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{{Infobox musical artist |
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| Name = Led Zeppelin |
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| Img = LedZeppelin1969Promo.jpg |
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| Img_capt = Led Zeppelin in 1968. From left to right: [[John Bonham]], [[Robert Plant]], [[Jimmy Page]], [[John Paul Jones (musician)|John Paul Jones]] |
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| Img_size = 250 |
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| Landscape = Yes |
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| Background = group_or_band |
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| Origin = [[London]], [[England]], UK |
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| Genre = <!-- STOP: Discuss any desired change on talk page, see note following list -->[[Hard rock]], [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]], [[blues-rock]], [[folk rock]] <!-- ATTENTION: Do NOT remove or add to these genres. They are cited in the text. The exact order and wording by editor consensus is: Hard rock, heavy metal, blues-rock, folk rock – any desired change to this list must be addressed on the article talk page first. --> |
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| Years_active = 1968–1980<br /><small>(Reunions: 1985, 1988, 1995, 2007)</small> |
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| Label = [[Atlantic Records|Atlantic]], [[Swan Song Records|Swan Song]] |
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| Associated_acts = [[The Yardbirds]], [[Page and Plant]], [[The Honeydrippers]], [[The Firm (band)|The Firm]], [[Coverdale and Page]], [[Band of Joy]], [[Raising Sand|Robert Plant & Alison Krauss]], [[Them Crooked Vultures]], [[XYZ (band)|XYZ]] |
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| URL = [http://www.ledzeppelin.com/ ledzeppelin.com] |
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| Past_members = <!-- Despite the one-time 2007 reunion, Led Zeppelin are not an active recording band, please do not touch this. -->[[Jimmy Page]] <br />[[John Paul Jones (musician)|John Paul Jones]] <br />[[Robert Plant]] <br />[[John Bonham]]<!-- per [[Template:Infobox musical artist)]]. In order of joining. Note Jason Bonham is not a member. --> |
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}} |
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'''Led Zeppelin''' <!-- Note: This article is written in UK English, which treats collective nouns as plurals. (i.e. Led Zeppelin were a band.) -->were<!-- Please do not change this to "was", as it will be reverted back quickly. --> an English [[rock music|rock]] band formed in [[1968]] by [[Jimmy Page]] ([[guitar]]), [[Robert Plant]] ([[lead vocals|vocals]], [[harmonica]]), [[John Paul Jones (musician)|John Paul Jones]] ([[bass guitar]], [[Keyboard instrument|keyboards]], [[mandolin]]), and [[John Bonham]] ([[Drum kit|drums]]). With their heavy, guitar-driven sound, Led Zeppelin are regularly cited as one of the progenitors of both [[hard rock]] and [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]].<ref name="Britannica.com">Susan Fast, "[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/334473/Led-Zeppelin Led Zeppelin (British Rock Group)]", [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]</ref><ref name="hardrock">{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=77:217|title= Genre: Hard Rock |accessdate=2010-01-24 |publisher=[[Allmusic]]}}</ref><ref name="Rock Music History">Tim Grierson, "[http://rock.about.com/od/rockmusic101/a/RockHistory.htm What Is Rock Music? A Brief History of Rock Music]", ''[[About.com]]''</ref><ref>[http://www.google.com.pk/url?sa=t&source=web&ct=res&cd=1&ved=0CAcQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scaruffi.com%2Fhistory%2Fcpt27.html&ei=bBNeS8ruLcuIkAWa3ISaAg&usg=AFQjCNGl6hJyGjK9bizOxvOYEcZBtt05NQ A History of Rock and Dance Music Vol 1] by ''[[Piero Scaruffi]]''.</ref><ref name="about.com">Chad Bowar, "[http://heavymetal.about.com/od/heavymetal101/a/101_timeline.htm Heavy metal timeline]", About.com</ref><ref name="bbc.h2">[http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A353134 Heavy Metal]. BBC.com</ref><ref>''[[Metal: A Headbanger's Journey]]''. Warner Home Video, 2005.</ref><ref name="erlewine">{{cite web|url= http://allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:wifexqe5ldde~T1|title= Led Zeppelin Biography |accessdate=2008-11-11 |last= Erlewine |first= Stephen Thomas |publisher=[[Allmusic]]}}</ref><ref name="RSbio">{{cite web|url= http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/ledzeppelin/biography |title= Led Zeppelin Biography |accessdate=2009-09-09 |publisher=''[[Rolling Stone]]''}}</ref> However, the band's individualistic style drew from many sources and transcends any one genre.<ref>Brackett, John (2008). "Examining rhythmic and metric practices in Led Zeppelin’s musical style." ''Popular Music,'' Volume 27/1, pp. 53–76. Cambridge University Press.</ref> Their rock-infused interpretation of the [[blues]] and [[folk music|folk]] genres<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0496389/bio |title=Led Zeppelin - Biography |accessdate=2008-03-03 |last=Shelokhonov |first=Steve |publisher=IMDB.com}}</ref> also incorporated [[rockabilly]],<ref>In live shows, Led Zeppelin would perform rockabilly songs originally made famous by Elvis Presley and Eddie Cochran</ref> [[reggae]],<ref>''Houses of the Holy'' includes a reggae-influenced song, "D'Yer Mak'er"</ref> [[soul music|soul]],<ref>Live Led Zeppelin concerts would also include James Brown, Stax and Motown-influenced soul music and funk, as these were favourites of bassist John Paul Jones and drummer John Bonham.</ref> [[funk]],<ref>See previous reference to soul and funk</ref> and [[country music|country]].<ref name="Truth">[[Mick Wall]]. "[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article5037614.ece The truth behind the Led Zeppelin legend]", ''Times Online'', November 1, 2008</ref> The band did not release the popular songs from their albums as singles in the UK, as they preferred to develop the concept of "album-oriented rock".<ref name= "erlewine" /><ref name="Musicmatch">[http://www.mmguide.musicmatch.com/artist/artist.cgi?ARTISTID=350253#followers Led Zeppelin, followers], Musicmatch.com. Accessed: 10 September 2006.</ref> |
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Close to 30 years after disbanding following Bonham's death in 1980, the band continues to be held in high regard for their artistic achievements, commercial success, and broad influence. The band has sold an estimated <!-- Do not change the 200 million album estimated sales figure -->200 <!-- Refer to the discussion on the talk page. Any changes to this number will be reverted. --> million albums worldwide,<ref name=atlanticrec_total/><ref name=CNN_LZ_reforming/><ref name=Times_kind_of_glory/> including 111.5 million in the United States<ref name=RIAA_total/> and they have had all of their original studio albums reach the top 10 of the ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' album chart in the U.S., with six reaching the number one spot.<ref>[http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:wifexqe5ldde~T5 Allmusic.com - Led Zeppelin Billboard Albums]</ref> Led Zeppelin are ranked #1 on [[VH1]]'s ''100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock''.<ref>[http://www.vh1.com/shows/dyn/the_greatest/62188/episode_about.jhtml 100 greatest artists of hard rock at vh1.com]{{Dead link|date=May 2009}}</ref> ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' magazine has described Led Zeppelin as "the heaviest band of all time", "the biggest band of the '70s" and "unquestionably one of the most enduring bands in rock history."<ref name = "RSbio" /><ref>"[http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/11016639/led_zeppelin_the_legend_the_classic_reviews_a_selection_of_hot_photos_and_more Led Zeppelin: The Legend, the Classic Reviews, a Selection of Hot Photos and More]", ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' 28 July 2006.</ref> Similarly, the ''[[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]]'' describes Led Zeppelin being "as influential in that decade (70s) as [[the Beatles]] were in the prior one."<ref>[http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/led-zeppelin Led Zeppelin, Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Biography]</ref> |
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On 10 December 2007 the surviving members of Led Zeppelin reunited (along with deceased drummer John Bonham's son, [[Jason Bonham|Jason]]) for the [[Ahmet Ertegün Tribute Concert]] at [[The O2 arena (London)|The O<sub>2</sub> Arena]] in London. |
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==History== |
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=== The New Yardbirds (1968) === |
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The beginning of Led Zeppelin can be traced back to the English [[blues rock|blues-influenced rock]] band [[The Yardbirds]].<ref name = "erlewine" /> Jimmy Page joined The Yardbirds in 1966 to play bass guitar after the original bassist, [[Paul Samwell-Smith]], left the group. Shortly after, Page switched from bass to lead guitar, creating a dual-lead guitar line up with [[Jeff Beck]]. Following the departure of Beck from the group in October 1966, The Yardbirds, tired from constant touring and recording, were beginning to wind down. Page wanted to form a [[supergroup (music)|supergroup]] with himself and Beck on guitars, and [[The Who]]'s rhythm section—drummer [[Keith Moon]] and bassist [[John Entwistle]]. Vocalists [[Donovan]], [[Steve Winwood]] and [[Steve Marriott]] were also considered for the project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.led-zeppelin.org/reference/index.php?m=assorted3|title=Led Zeppelin Assorted Info|author=Led-Zeppelin.org}}</ref> The group never formed, although Page, Beck and Moon did record a song together in 1966, "[[Beck's Bolero]]", which is featured on Beck's 1968 album, ''[[Truth (Jeff Beck album)|Truth]]''. The recording session also included bassist-keyboardist John Paul Jones, who told Page that he would be interested in collaborating with him on future projects.<ref name = "Hammer of the Gods"/> |
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The Yardbirds played their final [[Gig (musical performance)|gig]] in July 1968. However, they were still committed to performing several [[concert]]s in Scandinavia, so drummer [[Jim McCarty]] and vocalist [[Keith Relf]] authorised Page and bassist [[Chris Dreja]] to use the Yardbirds name to fulfill the band's obligations. Page and Dreja began putting a new line-up together. Page's first choice for lead singer, [[Terry Reid]], declined the offer, but suggested Robert Plant, a [[West Bromwich]] singer.<ref name = "erlewine" /><ref name=Schulps>Dave Schulps, [http://www.iem.ac.ru/zeppelin/docs/interviews/page_77.trp Interview with Jimmy Page], ''[[Trouser Press]]'', October 1977.</ref> Plant eventually accepted the position, recommending a drummer, John Bonham from nearby [[Redditch]].<ref name = "erlewine" /><ref name="Note1">{{cite web|url=http://home.mchsi.com/~night_flight/led_zeppelin_faq.htm|title=The Led Zeppelin Frequently Asked Questions List, v8.1, 29 September 1994|author=Digital Graffiti}}</ref> When Dreja dropped out of the project to become a [[photographer]] (he would later take the photograph that appeared on the back of Led Zeppelin's debut album), John Paul Jones, at the suggestion of his wife, contacted Page about the vacant position.<ref name=Miserandino>Dominick A. Miserandino, [http://thecelebritycafe.com/interviews/john_paul_jones.html Led Zeppelin - John Paul Jones], TheCelebrityCafe.com.</ref> Being familiar with Jones' credentials, Page agreed to bring in Jones as the final piece. |
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The group came together for the first time in a room below a record store on Gerrard Street in London.<ref name=complete>Liner notes by [[Cameron Crowe]] for ''[[The Complete Studio Recordings (Led Zeppelin album)|The Complete Studio Recordings]]''. The building has since been torn down, and the area has been converted into London's Chinatown.</ref><ref name="Welch">Chris Welch (1994) ''Led Zeppelin'', London: Orion Books. ISBN 0-85797-930-3, pp. 21, 28, 31, 37, 47, 49, 63, 68, 85, 92, 94-95.</ref> Page suggested that they try playing "[[Train Kept A-Rollin']]", a [[rockabilly]] song popularised by [[Johnny Burnette]] that had been given new life by the Yardbirds. "As soon as I heard John Bonham play," recalled Jones, "I knew this was going to be great... We locked together as a team immediately."<ref name=RS2006>{{cite journal|last=Gilmore|first=Mikal|title=The Long Shadow of Led Zeppelin|journal=Rolling Stone|issue=1006|date=10 August 2006|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/11027261/the_long_shadow_of_led_zeppelin/print|accessdate=9 December 2007}}</ref> Shortly afterwards, the group played together on the final day of sessions for the [[P. J. Proby]] album, ''[[Three Week Hero]]''. The album's song "Jim's Blues" was the first studio track to feature all four members of the future Led Zeppelin.<ref name="Wall">[[Mick Wall]] (2008), ''[[When Giants Walked the Earth: A Biography of Led Zeppelin]]'', London: Orion, p. 52.</ref> Proby recalled, "Come the last day we found we had some studio time, so I just asked the band to play while I just came up with the words. ... They weren't Led Zeppelin at the time, they were the New Yardbirds and they were going to be my band."<ref name="Mojo">{{cite magazine| title=Led Zep were my backing band| year=2005| author=Fred Dollar| pages= 83}}</ref> |
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The band completed the [[Led Zeppelin Scandinavian Tour 1968|Scandinavian tour]] as The New Yardbirds, playing together for the first time in front of a live audience at Gladsaxe Teen Clubs in [[Gladsaxe]], Denmark on 7 September 1968.<ref>[http://www.teenclubs.dk/Led_Zeppelins_first_gig_UK_version.html Gladsaxe Teen Clubs website: Led Zeppelin's first gig]</ref><ref>[http://ledzeppelin.com/timeline/1968 Led Zeppelin official website: 1968 timeline]</ref> However, it was clear to the band that performing under the old Yardbirds tag was akin to working under false pretences, and upon returning from Scandinavia they decided to change their name.<ref>Lewis, Dave Lewis and Simon Pallett (1997) ''Led Zeppelin: The Concert File'', London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-7119-5307-4, p. 12.</ref> One account of the band's naming, which has become almost legendary, has it that [[Keith Moon]] and [[John Entwistle]], drummer and bassist for The Who, respectively, suggested that a possible supergroup containing themselves, Jimmy Page, and Jeff Beck would go down like a ''lead zeppelin'', a term Entwistle used to describe a bad gig.<ref name="Led Zeppelin A Story of a Band and their Music 1968-1980">{{cite book| title=Led Zeppelin The Story of a Band and their Music 1968-1980| year=2005| author=Keith Shadwick| pages= 36|isbn=100879308710}}</ref> The group deliberately dropped the 'a' in ''Lead'' at the suggestion of their manager, [[Peter Grant (music manager)|Peter Grant]], to prevent "thick Americans"<ref name="Hammer of the Gods">{{cite book| title=''[[Hammer of the Gods (book)|Hammer of the Gods: The Led Zeppelin Saga]]'' (LPC)| year=1995| author=Stephen Davis| pages= 32, 44, 64, 190, 225, 277| isbn= 0425182134|oclc=0330438591| publisher=Berkley Boulevard Books| location=New York}}</ref> from pronouncing it ''"leed"''.<ref name="Jimmy Page Online">[http://www.jimmypageonline.com/11318/42826.html Jimmy Page Online (unofficial website)]</ref> |
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Grant also secured for the new band an advance deal of $200,000 from [[Atlantic Records]] in November 1968, then the biggest deal of its kind for a new band.<ref name = "Mojo"/> Atlantic was a label known for a catalogue of blues, soul and jazz artists, but in the late 1960s it began to take an interest in progressive British rock acts, and signed Led Zeppelin without having ever seen them, largely on the recommendation of singer [[Dusty Springfield]].<ref name = "Welch" /><ref name=d&c>Ian Fortnam, "Dazed & confused", ''[[Classic Rock Magazine]]: Classic Rock Presents Led Zeppelin'', 2008, p. 43.</ref> Under the terms of the contract secured by Grant, the band alone would decide when they would release albums and tour, and had final say over the contents and design of each album. They also would decide how to promote each release and which (if any) tracks to release as singles,<ref name=RS2006/> and formed their own company, Superhype, to handle all publishing rights.<ref name=Complete>Dave Lewis (1994), ''The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin'', Omnibus Press, p. 3</ref> |
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===Early days (1968–1970)=== |
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With their first album not yet released, the band made their live debut under the name "Led Zeppelin" at the [[University of Surrey]], [[Guildford]] on 15 October 1968.<ref>[http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/led-zeppelin Rock and Roll Hall of Fame: Led Zeppelin Timeline]</ref> This was followed by a [[Led Zeppelin North American Tour 1968/1969|US concert debut]] on 26 December 1968 (when promoter Barry Fey added them to a bill in [[Denver, Colorado]]<ref>[http://ledzeppelin.com/show/december-26-1968 Led Zeppelin official website: concert summary]</ref>) before moving on to the west coast for dates in Los Angeles, [[San Francisco]] and other cities.<ref>Thomas MacCluskey, "[http://www.led-zeppelin.org/reference/index.php?m=int1 Rock Concert Is Real Groovy]". Reproduced at www.led-zeppelin.org</ref> Led Zeppelin's [[Led Zeppelin (album)|eponymous debut album]] was released on 12 January 1969, during their first US tour. The album's blend of blues, folk and eastern influences with distorted amplification made it one of the pivotal records in the creation of [[heavy metal music]].<ref>[http://allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:w9ftxql5ld0e Review of Led Zeppelin at Allmusic]</ref> However, Plant has commented that it is unfair for people to typecast the band as heavy metal, since about a third of their music was acoustic.<ref>''The History of Rock 'n' Roll: The 70s: Have a Nice Decade'' (1995), film directed by Bill Richmond.</ref> On their first album Plant receives no credit for his contributions to the songwriting, a result of his previous association with [[CBS Records]].<ref>Dave Lewis (1994), ''The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin'', Omnibus Press, ISBN 0-7119-3528-9, p. 14.</ref> |
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[[File:LedZepMontreaux.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Live in [[Montreux]], 1970]] |
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In an interview for the ''[[Profiled|Led Zeppelin Profiled]]'' radio promo CD (1990) Page said that the album took about 36 hours of studio time to create (including mixing), and stated that he knows this because of the amount charged on the studio bill.<ref name = "Welch" /><ref>''[[Profiled|Led Zeppelin Profiled]]'' radio promo CD, 1990</ref> Peter Grant claimed the album cost £1,750 to produce (including artwork).<ref name="Hammer of the Gods">{{cite book| title=[[Hammer of the Gods (book)|Hammer of the Gods]] (LPC)| year=1995| author=Stephen Davis| pages= 44, 64, 190, 225, 277 ISBN 033043859–X}}</ref> By 1975, the album had grossed $7,000,000.<ref name="Billboard">[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/discography/index.jsp?pid=5047&aid=10331 Billboard discography]</ref> ''Led Zeppelin's'' album cover met an interesting protest when, at a 28 February 1970 gig in [[Copenhagen]], the band were billed as "[[The Nobs]]" as the result of a threat of legal action from Countess Eva von Zeppelin (granddaughter of Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin, the creator of the [[Zeppelin]] airships), who, upon seeing the cover photo of the ''[[Hindenburg (airship)|Hindenburg]]'' crashing in flames, threatened to have the show pulled off the air.<ref name="Billboard Magazine">Keith Shadwick ''Led Zeppelin 1968-1980: The Story Of A Band And Their Music'' ([http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/bookshelf/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1001958757 excerpt posted on Billboard.com])</ref> She is reported to have said: "They may be world famous, but a couple of shrieking monkeys are not going to use a privileged family name without permission." |
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In their first year, Led Zeppelin managed to complete four US and four UK [[concert tour]]s, and also released their second album, entitled ''[[Led Zeppelin II]]''.<ref name="Mojo">{{cite magazine| title=No Way Out| year=2005| author=Mick Wall| pages= 83}}</ref> Recorded almost entirely on the road at various North American [[recording studio]]s, the second album was an even greater success than the first and reached the number one chart position in the US and the UK.<ref name="connollyco">[http://www.connollyco.com/discography/led_zeppelin/led2.html Review of Led Zeppelin II at Connolly & Company.com]</ref> Here the band further developed ideas established on their debut album, creating a work which became even more widely acclaimed and arguably more influential.<ref name="allrevi">[http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:he61mpc39f8o Review of Led Zeppelin II at Allmusic]</ref> It has been suggested that ''Led Zeppelin II'' largely wrote the blueprint for heavy metal bands that followed it.<ref name="allrevi"/><ref>{{cite book|last=Erlewine|first=Stephen Thomas|year=2007|title=All Music Guide Required Listening: Classic Rock|edition=1st|location=San Francisco|publisher=Backbeat Books|page=98|isbn=0-87930-917-2}}</ref> |
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Following the album's release, Led Zeppelin completed several more tours of the United States. They played often, initially in clubs and [[ballroom]]s, then in larger [[auditorium]]s and eventually [[stadium]]s as their popularity grew.<ref name = "erlewine" /> [[Led Zeppelin concerts]] could last more than four hours, with expanded, [[Improvisation#Musical improvisation|improvised]] live versions of their song repertoire. Many of these shows have been preserved as [[Led Zeppelin bootleg recordings]]. It was also during this period of intensive concert touring that the band developed a reputation for off-stage excess.<ref name = "Truth" /> One alleged example of such extravagance was the [[shark episode]], or red snapper incident, which is said to have taken place at the [[Edgewater Inn]] in [[Seattle, Washington|Seattle]], [[Washington]], on 28 July 1969.<ref name = "Truth" /><ref name="Hammer of the Gods">{{cite book| title=Hammer of the Gods (LPC)| year=1995| author=Stephen Davis| pages= 103}}</ref> |
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Led Zeppelin's popularity in the early years was dwarfed by their triumphant mid-seventies successes and it is this period that continues to define the band.<ref name = "Truth" /><ref name="Hammer of the Gods" /> The band's image also changed as members began to wear elaborate, flamboyant clothing. Led Zeppelin began travelling in a private [[jet airliner]] (nicknamed ''[[The Starship]]''),<ref name = "Truth" /><ref name="Achilles Last Stand">"[http://www.led-zeppelin.org/reference/index.php?m=starship The Starship]" at Led Zeppelin.org</ref> rented out entire sections of hotels (most notably the [[Continental Hyatt House]] in Los Angeles, known colloquially as the "Riot House"), and became the subject of many of rock's most famous stories of [[debauchery]]. One escapade involved John Bonham riding a motorcycle through a rented floor of the Riot House,<ref name = "Truth" /> while another involved the destruction of a room in the [[Tokyo]] [[Hilton Hotels|Hilton]], leading to the band being banned from that establishment for life.<ref name = "Welch" /><ref name=williamson>Nigel Williamson, "Forget the Myths", ''[[Uncut (magazine)|Uncut]]'', May 2005, p. 68.</ref> However, although Led Zeppelin developed a reputation for trashing their hotel suites and throwing [[television]] sets out of the windows, some suggest that these tales have been somewhat exaggerated. [[Music journalist]] [[Chris Welch]] argues that "[Led Zeppelin's] travels spawned many stories, but it was a myth that [they] were constantly engaged in acts of wanton destruction and lewd behaviour."<ref name = "Welch" /> |
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For the composition of their third album, ''[[Led Zeppelin III]]'', Jimmy Page and Robert Plant retired to [[Bron-Yr-Aur]], a remote cottage in Wales, in 1970. The result was a more acoustic sound (including one entirely acoustic song, "Bron-Yr-Aur Stomp", misspelt as "[[Bron-Y-Aur Stomp]]" on the album cover), which was strongly influenced by [[folk music|folk]] and [[Celtic music]], and revealed the band's versatility.<ref name=Complete>Dave Lewis (1994), ''The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin'', Omnibus Press.</ref> |
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The album's rich acoustic sound initially received mixed reactions, with many critics and fans surprised at the turn taken away from the primarily electric compositions of the first two albums. Over time, however, its reputation has improved and ''Led Zeppelin III'' is now generally praised.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:2z3tk6sx9krj|title=Review of Led Zeppelin III at Allmusic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.q4music.com/nav?page=q4music.review.redirect&fixture_review=124845&resource=124845&fixture_artist=144739|title=Q4 Review of Led Zeppelin 3}}</ref> It has a unique [[album cover]] featuring a wheel which, when rotated, displays various images through cut outs in the main jacket sleeve. The album's opening track, "[[Immigrant Song]]", was released in November 1970 by Atlantic Records as a [[Single (music)|single]] against the band's wishes.<ref>Atlantic Records had earlier released an edited version of "[[Whole Lotta Love]]", which cut the 5:34 song to 3:10, removing the abstract middle section.</ref> It included their only non-album [[b-side]], "[[Hey Hey What Can I Do]]". Even though the band saw their albums as indivisible, whole listening experiences—and their manager, [[Peter Grant (music manager)|Peter Grant]], maintained an aggressive pro-album stance—some singles were released without their consent. The group also increasingly resisted [[television]] appearances, enforcing their preference that their fans hear and see them in live concerts.<ref name = "Welch" /><ref name="CelebrationII">Dave Lewis (2003), ''Led Zeppelin: Celebration II: The 'Tight But Loose' Files'', London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 1-84449-056-4, pp. 30, 35, 45, 49, 80.</ref><ref name="Wale">Michael Wale, "[http://archive.timesonline.co.uk/tol/viewArticle.arc?articleId=ARCHIVE-The_Times-1973-07-11-11-003&pageId=ARCHIVE-The_Times-1973-07-11-11 Led Zeppelin]", ''[[The Times]]'', July 11, 1973.</ref> |
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==="The biggest band in the world" (1971–1977)=== |
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[[File:Zoso.svg|thumb|right|The four symbols on the label and inside sleeve of ''Led Zeppelin IV'', representing (from left to right) Jimmy Page, John Paul Jones, John Bonham, and Robert Plant.]] |
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Led Zeppelin's popularity in the early years was dwarfed by their triumphant mid-seventies successes and it is this period that continues to define the band.<ref name = "Truth" /><ref name="Hammer of the Gods" /> The band's image also changed as members began to wear elaborate, flamboyant clothing. Led Zeppelin began travelling in a private [[jet airliner]] (nicknamed ''[[The Starship]]''),<ref name = "Truth" /><ref name="Achilles Last Stand">"[http://www.led-zeppelin.org/reference/index.php?m=starship The Starship]" at Led Zeppelin.org</ref> rented out entire sections of hotels (most notably the [[Continental Hyatt House]] in Los Angeles, known colloquially as the "Riot House"), and became the subject of many of rock's most famous stories of [[debauchery]]. One escapade involved John Bonham riding a motorcycle through a rented floor of the Riot House,<ref name = "Truth" /> while another involved the destruction of a room in the [[Tokyo]] [[Hilton Hotels|Hilton]], leading to the band being banned from that establishment for life.<ref name = "Welch" /><ref name=williamson>Nigel Williamson, "Forget the Myths", ''[[Uncut (magazine)|Uncut]]'', May 2005, p. 68.</ref> However, although Led Zeppelin developed a reputation for trashing their hotel suites and throwing [[television]] sets out of the windows, some suggest that these tales have been somewhat exaggerated. [[Music journalist]] [[Chris Welch]] argues that "[Led Zeppelin's] travels spawned many stories, but it was a myth that [they] were constantly engaged in acts of wanton destruction and lewd behaviour."<ref name = "Welch" /> |
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Led Zeppelin's [[Led Zeppelin IV|fourth album]] was released on 8 November 1971. There was no indication of a title or a band name on the original cover, as the band disdained being labelled as "hyped" and "overrated" by the music press, and in response wanted to prove that the music could sell itself by giving no indication of who they were.<ref name = Schulps /> The album remained officially untitled and is most commonly referred to as ''Led Zeppelin IV'', though it is variously referred to by the four symbols appearing on the record label, as ''Four Symbols'' and ''The Fourth Album'' (both titles were used in the [[Atlantic Records]] catalogue), ''Untitled'', ''Zoso'', ''Runes'', or ''IV''.<ref name="Scaggs">Austin Scaggs, "[http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/7287549/qa_robert_plant/ Q&A: Robert Plant]", ''[[Rolling Stone]]'', 5 May 2005.</ref> |
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''Led Zeppelin IV'' further refined the band's unique formula of combining earthy, acoustic elements with heavy metal and blues emphases. The album included examples of hard rock, such as "[[Black Dog (song)|Black Dog]]" and an acoustic track, "[[Going to California]]" (a tribute to [[Joni Mitchell]]). "[[Rock and Roll (Led Zeppelin song)|Rock and Roll]]" is a tribute to the early rock music of the 1950s. In 2007, the song was used prominently in [[Cadillac]] [[automobile]] commercials—one of the few instances of Led Zeppelin's surviving members licensing songs.<ref name="about">[http://advertising.about.com/b/a/256540.htm Rock and Roll Dropped from Cadillac advert]</ref> |
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{{Listen |
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| title = "Stairway to Heaven" |
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| description = The song became one of the most-requested recordings in rock history. |
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The album is one of the [[Lists of best-selling albums|best-selling albums]] in history and its massive popularity cemented Led Zeppelin's superstardom in the 1970s. To date it has sold 23 million copies in the United States.<ref>{{cite web| title = Top 100 Albums| publisher = [[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]]| url = http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=tblTop100| accessdate = 2008-08-11}}</ref> The track "[[Stairway to Heaven]]",<!--({{audio-nohelp|Led Zeppelin Stairway to Heaven.ogg|sample}})--> although never released as a [[single (music)|single]], is sometimes quoted as being the most requested,<ref name="sold">"[http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio2/soldonsong/songlibrary/indepth/stairway.shtml Sold on Song: Stairway To Heaven]", BBC.com.</ref> and most played<ref name="Karbo">Karen Karbo, [http://www.superseventies.com/stairway.html"Stairway To Heaven: Is This the Greatest Song of All Time?"], ''[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]'', November 1991.</ref> [[album-oriented rock]] [[FM broadcasting|FM radio]] song. In 2005, the magazine ''[[Guitar World]]'' held a poll of readers in which "Stairway to Heaven" was voted as having the greatest [[guitar solo]] of all time.<ref name="About Guitar">[http://guitar.about.com/library/bl100greatest.htm About Guitar, 100 Greatest Guitar Solos], accessed 10 September 2006. This song, although widely played amongst the radio stations, is also considered the "Greatest Rock Song". Many claim that this song was the definition of Led Zeppelin.</ref> |
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Led Zeppelin's next album, ''[[Houses of the Holy]]'', was released in 1973. It featured further experimentation, with longer tracks and expanded use of [[synthesizer|synthesisers]] and [[mellotron]] orchestration. The song "[[Houses of the Holy (song)|Houses of the Holy]]" does not appear on its namesake album, even though it was recorded at the same time as other songs on the album; it eventually made its way onto the 1975 album ''[[Physical Graffiti]]''.<ref name="Hammer of the Gods" /> The orange album cover of ''Houses of the Holy'' depicts images of nude children<ref>Toby Manning, "Broad Church", [[Q (magazine)|Q]] Led Zeppelin Special Edition, 2003.</ref> climbing up the [[Giant's Causeway]] (in [[County Antrim|County Antrim, Northern Ireland]]). Although the children are not depicted from the front, this was controversial at the time of the album's release, and in some areas, such as the "[[Bible Belt]]" and Spain, the record was banned.<ref>[http://www.dangerousage.com/householy.html Classic Rock Covers: Led Zeppelin; ''Houses of the Holy''. Atlantic, 1973. Designer: Hipgnosis (Storm Thorgneson, Aubrey Powell)]</ref><ref>Koldo Barroso, "[http://www.intuitivemusic.com/best-albums-with-nude-covers-and-the-stories-behind Best albums with nude covers and the stories behind]", intuitivemusic.com, 9 November 2006.</ref> |
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The album topped the charts, and Led Zeppelin's subsequent [[Led Zeppelin North American Tour 1973|concert tour of the United States in 1973]] broke records for attendance, as they consistently filled large auditoriums and stadiums. At [[Tampa Stadium|Tampa Stadium, Florida]], they played to 56,800 fans (breaking the record set by [[The Beatles' 1965 USA Tour|The Beatles at Shea Stadium in 1965]]), and grossed $309,000.<ref name="Hammer of the Gods" /> Three sold-out shows at [[Madison Square Garden]] in New York were filmed for a motion picture, but the theatrical release of this project (''[[The Song Remains the Same (film)|The Song Remains the Same]]'') would be delayed until 1976. Before the final night's performance, $180,000 of the band's money from gate receipts was stolen from a safety deposit box at the [[The Drake Hotel, New York|Drake Hotel]].<ref>Blumenthal, Ralph. "Police Check Led Zeppelin Party for Clue in Theft" ''The New York Times'' July 31, 1973: 18</ref> It was never recovered.<ref name=crowe>Liner notes by [[Cameron Crowe]] for ''[[The Song Remains the Same (album)|The The Song Remains the Same]]'', reissued version, 2007.</ref> |
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[[File:LedZeppelinChicago75.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Led Zeppelin live at [[Chicago Stadium]], January 1975.]] |
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In 1974, Led Zeppelin took a break from touring and launched their own record label, [[Swan Song Records|Swan Song]], named after one of only five Led Zeppelin songs which the band never released commercially (Page later re-worked the song with his band, [[The Firm (band)|The Firm]], and it appears as "Midnight Moonlight" on their [[The Firm (album)|first album]]). The record label's logo, based on a drawing called ''Evening: Fall of Day'' (1869) by [[William Rimmer]], features a picture of [[Apollo]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.rimmerhistory.co.uk/will.html| title = William Rimmer: A Claim to Fame| accessdate = 2008-02-01| year = 2006| month = September}}</ref> The logo can be found on much Led Zeppelin memorabilia, especially [[t-shirt]]s. In addition to using Swan Song as a vehicle to promote their own albums, the band expanded the label's roster, signing artists such as [[Bad Company]], [[Pretty Things]], [[Maggie Bell]], Detective, [[Dave Edmunds]], Midnight Flyer, [[Sad Café (band)|Sad Café]] and Wildlife.<ref name = "erlewine" /> The label was successful while Led Zeppelin existed, but folded less than three years after they disbanded.<ref name="Hammer of the Gods" /> |
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24 February 1975 saw the release of Led Zeppelin's first [[double album]], ''[[Physical Graffiti]]'', which was their first release on the [[Swan Song Records]] label. It consisted of fifteen songs, eight of which were recorded at [[Headley Grange]] in 1974, and the remainder being tracks previously recorded but not released on earlier albums. A review in ''Rolling Stone'' magazine referred to ''Physical Graffiti'' as Led Zeppelin's "bid for artistic respectability," adding that the only competition the band had for the title of 'World's Best Rock Band' were [[The Rolling Stones]] and The Who.<ref name="Rolling Stone Magazine 2">Jim Miller, "[http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/ledzeppelin/albums/album/158693/review/5944206/physical_graffiti Album Review: Physical Graffiti]", ''Rolling Stone'', 27 March 1975.</ref> The album was a massive fiscal and critical success. Shortly after the release of ''Physical Graffiti'', all previous Led Zeppelin albums simultaneously re-entered the top-200 album chart,<ref name="Hammer of the Gods">{{cite book| title=Hammer of the Gods (LPC)| year=1995| author=Stephen Davis| pages=225, 277|isbn=033043859}}</ref> and the band embarked on another [[Led Zeppelin North American Tour 1975|U.S. tour]], again playing to record-breaking crowds. In May 1975, Led Zeppelin played five highly successful, sold-out nights at the [[Earls Court Exhibition Centre|Earls Court Arena]] in London, footage of which was released in 2003, on the ''Led Zeppelin DVD''. |
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Following these triumphant [[Earls Court 1975|Earls Court appearances]] Led Zeppelin took a holiday and planned a series of outdoor summer concerts in America, scheduled to open with two dates in [[San Francisco]].<ref name = "CelebrationII" /> These plans were thwarted in August 1975 when Robert Plant and his wife Maureen were involved in a serious [[car crash]] while on holiday in [[Rhodes]], Greece. Robert suffered a broken ankle and Maureen was badly injured; a [[blood transfusion]] saved her life.<ref name="Hammer of the Gods" /> Unable to tour, Plant headed to the channel island of [[Jersey]] to spend August and September recuperating, with Bonham and Page in tow. The band then reconvened in [[Malibu, California]]. It was during this forced hiatus that much of the material for their next album, ''[[Presence (album)|Presence]]'', was written. |
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{{Listen |
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| filename = Led Zeppelin Achilles Last Stand.ogg |
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| title = "Achilles Last Stand" |
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| description = Jimmy Page calls the guitar solo his favorite. |
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}} |
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By this time, Led Zeppelin were the world's number one rock attraction,<ref name = "CelebrationII" /> having outsold most bands of the time, including the Rolling Stones.<ref name="Hammer of the Gods"/> ''Presence'', released in March 1976, marked a change in the Led Zeppelin sound towards more straightforward, guitar-based jams, departing from the acoustic ballads and intricate arrangements featured on their previous albums. Though it was a [[Music recording sales certification|platinum]] seller, ''Presence'' received mixed responses from critics and fans and some speculated the band's legendary excesses may have caught up with them.<ref name = "erlewine" /><ref>[[Stephen Davis (music journalist)|Stephen Davis]], [http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/ledzeppelin/albums/album/224305/review/5945483/presence , "Album Review: Presence"], ''Rolling Stone'', 20 May 1976.</ref> The recording of ''Presence'' coincided with the beginning of Page's [[heroin]] use, which may have interfered with Led Zeppelin's later live shows and studio recordings, although Page has denied this.<ref name="Rock's BackPages">Jonh Ingham, "[http://www.rocksbackpages.com/article.html?ArticleID=7687 Led Zeppelin: Presence (Swan Song)]", ''Sounds'', 10 April 1976. Reproduced in Rock's Backpages.com</ref> Despite the original criticisms, Jimmy Page has called ''Presence'' his favourite album, and its opening track "[[Achilles Last Stand]]" <!-- ({{audio-nohelp|Led Zeppelin Achilles Last Stand.ogg|sample}}) --> his favourite Led Zeppelin song. In an interview with a Swedish TV programme, Plant stated that ''Presence'' is the album that sounds the most "Led Zeppelin" of all their LPs.<ref>From interview in Swedish TV programme "Musikbyrån" around the time of Led Zeppelin receiving the [[Polar Music Prize]].</ref> |
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Plant's injuries prevented Led Zeppelin from touring in 1976. Instead, the band finally completed the concert film ''[[The Song Remains the Same (film)|The Song Remains The Same]]'', and [[The Song Remains the Same (album)|the soundtrack album]] of the film. The recording had taken place during three nights of concerts at Madison Square Garden in July 1973, during the band's [[Led Zeppelin North American Tour 1973|concert tour of the United States]]. The film premiered in New York on 20 October 1976, but was given a lukewarm reception by critics and fans.<ref name = "erlewine" /> The film was particularly unsuccessful in the UK, where, after being unwilling to tour since 1975 due to a taxation exile, Led Zeppelin were facing an uphill battle to recapture the public spotlight at home.<ref name="Led Zeppelin 1968-1980">{{cite book| title=Led Zeppelin: The Story of a band and Their Music 1968-1980| year=2005| location=San Francisco| publisher=Backbeat Books| author=Keith Shadwick| page= 320| isbn=9780879308711}}</ref> |
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[[File:Jimmy Page with Robert Plant 2 - Led Zeppelin - 1977.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Plant (left) and Page (right) on stage during the 1977 North American tour]] |
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In 1977, Led Zeppelin embarked on another major [[Led Zeppelin North American Tour 1977|concert tour of North America]]. Here the band set another attendance record, with 76,229 people attending their Pontiac Silverdome concert on 30 April.<ref>[http://ledzeppelin.com/show/April-30-1977 Led Zeppelin official website: concert summary]</ref> It was, according to the ''[[Guinness World Records|Guinness Book of Records]]''<!-- note: deliberately using the UK title for this book. This should not be corrected to US title; see linked article for more info -->, the largest attendance to date for a single act show.<ref name = "CelebrationII" /> However, though the tour was financially profitable it was beset with off-stage problems. On 3 June a concert at [[Tampa Stadium]] was cut short because of a severe [[thunderstorm]], despite tickets printed with "Rain or Shine". A [[riot]] broke out amongst the audience, resulting in several arrests and injuries.<ref>[http://ledzeppelin.com/show/june-3-1977 Led Zeppelin official website: concert summary]</ref> |
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After a 23 July show<ref>[http://ledzeppelin.com/show/july-23-1977 Led Zeppelin official website: concert summary]</ref> at the "[[Day on the Green]]" festival at the [[Oakland Coliseum]] in [[Oakland, California]], John Bonham and members of the band's support staff (including manager Peter Grant and security coordinator [[John Bindon]]) were arrested after a member of promoter [[Bill Graham (promoter)|Bill Graham]]'s staff was badly beaten during the performance. A member of the staff had allegedly slapped Grant's son when he was taking down a dressing room sign. This was seen by John Bonham, who came over and kicked the man. Then, when Grant heard about this, he went into the trailer, along with Bindon and assaulted the man while tour manager Richard Cole stood outside and guarded the trailer.<ref name="Hammer of the Gods">{{cite book| title=Hammer of the Gods (LPC)| year=1995| author=Stephen Davis| pages= 277}}</ref><ref name="Led Zeppelin: The Definitive Biography">{{cite book| title=Led Zeppelin: The Definitive Biography| year=1993| author=Ritchie Yorke| pages=210}}</ref> The following day's second Oakland concert<ref>[http://ledzeppelin.com/show/july-24-1977 Led Zeppelin official website: concert summary]</ref> would prove to be the band's final live appearance in the United States. Two days later, as the band checked in at a [[French Quarter]] hotel for their 30 July performance at the [[Louisiana Superdome]], news came that Plant's five year old son, Karac, had died from a stomach virus. The rest of the tour was immediately cancelled, prompting widespread speculation about the band's future.<ref name = "erlewine" /><ref name = "Welch" /> |
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===Bonham's death and breakup (1978–1980)=== |
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November 1978 saw the group recording again, this time at [[Polar Studios]] in [[Stockholm]], Sweden. The resultant album was ''[[In Through the Out Door]]'', which exhibited a degree of sonic experimentation that again drew mixed reactions from critics. Nevertheless, the band still commanded legions of loyal fans, and the album easily reached #1 in the UK and the U.S. in just its second week on the ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' album chart. As a result of this album's release, Led Zeppelin's entire catalogue made the ''Billboard'' Top 200 between the weeks of 27 October and 3 November 1979.<ref name = "CelebrationII" /> |
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In August 1979, after two warm-up shows in [[Copenhagen, Denmark]], Led Zeppelin headlined [[Knebworth Festival 1979|two concerts]] at the [[Concerts at Knebworth House|Knebworth Music Festival]], where crowds of close to 120,000 witnessed the return of the band. However, Plant was not eager to tour full-time again, and even considered leaving Led Zeppelin. He was persuaded to stay by Peter Grant. A brief, low-key [[Tour Over Europe 1980|European tour]] was undertaken in June and July 1980, featuring a stripped-down set without the usual lengthy jams and solos. At one show on 27 June, in [[Nuremberg]], Germany, the concert came to an abrupt end in the middle of the third song when John Bonham collapsed on stage and was rushed to a hospital.<ref>[http://ledzeppelin.com/show/june-27-1980 Led Zeppelin official website: concert summary]</ref> Press speculation arose that Bonham's problem was caused by an excess of alcohol and drugs, but the band claimed that he had simply overeaten, and they completed the European tour on 7 July, at Berlin.<ref name="Hammer of the Gods" /><ref>[http://ledzeppelin.com/show/july-7-1980 Led Zeppelin official website: concert summary]</ref> |
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On 24 September 1980, Bonham was picked up by Led Zeppelin assistant Rex King to attend rehearsals at [[Bray Studios (UK)|Bray Studios]] for the upcoming tour of the United States, the band's first since 1977, scheduled to commence on 17 October.<ref name = "Welch" /> During the journey Bonham had asked to stop for breakfast, where he downed four quadruple [[vodka]]s (450 ml), with a [[ham]] roll. After taking a bite of the ham roll he said to his assistant, "Breakfast". He continued to drink heavily when he arrived at the studio. A halt was called to the rehearsals late in the evening and the band retired to Page's house—The Old Mill House in [[Clewer]], [[Windsor, Berkshire|Windsor]]. After midnight, Bonham had fallen asleep and was taken to bed and placed on his side. At 1:45 pm the next day Benji LeFevre (who had replaced [[Richard Cole]] as Led Zeppelin's tour manager) and John Paul Jones found him dead.<ref name = "Welch" /> Bonham was 32 years old.<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0094496/ John Bonham] at the [[Internet Movie Database]]</ref> The cause of death was [[asphyxia]]tion from vomit, and a verdict of accidental death was returned at an inquest held on 27 October.<ref name = "Welch" /> An [[autopsy]] found no other drugs in Bonham's body. Bonham was cremated on 10 October 1980, and his ashes buried at Rushock parish church in [[Droitwich Spa|Droitwich]], [[Worcestershire]], England. |
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Despite rumours that [[Cozy Powell]], [[Carmine Appice]], [[Barriemore Barlow]], [[Simon Kirke]] or [[Bev Bevan]] would join the group as his replacement, the remaining members decided to disband after Bonham's death. They issued a press statement on 4 December 1980 confirming that the band would not continue without Bonham. "We wish it to be known that the loss of our dear friend, and the deep sense of undivided harmony felt by ourselves and our manager, have led us to decide that we could not continue as we were."<ref name = "Welch" /> |
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===Post-Led Zeppelin (1981–2007)=== |
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In 1982, the surviving members of the group released a collection of out-takes from various sessions during Led Zeppelin's career, entitled ''[[Coda (album)|Coda]]''. It included two tracks taken from the band's performance at the [[Royal Albert Hall]] in 1970, one each from the ''Led Zeppelin III'' and ''Houses of the Holy'' sessions, and three from the ''In Through the Out Door'' sessions. It also featured a 1976 John Bonham drum instrumental with electronic effects added by Jimmy Page, called "[[Bonzo's Montreux]]". |
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On 13 July 1985, Page, Plant and Jones reunited for the [[Live Aid]] concert at [[John F. Kennedy Stadium|JFK Stadium, Philadelphia]], playing a short set featuring drummers [[Tony Thompson]] and [[Phil Collins]] and bassist [[Paul Martinez]]. Collins had contributed to Plant's first two solo albums while Martinez was a member of Plant's current solo band. However, the performance was marred by the lack of rehearsal with the two drummers, Page's struggles with an out-of-tune [[Gibson Les Paul|Les Paul]] and poorly-functioning monitors, and by Plant's hoarse voice.<ref name="Atlantic">Lewis, Dave and Pallett, Simon (1997) ''Led Zeppelin: The Concert File'', London: Omnibus Press, p. 139.</ref><ref name=allmusicpage>{{cite web|url= http://allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:difoxqr5ld6e~T1|title= Jimmy Page Biography| accessdate=2008-11-11|last= Prato|first= Greg|publisher=[[Allmusic]]}}</ref> Page himself has described the performance as "pretty shambolic"<ref>"[http://www.list.co.uk/article/5700-jimmy-page-says-last-led-zeppelin-reunion-was-a-disaster/ Jimmy Page says last Led Zeppelin reunion was a disaster]", List.co.uk, 20 November 2007.</ref> and "clearly wasn't good enough,"<ref name=jackson2>James Jackson, "[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article6979690.ece Jimmy Page on Led Zeppelin IV, the band's peak and their reunion], ''[[The Times]]'', January 8, 2010 .</ref> while Plant was even harsher, characterising it as an "atrocity".<ref name = "Atlantic" /> When Live Aid footage was released on a four-DVD set in late 2004 to raise money for [[Sudan]], the group unanimously agreed not to allow footage from their performance to be used, asserting that it was not up to their standard.<ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/music/3534576.stm Zeppelin defend Live Aid opt out]", ''BBC News'', 4 August 2004</ref> However, to demonstrate their ongoing support for the campaign Page and Plant pledged proceeds from their forthcoming [[Page and Plant]] DVD release and John Paul Jones pledged the proceeds of his then-current US tour with Mutual Admiration Society to the project. |
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The three members reunited again in May 1988, for the [[Atlantic Records 40th Anniversary]] concert, with Bonham's son, [[Jason Bonham]], on drums. However, the reunion was again compromised by a disjointed performance, particularly by Plant and Page (the two having argued immediately prior to coming on stage about whether to play "Stairway to Heaven"), and by the complete loss of Jones' keyboards on the live television feed.<ref name = "allmusicpage" /><ref name="40th">Lewis, Dave and Pallett, Simon (1997) ''Led Zeppelin: The Concert File'', London: Omnibus Press, p. 140.</ref> Page later described the performance as "one big disappointment", and Plant said unambiguously that "the gig was foul".<ref name = "40th" /> |
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The first [[Led Zeppelin (box set)|Led Zeppelin box set]], featuring tracks remastered under the supervision of Jimmy Page, introduced the band's music to many new fans, stimulating a renaissance for Led Zeppelin. This set included four previously unreleased tracks, including the [[Robert Johnson (musician)|Robert Johnson]] tribute "[[Travelling Riverside Blues]]". The song peaked at number seven on the ''Billboard'' [[Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks|Album Rock Tracks]] chart, with the video in heavy rotation on MTV. |
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1992 saw the release of the "[[Immigrant Song]]"/"[[Hey Hey What Can I Do]]" (the original [[A-side and B-side|b-side]]) as a CD single in the US. [[Led Zeppelin Boxed Set 2]] was released in 1993; the two box sets together containing all known studio recordings, as well as some rare live tracks. |
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In 1994, [[Page and Plant]] reunited in the form of a 90 minute "UnLedded" [[MTV]] project. They later released an album called ''[[No Quarter: Jimmy Page and Robert Plant Unledded]]'', which featured some reworked Led Zeppelin songs, and embarked on a world tour the following year. This is said to be the beginning of the inner rift between the band members, as Jones was not even told of the reunion.<ref name=Miserandino/><ref name="CSMUrray">[[Charles Shaar Murray]], "The Guv’nors'", ''[[Mojo magazine|Mojo]]'', August 2004, p. 75. Page stated: "In the 14 years from the disbanding of [Led] Zeppelin and Robert [Plant] going solo, there was a lot of water under the bridge. It was just the two of us getting our thing together and the chemistry of us, and it wasn't part of the equation, or a decision to purposely leave [John Paul Jones] out."</ref> When asked where Jones was, Plant had replied that he was out "parking the car".<ref>Adam Howorth, "[http://www.led-zeppelin.org/reference/index.php?m=int28 A life beyond Led]", 9 July 2002. Reproduced at www.led-zeppelin.org.</ref> |
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On 12 January 1995, Led Zeppelin were inducted into the United States [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]] by [[Aerosmith]]'s vocalist, [[Steven Tyler]] and guitarist [[Joe Perry (musician)|Joe Perry]]. Jason and Zoe Bonham also attended, representing their late father. At the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Induction Ceremony|induction ceremony]], the band's inner rift became apparent when Jones joked upon accepting his award, "Thank you, my friends, for finally remembering my phone number", causing consternation and awkward looks from Page and Plant.<ref>Lewis, Dave Lewis and Simon Pallett (1997) ''Led Zeppelin: The Concert File'', London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-7119-5307-4, p. 144.</ref> Afterwards, they played a brief set with Tyler and Perry (featuring [[Jason Bonham]] on drums), and with [[Neil Young]] and [[Michael Lee (musician)|Michael Lee]] replacing Bonham. |
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On 29 August 1997, Atlantic released a single edit of "[[Whole Lotta Love]]" in the U.S. and the UK, making it the only Led Zeppelin UK CD single. Additional tracks on this CD-single are "[[Baby Come On Home]]" and "[[Travelling Riverside Blues]]". It is the only single the band ever released in the UK. It peaked at #21.<ref>[http://www.everyhit.com/ everyHit.com - UK Top 40 Chart Archive, British Singles & Album Charts]</ref> 11 November 1997 saw the release of ''[[Led Zeppelin BBC Sessions]]'', the first Led Zeppelin album in fifteen years. The two-disc set included almost all of the band's recordings for the BBC. [[Page and Plant]] released another album called ''[[Walking into Clarksdale]]'' in 1998, featuring all new material. However, the album wasn't as successful as ''[[No Quarter: Jimmy Page and Robert Plant Unledded|No Quarter]]'', and the band slowly dissolved. |
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On 29 November 1999 the [[RIAA]] announced that the band were only the third act in music history to achieve four or more [[RIAA certification|Diamond]] albums.<ref>[[RIAA]], "[http://www.riaa.com/newsitem.php?news_year_filter=&resultpage=109&id=3E66A511-1B98-4B07-ECD3-174C7088CDB7 Recording Industry Announces November Awards]".</ref> In 2002, Robert Plant and John Paul Jones reconciled after years of strife that kept the band apart. This was followed by rumours of reunion, quickly quashed by individual members' representatives. 2003 saw the release of a triple live album, ''[[How the West Was Won (Led Zeppelin album)|How the West Was Won]]'', and a video collection, ''[[Led Zeppelin (DVD)|Led Zeppelin DVD]]'', both featuring material from the band's heyday. By the end of the year, the DVD had sold more than 520,000 copies. |
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Led Zeppelin were ranked #14 on ''Rolling Stone's'' 2004 list of the "100 Greatest Artists of All Time",<ref>{{cite web| title = The Immortals: The First Fifty| work = Rolling Stone Issue 946| publisher = Rolling Stone| url =http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/5939214/the_immortals_the_first_fifty}}</ref> and the following year the band received a [[Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award]]. In November 2005, it was announced that Led Zeppelin and Russian conductor [[Valery Gergiev]] were the winners of the 2006 [[Polar Music Prize]]. The [[Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden|King of Sweden]] presented the prize to Plant, Page, and Jones, along with John Bonham's daughter, in [[Stockholm]] in May 2006.<ref name="BBC News story">"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/5007476.stm Award for 'pioneers' Led Zeppelin]", ''BBC News'', 23 May 2006.</ref> In November 2006, Led Zeppelin were inducted into the [[UK Music Hall of Fame]]. The television broadcasting of the event consisted of an introduction to the band by various famous admirers, a presentation of an award to Jimmy Page and then a short speech by the guitarist. After this, rock group [[Wolfmother]] played a tribute to Led Zeppelin, performing the song "[[Communication Breakdown]]".<ref>"[http://www.wolfmother.net/2006/11/16/wolfmother-led-zeppelin-tribute/ Wolfmother Led Zep tribute, and rocking Brixton]", Wolfomother.net, 16 November 2006,</ref><ref name="BBC News story September 2006">"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/5338196.stm Led Zeppelin make UK Hall of Fame]", ''BBC News'', 23 May 2006.</ref> Despite having gained a reputation with the band for "raising hell" in the 1970s, [[Robert Plant]] was awarded a CBE by [[Prince Charles]] for "Services to Music" in July 2009, which followed [[Jimmy Page]]'s [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] four years previously.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idiomag.com/peek/92584/led_zeppelin|title=Led Zeppelin’s Robert Plant Made a CBE|accessdate=2009-07-15|date=2009-07-11|publisher=[[idiomag]]}}</ref> |
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On 27 July 2007, [[Atlantic Records|Atlantic]]/[[Rhino Entertainment|Rhino]], & [[Warner Home Video]] announced three new Led Zeppelin titles to be released in November, 2007. Released first was ''[[Mothership (album)|Mothership]]'' on 13 November, a 24-track best-of spanning the band's career, followed by a reissue of [[The Song Remains the Same (album)|the soundtrack]] to ''[[The Song Remains the Same (film)|The Song Remains the Same]]'' on 20 November which includes previously unreleased material, and a new DVD.<ref name="fall-releases">Jonathan Cohen, "[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003617745 Led Zeppelin Readies Fall Reissue Bonanza]", ''billboard.com'', 27 July 2007.</ref> On 15 October 2007, it was reported that Led Zeppelin were expected to announce a new series of agreements that make the band's songs available as legal digital downloads, first as ringtones through [[Verizon Wireless]] then as digital downloads of the band's eight studio albums and other recordings on 13 November.<ref>Leeds, Jeff. "[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D03E3D81139F936A25753C1A9619C8B63&sec=&spon=&&scp=3&sq=Led%20Zeppelin%20gives%20in%20to%20digital%20sales&st=cse Led Zeppelin Agrees to Make Its Songs Available Digitally]". New York Times, 15 October 2007</ref> The offerings will be available through both Verizon Wireless and [[iTunes Store|iTunes]]. On 3 November 2007, a UK newspaper the ''[[Daily Mirror]]'' announced that it had world exclusive rights to stream six previously unreleased tracks via its [http://www.mirror.co.uk/ledzeppelin website]. On 8 November 2007, [[XM Satellite Radio]] launched XM LED, the network's first artist-exclusive channel dedicated to Led Zeppelin. On 13 November 2007, Led Zeppelin's complete works were published on iTunes. |
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===2007 reunion=== |
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[[File:Led Zeppelin 2007.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The surviving members of Led Zeppelin and [[Jason Bonham]] at The O<sub>2</sub> in London in 2007]] |
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{{main article|Ahmet Ertegün Tribute Concert}} |
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On 10 December 2007 the surviving members of Led Zeppelin reunited for a one-off [[benefit concert]] held in memory of music executive [[Ahmet Ertegün]], with [[Jason Bonham]] taking up his late father's place on drums. It was announced on 12 September 2007 by promoter [[Harvey Goldsmith]] in a press conference. The concert was to help raise money for the Ahmet Ertegün Education Fund, which pays for university scholarships in the UK, US and [[Turkey]]. Music critics praised the band's performance. Hamish MacBain of ''NME'' proclaimed, "What they have done here tonight is proof they can still perform to the level that originally earned them their legendary reputation...We can only hope this isn't the last we see of them."<ref>Hamish MacBain, [http://www.nme.com/news/led-zeppelin/33079 "Led Zeppelin reunion: the review" ''New Musical Express''], December 10, 2007.</ref> Page suggested the band may start work on new material,<ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7049242.stm Zeppelin may make new material]", ''BBC News'', 17 October 2007.</ref> and stated that a world tour may be in the works.<ref>"[http://www.nme.com/news/led-zeppelin/32512 Jimmy Page hints at more shows]", ''New Musical Express'', 14 December 2008.</ref> Meanwhile, Plant made his reluctance regarding a reunion tour known to ''The Sunday Times'', stating: "having to live up to something is terribly serious." However, he also made it known that he could be in favour of more one-off shows in the near future: "It wouldn't be such a bad idea to play together from time to time."<ref>[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article3005424.ece Edwards, Mark. "The musical marriage of Robert Plant and Alison Krauss" ''The Sunday Times'' December 9, 2007]</ref> |
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===Reunion tour reports (2008-2009)=== |
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Following the reunion concert and the press coverage it generated, speculation on the future of the band and the possibility of a tour with Jason Bonham on drums increased to a level not seen in several years. In an interview promoting the release of the ''Mothership'' compilation in Tokyo early in 2008, Jimmy Page revealed that he was prepared to embark upon a world tour with Led Zeppelin, but due to Robert Plant's tour commitments with [[Alison Krauss]], such plans will not be announced until at least September.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2008/01/28/led-zeppelin-guitarist-wa_n_83534.html|title=Led Zeppelin Guitarist Wants World Tour|publisher=The Huffington Post|date=28 January 2008|author=Tamlmadge, Eric|accessdate=2008-11-25}}</ref> Showing enthusiasm for continued performing, in late spring Page and Jones joined [[Foo Fighters]] frontman [[Dave Grohl]] and drummer [[Taylor Hawkins]] onstage at [[Wembley Stadium]] to perform Led Zeppelin tracks "[[Rock and Roll (Led Zeppelin song)|Rock and Roll]]" (Hawkins on vocals and Grohl on drums), followed by "[[Ramble On]]" (Grohl on vocals and Hawkins on drums).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/hi/music/newsid_7442000/7442390.stm|author=Jones, Damian|title=Led Zep stars join Foo Fighters|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=8 June 2008|accessdate=2008-11-25}}</ref> |
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Plant however continued to remain focused on his recent work and tour with Krauss. Their duet album ''[[Raising Sand]] '' became certified platinum in March,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.countrystandardtime.com/news/newsitem.asp?xid=1519&t=Alison_Krauss_Robert_Plant_go_platinum|title=Alison Krauss/Robert Plant go platinum|publisher=Country Standard Time|date=20 March 2008|accessdate=2008-11-25}}</ref> and their recordings received awards including a Grammy for the song "Gone, Gone, Gone (Done Moved On)"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/Music/02/10/grammy.winners/index.html|title=List of Grammy winners|publisher=CNN.com|date=10 February 2008|accessdate=2008-11-25}}</ref> and Album of the Year from the [[Americana Music Association]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usatoday.com/life/music/news/2008-09-19-americana-awards_N.htm|title=Krauss, Plant big winners at Americana awards|publisher=USA Today|date=2008-09-19|accessdate=2008-11-26}}</ref> Along with concentrating on the duo's American tour, Plant remained evasive on the subject of a Led Zeppelin reunion tour, and expressed displeasure at the process leading up to the 2007 reunion show during an interview with [[GQ|GQ Magazine]], saying "The endless paperwork was like nothing I've experienced before. I've kept every one of the emails that were exchanged before the concert and I'm thinking of compiling them for a book, which I feel sure would be hailed as a sort of literary version of [[Spinal Tap (band)|Spinal Tap]]."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.therockradio.com/2008/09/paperwork-holds-up-led-zeppelin-reunion.html|publisher=therockradio.com|title=Robert Plant says "paperwork" holds up Led Zeppelin reunion|date=19 September 2008|accessdate=2008-11-25}}</ref> |
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After the BBC reported in late August that Jimmy Page, John Paul Jones, and Jason Bonham had been recording material which could become a new Led Zeppelin project,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7582917.stm|title=Led Zeppelin trio back in studio|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=26 August 2008|accessdate=2008-11-25}}</ref> the rumours of a reunion began to accumulate through the remaining summer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/showbiz/bizarre/article1712616.ece|title=Led Zeppelin plan to audition new singer|publisher=[[The Sun Newspaper|The Sun]]|date=2008-09-20|accessdate=2008-09-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news.com.au/dailytelegraph/story/0,22049,24405451-5012327,00.html|publisher=Daily Telegraph Sydney|title=Led Zeppelin to reunite|accessdate=2008-09-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/top-stories/2008/09/27/zep-s-jason-sells-up-for-world-tour-115875-20755279/|publisher=The Daily Mirror|author=Chaytor, Rod|date=2008-09-27|accessdate=2008-09-27|title=Zep's Jason sells up for 'world tour'}}</ref> On 29 September Plant released a statement in which he called reports of a Led Zeppelin reunion "frustrating and ridiculous". He said he would not be recording or touring with the band, before adding, "I wish Jimmy Page, John Paul Jones and Jason Bonham nothing but success with any future projects."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.robertplant.com/index.php?l1=2&l2=0&l3=0&articleID=186&rt=NE&PHPSESSID=6235928e9e15317186503f0c80686264|title=Robert Plant – Official Statement|publisher=robertplant.com|date=2008-09-29|accessdate=2008-09-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601088&sid=aU_5GfM1LTsc&refer=muse|title=Led Zeppelin Singer Robert Plant Rules Out Reunion Record, Tour|publisher=bloomberg.com|author=Beech, Mark|date=2008-09-29|accessdate=2008-09-29}}</ref> |
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Following Plant's statement, authoritative but divergent views of the possibility of a Led Zeppelin reunion tour the next year were offered by John Paul Jones and promoter Harvey Goldsmith. In late October, Jones confirmed to [[BBC Radio Devon]] in Exeter that he, Page, and Bonham were seeking a replacement for Plant. The bassist remarked: "We are trying out a couple of singers. We want to do it. It's sounding great and we want to get on and get out there."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/devon/7694327.stm|title=Zeppelin to go back on the road|publisher=BBC Devon|date=2008-10-27|accessdate=2008-10-30}}</ref> The next day, Goldsmith commented on the prospect of a Led Zeppelin reunion, casting doubt on the possibility or wisdom of such a venture. In an interview with BBC News, Goldsmith stated "I think that there is an opportunity for them to go out and present themselves. I don't think a long rambling tour is the answer as Led Zeppelin." The Ertegün Concert promoter felt the result of the ongoing plans of Jones, Page, and Bonham would not be "called Led Zeppelin".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7695866.stm|title=Zep warned off "pointless" tour|publisher=BBC News|author=Youngs, Ian|date=2008-10-28|accessdate=2008-10-30}}</ref> A spokesman for guitarist Jimmy Page later confirmed this, telling RollingStone.com that a new band featuring Page, bassist John Paul Jones and drummer Jason Bonham would not go by the name Led Zeppelin due to the absence of singer Robert Plant.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/rockdaily/index.php/2008/11/13/could-a-robert-plant-free-led-zeppelin-tour-succeed/|publisher=rollingstone.com|title=Could a Robert Plant-Free Led Zeppelin Tour Succeed?|date=13 November 2008|accessdate=2008-11-25}}</ref> |
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On January 7, 2009, [[MusicRadar]] reported that Jimmy Page's manager Robert Mensch said that the band had "tried out a few singers, but no one worked out, that was it. The whole thing is completely over now. There are absolutely no plans for them to continue."<ref>{{Cite web|title="Led Zeppelin are over!" says Jimmy Page's manager|url=http://www.musicradar.com/news/guitars/led-zeppelin-are-over-says-jimmy-pages-manager-190946|author=Bosso, Joe|publisher=[[MusicRadar]]|date=2009-01-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=“Led Zeppelin Are Over,” Jimmy Page’s Manager Declares|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/rockdaily/index.php/2009/01/08/led-zeppelin-are-over-jimmy-pages-manager-declares/|work=[[Rolling Stone]]|author=Kreps, Daniel|date=2009-01-08|accessdate=2009-01-08}}</ref> In a radio interview, Plant cited a fear of disappointment as a major factor for not continuing a reunited Zeppelin. "The disappointment that could be there once you commit to that and the comparisons to something that was basically fired by youth and a different kind of exuberance to now, it's very hard to go back and meet that head on and do it justice."<ref>{{cite web|title=Fear Of Disappointment Quashed Led Zeppelin Reunion|url=http://www.led-zeppelin.org/news/index.php?m=2009news#020409a}}</ref> |
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On 28 October 2009 it was reported by [[NME]] that Robert Plant had revealed that he is in talks with [[Michael Eavis]] to perform at the 2010 [[Glastonbury Festival]] in England. Plant said he did not know who he would perform with, thus sparking rumours that Led Zeppelin may perform. <ref>[http://www.nme.com/news/led-zeppelin/48055 Led Zeppelin's Robert Plant in Glastonbury 2010 talks]</ref><ref>[http://www.musicradar.com/news/guitars/led-zeppelin-to-reunite-for-glastonbury-2010-224948 Led Zeppelin to reunite for Glastonbury 2010?]</ref> |
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== Legacy== |
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Led Zeppelin have been nominated for and won several awards,<ref>[http://www.metrolyrics.com/led-zeppelin-awards-featured.html MetroLyrics: Led Zeppelin Awards and Features]</ref> including a [[Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award]] in 2005;<ref>[http://www.grammy.com/Recording_Academy/Awards/Lifetime_Awards/ Grammy: Lifetime Achievement Award]</ref> inductions into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (January 12, 1995),<ref>[http://www.rockhall.com/inductees/inductee-list/ Inductee List: Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]</ref> [[UK Music Hall of Fame]] (16 November 2004),<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/5338196.stm BBC:Led Zeppelin make UK Hall of Fame]</ref> the Q Merit Award 1992 <ref>[http://www.ledzeppelin.com/video/q-awards-1992 Official Video: Q Merit Award]</ref> and [[Polar Music Prize]] 2006.<ref>[http://www.monstersandcritics.com/music/news/article_1165837.php/Polar_Music_Prize_to_Led_Zeppelin_and_Russia_s_Valery_Gergiev: Polar Music Prize to Led Zeppelin and Russia's Valery Gergiev]</ref> |
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The group has sold over 200 million albums worldwide,<ref name=atlanticrec_total>{{cite web|url=http://www.atlanticrecords.com/ledzeppelin |title=Led Zeppelin |publisher=Atlantic Records |accessdate=2009-06-08}}</ref><ref name=CNN_LZ_reforming>{{cite web |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2007/SHOWBIZ/Music/09/12/ledzeppelin.comeback/index.html |title= Led Zeppelin re-forming for concert |publisher=CNN |date=12 September 2007 |accessdate=8 June 2009 }}</ref><ref name=Times_kind_of_glory>{{cite web |url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article384304.ece |title=Robert Plant - a different kind of glory |publisher=The Times Online |accessdate=8 June 2009}}</ref> including 111.5 million certified units in the United States<ref name=RIAA_total>{{cite web|url=http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=tblTopArt |title=Top Selling Artists |author=RIAA}}</ref> and, according to the [[Recording Industry Association of America]], is one of the three acts in music history to achieve four or more Diamond albums.<ref>[http://www.riaa.com/newsitem.php?news_year_filter=&resultpage=109&id=3E66A511-1B98-4B07-ECD3-174C7088CDB7 RIAA News Room]</ref> [[Hilary Rosen]], President and CEO of the Recording Industry Association of America, noted in 1999 "Led Zeppelin is one of the most popular and influential rock bands of all time. Thirty years after their debut, the band’s appeal is as strong as ever. It’s fitting that these rock icons are multiple Diamond winners."<ref>[http://www.riaa.com/newsitem.php?news_month_filter=3&news_year_filter=1999&resultpage=&id=94152BE9-9138-3E48-DA14-40272B8E84F6 RIAA News Room: The Recording Industry's New Diamond Award Mines Best-Sellers]</ref> [[Times Online]] media correspondent [[Adam Sherwin]] has described Led Zeppelin as “the world’s greatest heavy rock band” <ref>[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article6959424.ece Times Online]</ref> and many notable musicians and bands from diverse genres have been influenced by their music. These include [[Aerosmith]],<ref>[http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/aerosmith Artist Profile: Aerosmith]</ref> [[Black Sabbath]],<ref>[http://www.mtv.com/bands/m/metal/greatest_metal_bands/071406/index2.jhtml MTV - Black Sabbath: The Greatest Metal Bands of all time]</ref> [[Kiss (band)|KISS]],<ref>[http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/kiss Artist Profile: KISS]</ref> [[Iron Maiden]],<ref>[http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:3ifyxqe5ldae~T0 Iron Maiden at Allmusic]</ref> [[Queen (band)|Queen]],<ref>[http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/queen Artist Profile: Queen]</ref> [[Guns N' Roses]],<ref>[http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/gunsnroses Artist Profile: Guns N' Roses]</ref> [[Lynyrd Skynyrd]],<ref>[http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:fifqxqe5ldfe Allmusic: Lynyrd Skynyrd]</ref> [[AC/DC]],<ref>[http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/acdc Artist Profile: AC/DC]</ref> [[The White Stripes]],<ref>[http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:hbfwxqljldae AllMusic: The White Stripes]]</ref> [[Def Leppard]],<ref>[http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/defleppard Artist Profile: Def Leppard]</ref> [[The Cult]],<ref>[http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:y1u36j5h7190~T1 The Cult: AllMusic Biography]</ref> [[Heart (band)|Heart]],<ref>[http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/heart Artist Profile: Heart]</ref> [[The Black Crowes]],<ref>[http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/theblackcrowes Artist Profile: The Black Crowes]</ref> [[Queens of the Stone Age]],<ref>[http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/queensofthestoneage Artist Profile: Queens of the Stone Age]</ref> [[Whitesnake]],<ref>[http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/whitesnake Artist Profile: Whitesnake]</ref> [[Van Halen]], [[Red Hot Chili Peppers]],<ref>[http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:difrxqr5ldje AllMusic: Red Hot Chilli Peppers]</ref> [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]],<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/SHOWBIZ/Music/9901/19/madonna.lkl/ Madonna: CNN Interview]</ref> [[Shakira]],<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2002/jun/08/shopping.colombia|title =The poet and the princess|publisher=Guardian|accessdate=2002-06-08}}</ref> [[Beastie Boys]]<ref>[http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:3ifqxq95ld6e AllMusic: Beastie Boys]</ref> and [[Sufi Rock]] band [[Junoon (band)|Junoon]].<ref>[http://www.junoon.com/articles/art_52_musicworld_may6.html Salman Ahmed Interview]</ref> ''Rolling Stone'' music critic Steven Pond noted in 1988: “Nearly a decade after the band's demise, Led Zeppelin's musical influence lives on and on. Yeah, its been a long time since Led Zeppelin rock & rolled, but when it comes to modern mainstream rock music, Zep still has the touch of the gods.”<ref>[http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/17538016/led_zeppelin_the_song_remains_the_same Rolling Stone Magazine- Led Zeppelin: The Song Remains the Same]</ref> In 2005, the four members of Led Zeppelin were voted the [[United Kingdom]]'s ideal [[Supergroup (music)|supergroup]] in a [[Planet Rock (radio station)|Planet Rock Radio]] poll.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4669597.stm [[BBC]]: Zeppelin voted 'ideal supergroup']</ref> |
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Led Zeppelin also have had a big influence on fashion, lifestyle and apparel. Many famous celebrities such as [[Kate Moss]] and [[Chloe Hayward]] have long been a fan of Led Zeppelin t-shirts, flared jeans and other apparel.<ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/led-zeppelin-the-enduring-influence-of-flares-and-flowing-locks-763442.html The Independent- Led Zeppelin: The enduring influence of flares and flowing locks]</ref> |
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==Songs in other media== |
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While members of Led Zeppelin have seldom allowed their works to be licensed for films or commercials, in recent years, their position has softened. The songs of Led Zeppelin can be heard in movies such as ''[[Shrek the Third]]'', ''[[One Day in September]]'', ''[[School of Rock]]'' ("[[Immigrant Song]]" in all three), ''[[Dogtown and Z-Boys]]'' ("[[Achilles Last Stand]]", "[[Nobody's Fault but Mine]]", and "[[Hots On for Nowhere]]"), ''[[Almost Famous]]'' ("[[That's the Way (Led Zeppelin song)|That's the Way]]", "[[The Rain Song]]", "[[Misty Mountain Hop]]", "[[Bron-Yr-Aur]]", and "[[Tangerine (Led Zeppelin song)|Tangerine]]"), "[[Stairway to Heaven]]" was in a part of the movie, but later on it was taken out, due to the length. ''[[It Might Get Loud]]'' ("[[The Rain Song]]", "[[Ramble On]]", "[[How Many More Times]]", "[[When The Levee Breaks]]", "[[Battle of Evermore]]", "[[Over the Hills and Far Away]]", "[[Whole Lotta Love]]", "[[White Summer]]", "[[Stairway to Heaven]]", "[[In My Time of Dying]]", and "[[Ten Years Gone]]".) ''[[Fast Times at Ridgemont High]]'' ("[[Kashmir (song)|Kashmir]]"), and ''[[Small Soldiers]]'' ("[[Communication Breakdown]]"). The television series'' [[One Tree Hill (TV series)|One Tree Hill]]'' featured the song "[[Babe I'm Gonna Leave You]]". The band has denied frequent requests by developers of popular [[music video game]]s to use their songs. As with other forms of media, the band seeks to protect the integrity of their work. Specifically, "the band isn't comfortable with the prospect of granting outsiders access to its master tapes, a necessary step in creating the [[video game|games]]."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB121487474239618065.html|title=Aerosmith Stars in Guitar Hero Videogame|author=Wingfield, Nick; Smith, Ethan|publisher=''[[The Wall Street Journal]]''|origdate= 2008-07-01|accessdate = 2008-07-10}}</ref> |
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Also noteworthy is [[Cadillac]]'s use of "Rock and Roll" in their US TV advertising campaign. Recently, Led Zeppelin have agreed to allow [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] to sell their music in Apple's [[iTunes Store]], with the greatest hits collection ''[[Mothership (album)|Mothership]]'' as the marquee offering.<ref name="Led Zeppelin enters Net Generation">Vanessa Thorpe, "[http://observer.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,,2137188,00.html Led Zeppelin join the net generation]", ''The Observer'', 29 July 2007.</ref> |
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In April 2007, Hard Rock Park (now [[Freestyle Music Park]]) in [[Myrtle Beach, South Carolina]], announced it had secured an agreement with the band to create "[[Led Zeppelin - The Ride]]", a roller coaster built by [[Bolliger & Mabillard]], synchronised to the music of Led Zeppelin's "Whole Lotta Love". The coaster stands {{convert|155|ft|m}} tall, features six inversions, and spirals over a lagoon. The ride officially opened with the park on May 9, 2008.<ref>[http://www.hardrockpark.com/index3.php Hard Rock Park<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The ride is currently "Standing but not operating" (SBNO) due to Hard Rock Park filing [[Chapter 11 bankruptcy]]. In January 2009, the park filed for [[Chapter 7, Title 11, United States Code|Chapter 7]]. In February 2009, the park was sold to new owners FPI MB Entertainment, who plan to reopen by Memorial Day 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thesunnews.com/679/story/787981.html|title=Judge clears sale of Hard Rock Park|author=Fleisher, Lisa|publisher=''[[The Sun News]]''|origdate= 2008-02-18|accessdate = 2008-02-25}}</ref> On May 4, 2009, the ride was renamed "The Time Machine," with hit songs from five decades replacing Led Zeppelin.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thesunnews.com/news/local/story/886676.html |title=Freestyle Music Park Reskins Rides, Picks Up Pace to Be Ready for Opening|last=Cherney|first=Mike |date=May 5, 2009 |work=The Sun News |accessdate=2009-05-05}}</ref> |
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==Allegations of plagiarism== |
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The credits for a number of Led Zeppelin's songs have been the subject of debate. "[[Dazed and Confused (song)|Dazed and Confused]]" and "[[Babe I'm Gonna Leave You]]" from ''Led Zeppelin'' were originally written by [[Jake Holmes]] and [[Anne Bredon]],<ref>Headlam, Dave and Elizabeth West Marvin. "Does the song remain the same? Questions of authenticity and identification in the music of Led Zeppelin". ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=OhUVusniuzoC&pg=PA330&lpg=PA330&dq=anne+bredon+%22babe+i%27m+gonna+leave+you%22&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&as_brr=0&ie=ISO-8859-1&output=html Concert Music, Rock, and Jazz Since 1945: Essays and Analytical Studies]'', p. 330. Boydell & Brewer, 1995. ISBN 1-58046-096-8</ref> respectively, however neither were credited on the album's original release. On ''Led Zeppelin II'' the prelude to "[[Bring It On Home (Sonny Boy Williamson II song)|Bring It On Home]]" was a cover of [[Sonny Boy Williamson II|Sonny Boy Williamson]]'s 1963 recording of "Bring It On Home", written by [[Willie Dixon]]. Similarly, "The Lemon Song" included an adaptation of [[Howlin' Wolf]]'s "[[Killing Floor (Howlin' Wolf song)|Killing Floor]]". In 1972, Arc Music, the publishing arm of [[Chess Records]], brought a lawsuit against Led Zeppelin for [[copyright infringement]] over "Bring It On Home" and "The Lemon Song"; the case was settled out of court for an undisclosed sum. Dixon himself did not benefit from the settlement until he sued Arc Music to recover his [[royalties]] and [[copyright]]s. In addition, "[[Whole Lotta Love]]" contained lyrics that were derivative of Dixon's 1962 song "You Need Love", though the riff from the song was an original Jimmy Page composition. In 1985, Dixon filed a copyright infringement suit against Led Zeppelin over "Whole Lotta Love" and an out-of-court settlement was reached. Later pressings of ''Led Zeppelin II'' credit Dixon.<ref>Goldstein, Patrick. "Whole Lotta Litigation". ''Los Angeles Times'', February 3, 1985: N72</ref> The band also paid a settlement to the publisher of [[Ritchie Valens]]' song "Ooh! My Head" over the song "[[Boogie with Stu]]" (from ''Physical Graffiti'') which borrowed heavily from Valens' song.<ref>Lehmer, Larry. ''The Day the Music Died: The Last Tour of Buddy Holly, the Big Bopper and Ritchie Valens'' (2004): 166</ref> |
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Dave Headlam, in an article entitled "Does the song remain the same? Questions of authenticity and identification in the music of Led Zeppelin", suggests that "...in the course of studies on the music of Led Zeppelin, it has become apparent that many songs are compilations of pre-existent material from multiple sources, both acknowledged and unacknowledged." He contends that "...songs like 'Whole Lotta Love' and 'Dazed and Confused' are on the one hand not "authored" by Led Zeppelin, but on the other hand are virtual signatures identifying the band's musical essence." |
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<ref>Headlam, Dave. "Does the song remain the same? Questions of authenticity and identification in the music of Led Zeppelin." In ''Concert Music, Rock, and Jazz Since 1945: Essays and Analytical Studies''. By Elizabeth West Marvin and Richard Hermann. Published 1995. Boydell & Brewer. 449 pages |
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ISBN 1-58046-096-8 http://books.google.ca/books?id=OhUVusniuzoC</ref> However, noted blues author and producer [[Robert Palmer (writer)|Robert Palmer]] states "It is the custom, in blues music, for a singer to borrow verses from contemporary sources, both oral and recorded, add his own tune and/or arrangement, and call the song his own".<ref>{{cite book| title=In the Houses of the Holy: Led Zeppelin and the Power of Rock Music| year=2001| author=Susan Fast| page=210 | ISBN=0-19-511756-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| title=Led Zeppelin: The Music (liner notes)| year=1991| author=Robert Palmer| unused_data=|Atlantic 82144-2}}</ref> Folklorist Carl Lindahl, refers to these recycling of lyrics in songs as "floating lyrics". He defines it within the folk-music tradition as "lines that have circulated so long in folk communities that tradition-steeped singers call them instantly to mind and rearrange them constantly, and often unconsciously, to suit their personal and community aesthetics".<ref>Carl Lindahl, "Thrills and Miracles: Legends of Lloyd Chandler", ''[[Journal of Folklore Research]]'', Bloomington: May-December 2004, Vol. 41, Issue 2/3, pp. 133-72.</ref> |
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In an interview he gave to ''[[Guitar World]]'' magazine in 1993, Page commented on the band's use of classic blues songs: |
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<blockquote>[A]s far as my end of it goes, I always tried to bring something fresh to anything that I used. I always made sure to come up with some variation. In fact, I think in most cases, you would never know what the original source could be. Maybe not in every case -- but in most cases. So most of the comparisons rest on the lyrics. And Robert was supposed to change the lyrics, and he didn't always do that -- which is what brought on most of the grief. They couldn't get us on the guitar parts of the music, but they nailed us on the lyrics. We did, however, take some liberties, I must say [laughs]. But never mind; we did try to do the right thing.<ref name=page93>[http://www.iem.ac.ru/zeppelin/docs/interviews/page_93.gw Interview with Jimmy Page], ''[[Guitar World]]'' magazine, 1993</ref></blockquote> |
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In another interview, Page responded to the suggestion that Led Zeppelin used a lot of traditional and blues lyrics and tunes and called them their own: |
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<blockquote>The thing is they were traditional lyrics and they went back far before a lot of people that one related them to. The riffs we did were totally different, also, from the ones that had come before, apart from something like "You Shook Me" and "I Can't Quit You," which were attributed to Willie Dixon. The thing with "Bring It On Home," Christ, there's only a tiny bit taken from Sonny Boy Williamson's version and we threw that in as a tribute to him. People say, "Oh, 'Bring It On Home' is stolen." Well, there's only a little bit in the song that relates to anything that had gone before it, just the end.<ref name = Schulps /></blockquote> |
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==Discography== |
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{{main|Led Zeppelin discography}} |
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{{col-begin}} |
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{{col-2}} |
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;Studio albums |
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*''[[Led Zeppelin (album)|Led Zeppelin]]'' (1969) |
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*''[[Led Zeppelin II]]'' (1969) |
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*''[[Led Zeppelin III]]'' (1970) |
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*''[[Led Zeppelin IV]]'' (1971) |
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*''[[Houses of the Holy]]'' (1973) |
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*''[[Physical Graffiti]]'' (1975) |
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*''[[Presence (album)|Presence]]'' (1976) |
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*''[[In Through the Out Door]]'' (1979) |
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*''[[Coda (album)|Coda]]''<ref name=Explanation>While some external sources categorise ''Coda'' as a [[compilation album]], Led Zeppelin's official album label, [[Atlantic Records]], categorises it as studio album. See for example the liner notes for the ''[[Led Zeppelin Box Set, Vol. 2]]'' and the label attached to the ''[[The Complete Studio Recordings (Led Zeppelin album)|Complete Studio Recordings]]'' boxed set, which state that Led Zeppelin released nine studio albums.</ref> (1982) |
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{{col-2}} |
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;Filmography |
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*''[[The Song Remains the Same (film)|The Song Remains the Same]]'' (1976) |
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*''[[Led Zeppelin (DVD)]]'' (2003) |
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*''[[Mothership (album)#Disc Three|Mothership (DVD)]]'' (2007) |
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{{col-end}} |
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==Concert tours== |
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{{main|Led Zeppelin concerts}} |
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==See also== |
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{{Led Zeppelin portal}} |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist|3}} |
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==Published sources== |
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* Jon Bream (2008), ''Whole Lotta Led Zeppelin: The Illustrated History of the Heaviest Band of All Time'', Minneapolis: Voyageur Press. ISBN 0-7603-3507-9. |
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* [[Richard Cole]] and Richard Trubo (1992), ''[[Stairway to Heaven: Led Zeppelin Uncensored]]'', New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-018323-3. |
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* [[Stephen Davis (music journalist)|Stephen Davis]] (1985), ''[[Hammer of the Gods (book)|Hammer of the Gods: The Led Zeppelin Saga]]'', New York: William Morrow & Co. ISBN 0-688-04507-3. |
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* Susan Fast (2001), ''In the Houses of the Holy: Led Zeppelin and the Power of Rock Music'', New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-514723-5. |
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* Dave Lewis (1991), ''Led Zeppelin: A Celebration'', London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-7119-2416-3. |
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* Dave Lewis (1994), ''The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin'', London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-7119-3528-9. |
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* Dave Lewis (2003), ''Led Zeppelin: Celebration II: The 'Tight But Loose' Files'', London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 1-84449-056-4. |
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* Dave Lewis and Simon Pallett (1997), ''Led Zeppelin: The Concert File'', London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-7119-5307-4. |
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* [[Luis Rey]] (1997), ''Led Zeppelin Live: An Illustrated Exploration of Underground Tapes'', Ontario: The Hot Wacks Press. ISBN 0-9698080-7-0. |
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* Keith Shadwick (2005), ''Led Zeppelin: The Story of a Band and Their Music 1968-1980'', San Francisco: Backbeat Books. ISBN 0-87930-871-1. |
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* [[Mick Wall]] (2008), ''[[When Giants Walked the Earth: A Biography of Led Zeppelin]]'', London: Orion. ISBN 978-0-7528-8877-4. |
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* [[Chris Welch]] (1994), ''Led Zeppelin'', London: Orion Books. ISBN 0-85797-930-3. |
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* Chris Welch (2002), ''Peter Grant: The Man Who Led Zeppelin'', London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-7119-9195-2. |
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* Chris Welch (2006), ''Led Zeppelin: Dazed and Confused: The Stories Behind Every Song'', Thunder's Mouth Press. ISBN 1-56025-818-7. |
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* [[Ritchie Yorke]] (1993), ''Led Zeppelin: the Definitive Biography'', Novato, California: Underwood-Miller. ISBN 0-88733-177-7. |
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==External links== |
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{{commonscat|Led Zeppelin}} |
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{{wikiquote}} |
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<!-- Officially sanctioned websites only --> |
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* [http://www.ledzeppelin.com/ Led Zeppelin: Official Site] |
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* [http://www.atlanticrecords.com/ledzeppelin Atlantic Records: Led Zeppelin] |
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* [http://www.myspace.com/ledzeppelin Led Zeppelin Official MySpace Page] |
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* [http://www.vjez.com/ Worldwide discography] |
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*[http://www.snagfilms.com/films/title/a_to_zeppelin_the_story_of_led_zeppelin/ “A To Zeppelin: The Story Of Led Zeppelin– Full Movie”] |
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* [http://www.dr.dk/bonanza20_assets/Entrance.aspx/search/Led%20zeppelin/any/53102/FreeTextRank/desc/1/Led_Zeppelin Studio koncet in Danish TV, 18 May 1969, 32 min. long] |
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Revision as of 04:24, 26 January 2010
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