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| city6 = Kobe |
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| city6_div = Hyōgo Prefecture{{!}}Hyōgo |
|||
| city6_pop = 1,525,389 |
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| city7 = Kyoto |
|||
| city7_div = Kyoto Prefecture{{!}}Kyoto |
|||
| city7_pop = 1,474,764 |
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| city8 = Fukuoka, Fukuoka{{!}}Fukuoka |
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| city8_div = Fukuoka Prefecture{{!}}Fukuoka |
|||
| city8_pop = 1,400,621 |
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| city9 = Kawasaki, Kanagawa{{!}}Kawasaki |
|||
| city9_div = Kanagawa Prefecture{{!}}Kanagawa |
|||
| city9_pop = 1,327,009 |
|||
| city10 = Saitama, Saitama{{!}}Saitama |
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| city10_div = Saitama Prefecture{{!}}Saitama |
|||
| city10_pop = 1,176,269 |
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| city11 = Hiroshima |
|||
| city11_div = Hiroshima Prefecture{{!}}Hiroshima |
|||
| city11_pop = 1,159,391 |
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| city12 = Sendai |
|||
| city12_div = Miyagi Prefecture{{!}}Miyagi |
|||
| city12_pop = 1,028,214 |
|||
| city13 = Kitakyushu |
|||
| city13_div = Fukuoka Prefecture{{!}}Fukuoka |
|||
| city13_pop = 993,483 |
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| city14 = Chiba, Chiba{{!}}Chiba |
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| city14_div = Chiba Prefecture{{!}}Chiba |
|||
| city14_pop = 924,353 |
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| city15 = Sakai, Osaka{{!}}Sakai |
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| city15_div = Osaka Prefecture{{!}}Osaka |
|||
| city15_pop = 835,333 |
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| city16 = Niigata, Niigata{{!}}Niigata |
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| city16_div = Niigata Prefecture{{!}}Niigata |
|||
| city16_pop = 813,847 |
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| city17 = Hamamatsu |
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| city17_div = Shizuoka Prefecture{{!}}Shizuoka |
|||
| city17_pop = 804,067 |
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| city18 = Shizuoka, Shizuoka{{!}}Shizuoka |
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| city18_div = Shizuoka Prefecture{{!}}Shizuoka |
|||
| city18_pop = 710,944 |
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| city19 = Sagamihara, Kanagawa{{!}}Sagamihara |
|||
| city19_div = Kanagawa Prefecture{{!}}Kanagawa |
|||
| city19_pop = 701,568 |
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| city20 = Okayama, Okayama{{!}}Okayama |
|||
| city20_div = Okayama Prefecture{{!}}Okayama |
|||
| city20_pop = 696,172 |
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<!--- Footnotes ---> |
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| source = 2005 Census |
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}} |
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==Education and health== |
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{{main|Education in Japan|Health care in Japan}} |
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[[File:Yasuda Auditorium, Tokyo University - Nov 2005.JPG|thumb|The Yasuda Auditorium of [[University of Tokyo]], one of Japan's most prestigious universities.]] |
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Primary, secondary schools and universities were introduced into Japan in 1872 as a result of the [[Meiji Restoration]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fpri.org/footnotes/087.200312.ellington.japaneseeducation.html |title=Beyond the Rhetoric: Essential Questions About Japanese Education |author=Lucien Ellington|publisher=Foreign Policy Research Institute |date=2003-12-01 |accessdate=2007-04-01}}</ref> Since 1947, compulsory education in Japan consists of [[elementary school]] and [[middle school]], which lasts for nine years (from age 6 to age 15). Almost all children continue their education at a three-year senior [[high school]], and, according to the [[Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (Japan)|MEXT]], about 75.9% of high school graduates attend a [[university]], [[junior college]], trade school, or other post-secondary institution in 2005.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.mext.go.jp/english/statist/05101901/005.pdf |title= School Education |publisher= [[Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (Japan)|MEXT]] | format = [[PDF]] | accessdate=2007-03-10}}</ref> Japan's education is very competitive,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usyd.edu.au/news/international/226.html?newsstoryid=1568 |title=Rethinking Japanese education |author=Kate Rossmanith|publisher=The University of Sydney |date=2007-02-05| accessdate=2007-04-01}}</ref> especially for entrance to institutions of higher education. The two top-ranking universities in Japan are the [[University of Tokyo]] and [[Keio University]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mines-paristech.fr/Actualites/PR/EMP-ranking.html |title=The World University Rankings}}</ref> The [[Programme for International Student Assessment]] coordinated by the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]], currently ranks Japanese knowledge and skills of 15-year-olds as the 6th best in the world.<ref>[http://www.oecd.org/document/22/0,3343,en_2649_201185_39713238_1_1_1_1,00.html OECD’s PISA survey shows some countries making significant gains in learning outcomes], [[OECD]], 04/12/2007. [http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/42/8/39700724.pdf Range of rank on the PISA 2006 science scale]</ref> |
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In Japan, healthcare services are provided by national and local governments. Payment for personal medical services is offered through a universal health care insurance system that provides relative equality of access, with fees set by a government committee. People without insurance through employers can participate in a national health insurance program administered by local governments. Since 1973, all elderly persons have been covered by government-sponsored insurance.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyu.edu/projects/rodwin/lessons.html |author=Victor Rodwin|title=Health Care in Japan |publisher=New York University |accessdate=2007-03-10}}</ref> Patients are free to select physicians or facilities of their choice.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ipss.go.jp/s-info/e/Jasos/Health.html |title=Health Insurance: General Characteristics |publisher=National Institute of Population and Social Security Research |accessdate=2007-03-28}}</ref> |
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{{clear}} |
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==Culture and recreation== |
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{{main|Culture of Japan|Music of Japan}} |
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Japanese culture has evolved greatly over the years, from the country's original [[Jōmon period|Jōmon]] culture to its contemporary culture, which combines influences from [[Asia]], [[Europe]] and [[North America]]. Traditional [[Japanese art]]s include [[Japanese handicrafts|crafts]] ([[ikebana]], [[origami]], [[ukiyo-e]], [[Japanese traditional dolls|dolls]], [[lacquer]]ware, [[Japanese pottery and porcelain|pottery]]), performances ([[bunraku]], [[Japanese traditional dance|dance]], [[kabuki]], [[noh]], [[rakugo]]), traditions ([[List of Japanese games|games]], [[Japanese tea ceremony|tea ceremony]], [[Budō]], [[Japanese architecture|architecture]], [[Japanese garden|gardens]], [[Katana|swords]]) and [[Japanese cuisine|cuisine]]. The fusion of traditional [[woodblock printing]] and Western art led to the creation of [[manga]], a typically Japanese [[comic book]] format that is now popular within and outside Japan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnp.co.jp/museum/nmp/nmp_i/articles/manga/manga1.html |title= A History of Manga |publisher=NMP International |accessdate=2007-03-27}}</ref> Manga-influenced [[animation]] for television and film is called [[anime]]. Japanese-made [[video game console]]s have prospered since the 1980s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://uk.gamespot.com/gamespot/features/video/hov/index.html |title= The History of Video Games |author= Leonard Herman, Jer Horwitz, Steve Kent, and Skyler Miller|publisher=[[Gamespot]] |accessdate=2007-04-01}}</ref> |
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[[Music of Japan|Japanese music]] is eclectic, having borrowed instruments, scales and styles from neighboring cultures. Many instruments, such as the [[koto (musical instrument)|koto]], were introduced in the ninth and tenth centuries. The accompanied [[recitative]] of the [[Noh]] drama dates from the fourteenth century and the popular folk music, with the guitar-like [[shamisen]], from the sixteenth.<ref>Japanese Culture, The Concise [[Columbia Encyclopedia]], 1983 edition, © [[Columbia University Press]] ISBN 0-380-63396-5</ref> [[Western music]], introduced in the late nineteenth century, now forms an integral part of the culture. Post-war Japan has been heavily influenced by American and European modern music, which has led to the evolution of popular band music called [[J-pop]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://observer.guardian.co.uk/omm/story/0,,1550807,00.html |title= J-Pop History |publisher=[[The Observer]]| accessdate=2007-04-01}}</ref> |
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[[Karaoke]] is the most widely practiced cultural activity. A November 1993 survey by the [[Agency for Cultural Affairs|Cultural Affairs Agency]] found that more Japanese had sung karaoke that year than had participated in traditional cultural pursuits such as [[floristry|flower arranging]] or [[Japanese tea ceremony|tea ceremony]].<ref>Kelly, Bill. (1998). "Japan's Empty Orchestras: Echoes of Japanese culture in the performance of karaoke", ''The Worlds of Japanese Popular Culture: Gender, Shifting Boundaries and Global Cultures'', p. 76. Cambridge University Press.</ref> |
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The earliest works of [[Japanese literature]] include two history books the ''[[Kojiki]]'' and the ''[[Nihon Shoki]]'' and the eighth century poetry book ''[[Man'yōshū]]'', all written in Chinese characters.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.meijigakuin.ac.jp/~ascj/2000/200015.htm |title= Asian Studies Conference, Japan (2000) |publisher=Meiji Gakuin University |accessdate=2007-04-01}}</ref> In the early days of the [[Heian period]], the system of transcription known as ''kana'' ([[Hiragana]] and [[Katakana]]) was created as phonograms. ''[[The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter]]'' is considered the oldest Japanese narrative.<ref name="ispmsu">{{cite web |url=http://isp.msu.edu/AsianStudies/wbwoa/eastasia/Japan/literature.html |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071011065654/http://isp.msu.edu/AsianStudies/wbwoa/eastasia/Japan/literature.html |archivedate=2007-10-11 |title= Windows on Asia—Literature : Antiquity to Middle Ages: Recent Past |publisher=Michigan State University, Office of International Studies and Programs |accessdate=2006-12-28}}</ref> An account of Heian court life is given by ''[[The Pillow Book]]'' written by [[Sei Shōnagon]], while ''[[The Tale of Genji]]'' by [[Murasaki Shikibu|Lady Murasaki]] is often described as the world's first novel. During the [[Edo period]], literature became not so much the field of the samurai aristocracy as that of the [[chōnin]], the ordinary people. [[Yomihon]], for example, became popular and reveals this profound change in the readership and authorship.<ref name="ispmsu"/> The Meiji era saw the decline of traditional literary forms, during which Japanese literature integrated Western influences. [[Natsume Sōseki]] and [[Mori Ōgai]] were the first "modern" novelists of Japan, followed by [[Ryūnosuke Akutagawa]], [[Jun'ichirō Tanizaki]], [[Yasunari Kawabata]], [[Yukio Mishima]] and, more recently, [[Haruki Murakami]]. Japan has two [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize-winning]] authors — [[Yasunari Kawabata]] (1968) and [[Kenzaburo Oe]] (1994).<ref name="ispmsu"/> |
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<gallery> |
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File:Great Wave off Kanagawa2.jpg|''[[The Great Wave off Kanagawa]]'' (1832), an ''[[ukiyo-e]]'' from ''[[36 Views of Mount Fuji (Hokusai)|Thirty-Six Views of Mount Fuji]]'' by [[Hokusai]]. |
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File:Japan-Kyoto-Geisha.jpg|[[Geisha]] performing in traditional [[kimono]]. |
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File:Sorakuen14st3200.jpg|A [[Japanese garden]] created in a traditional style. |
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</gallery> |
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==Sports== |
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{{main|Sport in Japan}} |
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[[File:Sumo tournament.jpg|thumb|A [[sumo]] tournament at the Grand Tournament in [[Osaka]].]] |
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Traditionally, [[sumo]] is considered Japan's [[national sport]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/sumoeastandwest/sumo.html |title=Sumo: East and West |publisher=[[PBS]] |accessdate=2007-03-10}}</ref> and it is a popular spectator sport in Japan. [[Japanese martial arts|Martial arts]] such as [[judo]], [[karate]] and [[kendo|modern kendō]] are also widely practiced and enjoyed by spectators in the country. After the Meiji Restoration, many Western sports were introduced in Japan and began to spread through the education system.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uk.emb-japan.go.jp/en/facts/culture_dailylife.html#sports |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070317192109/http://www.uk.emb-japan.go.jp/en/facts/culture_dailylife.html#sports |archivedate=2007-03-17 |title=Culture and Daily Life |publisher=Embassy of Japan in the UK |accessdate=2007-03-27}}</ref> |
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The [[Nippon Professional Baseball|professional baseball league in Japan]] was established in 1936.<ref>{{cite book |author=Nagata, Yoichi and Holway, John B. |editor=Pete Palmer |title=Total Baseball |edition=fourth |year=1995 |publisher=Viking Press |location=New York |pages=547 |chapter=Japanese Baseball}}</ref> Today [[baseball]] is the most popular [[spectator sport]] in the country. One of the most famous Japanese baseball players is [[Ichiro Suzuki]], who, having won Japan's Most Valuable Player award in 1994, 1995 and 1996, now plays for the Seattle Mariners of North American [[Major League Baseball]]. Prior to that, [[Sadaharu Oh]] was well-known outside Japan, having hit more [[home runs]] during his career in Japan than his contemporary, [[Hank Aaron]], did in America. |
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Since the establishment of the [[J. League|Japan Professional Football League]] in 1992, [[Football in Japan|association football (soccer)]] has also gained a wide following.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tjf.or.jp/takarabako/PDF/TB09_JCN.pdf |title= Soccer as a Popular Sport: Putting Down Roots in Japan |publisher= The Japan Forum |format = [[PDF]] | accessdate=2007-04-01}}</ref> Japan was a venue of the [[Intercontinental Cup (football)|Intercontinental Cup]] from 1981 to 2004 and co-hosted the [[2002 FIFA World Cup]] with [[South Korea]]. Japan is one of the most successful soccer teams in Asia, winning the [[AFC Asian Cup|Asian Cup]] three times. |
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[[Golf]] is also popular in Japan,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://metropolis.co.jp/tokyo/604/sports.asp |title= Japanese Golf Gets Friendly |publisher=[[Metropolis (English magazine in Japan)|Metropolis]] |author=Fred Varcoe|accessdate=2007-04-01}}</ref> as are forms of [[auto racing]], such as the [[Super GT]] sports car series and [[Formula Nippon]] formula racing.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://metropolis.co.jp/tokyo/623/sports.asp |title= Japanese Omnibus: Sports |publisher=[[Metropolis (English magazine in Japan)|Metropolis]] |author=Len Clarke|accessdate=2007-04-01}}</ref> [[Twin Ring Motegi]] was completed in 1997 by [[Honda]] in order to bring [[IndyCar Series|IndyCar]] racing to Japan. |
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<div style="clear:right"></div> |
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==See also== |
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{{portal|Japan|Flag of Japan.svg}} |
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{{main|Outline of Japan}} |
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* [[Index of Japan-related articles]] |
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==References== |
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{{reflist|3}} |
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==Further reading== |
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* Christopher, Robert C., ''The Japanese Mind: the Goliath Explained'', Linden Press/Simon and Schuster, 1983 (ISBN 0330284193) |
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* De Mente, ''The Japanese Have a Word For It'', McGraw-Hill, 1997 (ISBN 0-8442-8316-9) |
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* Flath, ''The Japanese Economy'', Oxford University Press, 2000 (ISBN 0198775032) |
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* Free, ''Early Japanese Railways 1853–1914: Engineering Triumphs That Transformed Meiji-era Japan'', Tuttle Publishing, 2008 (ISBN 4805310065) |
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* Henshall, ''A History of Japan'', Palgrave Macmillan, 2001 (ISBN 0-312-23370-1) |
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* Hood, ''Shinkansen: From Bullet Train to Symbol of Modern Japan'', Routledge, 2006, (ISBN 0415320526) |
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* Ikegami, ''Bonds Of Civility: Aesthetic Networks And The Political Origins Of Japanese Culture'', Cambridge University Press, 2005 (ISBN 0521601150) |
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* Ito et al., ''Reviving Japan's Economy: Problems and Prescriptions'', MIT Press, 2005 (ISBN 0-262-09040-6) |
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* Iwabuchi, ''Recentering Globalization: Popular Culture and Japanese Transnationalism'', Duke University Press, 2002 (ISBN 0822328917) |
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* Jansen, ''The Making of Modern Japan'', Belknap, 2000 (ISBN 0-674-00334-9) |
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* Johnson, ''Japan: Who Governs?'', W.W. Norton, 1996 (ISBN 0-393-31450-2) |
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* Kato et al., ''A History of Japanese Literature: From the Man'Yoshu to Modern Times'', Japan Library, 1997 (ISBN 1873410484) |
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* Macwilliams, ''Japanese Visual Culture: Explorations in the World of Manga and Anime'', M.E. Sharpe, 2007 (ISBN 0765616025) |
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* McDonald, ''Reading a Japanese Film: Cinema in Context'', University of Hawaii Press, 2005 (ISBN 082482993X) |
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* Ono et al., ''Shinto: The Kami Way'', Tuttle Publishing, 2004 (ISBN 0804835578) |
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* Pyle, ''Japan Rising: The Resurgence of Japanese Power and Purpose'', Public Affairs, 2007 (ISBN 1586485679) |
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* Reischauer, ''Japan: The Story of a Nation'', McGraw-Hill, 1989 (ISBN 0-07-557074-2) |
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* Samuels, ''Securing Japan: Tokyo's Grand Strategy and the Future of East Asia'', Cornell University Press, 2008 (ISBN 0801474906) |
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* Silverberg, ''Erotic Grotesque Nonsense: The Mass Culture of Japanese Modern Times'', University of California Press, 2007 (ISBN 0520222733) |
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* Shinoda, ''Koizumi Diplomacy: Japan’s Kantei Approach to Foreign and Defense Affairs'', University of Washington Press, 2007 (ISBN 0295986999) |
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* Stevens, ''Japanese Popular Music: Culture, Authenticity and Power'', Routledge, 2007 (ISBN 041538057X) |
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* Sugimoto et al., ''An Introduction to Japanese Society'', Cambridge University Press, 2003 (ISBN 0-521-52925-5) |
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* Van Wolferen, ''The Enigma of Japanese Power'', Vintage, 1990 (ISBN 0-679-72802-3) |
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* Varley, ''Japanese Culture'', University of Hawaii Press, 2000 (ISBN 0824821521) |
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==External links== |
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{{sisterlinks|Japan}} |
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; Government |
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* [http://www.kantei.go.jp/foreign/index-e.html Kantei.go.jp], official [[Prime Minister of Japan|prime ministerial]] and cabinet site |
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* [http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/eindex.html Kunaicho.go.jp], official site of the [[Imperial House of Japan|Imperial family]]. |
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* [http://www.mofa.go.jp/ Ministry of Foreign Affairs], papers on Japan's foreign policy, education programs, culture and life. |
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* [http://www.ndl.go.jp/en/index.html National Diet Library] {{en icon}} |
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* [http://www.shugiin.go.jp/index.nsf/html/index_e.htm Shugi-in.go.jp], official site of the House of Representatives |
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*[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-j/japan.html Chief of State and Cabinet Members] |
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; News media |
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* [http://www.asahi.com/english/index.html Asahi Shimbun] {{en icon}} |
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* [http://home.kyodo.co.jp/ Kyodo News] |
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* [http://www.nhk.or.jp/english/ NHK Online] |
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* [http://www.japantimes.co.jp/ The Japan Times] |
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* [http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/ Yomiuri Shimbun (English)] |
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; Tourism |
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*[http://www.jnto.go.jp/eng/ Japan National Tourist Organization] |
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* {{wikitravel}} |
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; General information |
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*{{CIA World Factbook link|ja|Japan}} |
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*[http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/japan.htm Japan] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' |
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*{{dmoz|Regional/Asia/Japan}} |
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* [http://www.britannica.com/nations/Japan Japan] from [[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] |
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* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/japan/0,7368,450622,00.html Special Report: Japan] from [[The Guardian]] |
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* {{wikiatlas|Japan}} |
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* [http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=JA Energy Profile for Japan] from the U.S. [[Energy Information Administration]] |
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* {{gutenberg author | id=Japan | name=Government of Japan}} containing the 1889 and 1946 Constitutions |
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{{Japan topics}} |
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{{Template group |
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|title = Geographic locale |
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|list = |
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{{Regions and administrative divisions of Japan}} |
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{{Countries and territories of East Asia}} |
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}} |
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{{Template group |
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|list = |
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{{UN Security Council|state=collapsed}} |
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{{Major non-NATO ally}} |
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{{East Asia Summit}} |
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{{G8 nations}} |
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{{Monarchies|state=collapsed}} |
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}} |
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{{Immigration to Japan}} |
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{{Asia in topic|Demographics of}} |
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<!--Interwiki--> |
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[[ku:Japan]] |
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[[lo:ປະເທດຍີ່ປຸ່ນ]] |
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[[la:Iaponia]] |
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[[lv:Japāna]] |
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[[lb:Japan]] |
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[[lt:Japonija]] |
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[[lij:Giappon]] |
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[[li:Japan]] |
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[[ln:Zapɔ́]] |
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[[jbo:pongu'e]] |
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[[lmo:Giapun]] |
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[[hu:Japán]] |
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[[mhr:Японий]] |
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[[mk:Јапонија]] |
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[[mg:Japana]] |
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[[ml:ജപ്പാന്]] |
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[[mi:Nipono]] |
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[[mr:जपान]] |
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[[arz:اليابان]] |
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[[ms:Jepun]] |
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[[cdo:Nĭk-buōng]] |
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[[mdf:Япунмастор]] |
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[[mn:Япон]] |
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[[my:ဂျပန်နိုင်ငံ]] |
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[[nah:Xapon]] |
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[[na:Djapan]] |
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[[nl:Japan]] |
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[[nds-nl:Japan]] |
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[[ne:जापान]] |
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[[new:जापान]] |
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[[ja:日本]] |
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[[nap:Giappone]] |
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[[no:Japan]] |
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[[nn:Japan]] |
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[[nrm:Japon]] |
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[[nov:Japan]] |
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[[oc:Japon]] |
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[[or:ଜାପାନ]] |
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[[uz:Yaponiya]] |
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[[ps:جاپان]] |
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[[km:ជប៉ុន]] |
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[[pms:Giapon]] |
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[[tpi:Siapan]] |
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[[nds:Japan]] |
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[[pl:Japonia]] |
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[[pt:Japão]] |
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[[crh:Yaponiya]] |
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[[ty:Tāpōnē]] |
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[[ro:Japonia]] |
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[[qu:Nihun]] |
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[[ru:Япония]] |
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[[sah:Дьоппуон]] |
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[[se:Japána]] |
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[[sm:Iapani]] |
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[[sa:जापान]] |
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[[sc:Giappone]] |
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[[za:Nditbonj]] |
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[[sco:Japan]] |
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[[sq:Japonia]] |
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[[scn:Giappuni]] |
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[[si:ජපානය]] |
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[[simple:Japan]] |
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[[sd:جاپان]] |
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[[ss:IJaphani]] |
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[[sk:Japonsko]] |
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[[cu:Ꙗпѡні́ꙗ]] |
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[[sl:Japonska]] |
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[[szl:Japůńijo]] |
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[[so:Jabaan]] |
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[[sr:Јапан]] |
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[[sh:Japan]] |
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[[su:Jepang]] |
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[[fi:Japani]] |
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[[sv:Japan]] |
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[[tl:Hapon (bansa)]] |
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[[ta:ஜப்பான்]] |
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[[te:జపాన్]] |
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[[th:ประเทศญี่ปุ่น]] |
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[[ti:ጃፓን]] |
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[[tg:Ҷопон]] |
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[[chr:ᏣᏆᏂ]] |
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[[tr:Japonya]] |
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[[tk:Ýaponiýa]] |
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[[udm:Япония]] |
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[[bug:ᨍᨛᨄ]] |
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[[uk:Японія]] |
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[[ur:جاپان]] |
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[[ug:ياپونىيە]] |
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[[vec:Giapòn]] |
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[[vi:Nhật Bản]] |
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[[vo:Yapän]] |
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[[zh-classical:日本]] |
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[[war:Hapon]] |
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[[wo:Sapoŋ]] |
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[[wuu:日本]] |
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[[yi:יאפאן]] |
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[[yo:Japan]] |
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[[zh-yue:日本]] |
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[[diq:Japonya]] |
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[[bat-smg:Japuonėjė]] |
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[[zh:日本]] |
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[[mhr:Японий]] |
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Revision as of 21:45, 21 July 2009
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