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The village accountant is a government administrative position found in rural parts of the Indian sub-continent. The office and it's bearer are called the Patwari in Andhra Pradesh, Bengal, North India and Pakistan. The position is called the Talati in Gujarat and Kulkarni in Maharashtra where the office of the Kulkarni was abolished in 1918 and replaced with that of the Talati. In Tamil Nadu the position is named the ''Karnam''.
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Talati is a word in the [[Marathi]] and [[Gujarati]] languages of India. It is used to denote the office of the Talati in rural parts of the Indian states of [[Maharashtra]], [[Gujarat]] and [[Karnataka]]. The office and it's holder are both called Talatis. Bearers of the office have adapted this as their family last name. The duties of a Talati include maintaining crop and land records (record of rights) of the village, collection of tax revenue, collection of irrigation dues.<ref name="heredia">{{cite book|title=A patriot for me: a biographical study of Sardar Patel|first=Susana |last=Heredia|pages=239|year=1972}}</ref><ref name="registrar"/><ref name="nakane"/> The post of the Talati replaced that of the [[Kulkarni]] which no longer exists in Maharashtra and Gujarat.<ref name="shukla">{{cite book|title=State and district administration in India|last=Shukla|first=J. D|pages=xii, 63|year=1976}}</ref> The duties of a Talati are performed in other states of India under a different title, for example the Talati is called a [[Patwari]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="shukla"/> Originally a land holding clerk, the Talati is now a government appointed paid official.<ref name="atre">{{cite book|title=The village cart: translation of T.N. Atre's Gaav gada|first=Trimbaka Nārāyaṇa |last=Ātre|pages=65, 78|ISBN=9788171548637}}</ref><ref name="registrar">{{cite book|title=Census of India, 1961, Volume 5, Part 6, Issue 6|year=1962|volume=5|part=6|issue=6|author=India Office of the Registrar General}}</ref> A [[Patil]] ([[Patel]] in the state of Gujarat) is from outside the village and assists the Talati in collecting revenue. It has been alleged that the records maintained by the Talati do not reflect the actual position on the ground because the Talati did not take in to account the tribal custom of using the name of the adult male member of the family for land possession.<ref name="">{{cite book|title=Tribal land systems: land reform measures and development of tribals|last=Trivedi|first = Harshad R.|pages=154}}</ref> Amongst the administration, the Talati has the closet connection with the village people.<ref name="gazetteer">{{cite book|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Thana|pages=573|volume=VIII|part=2|year=1882}}</ref> The Talati is generally in charge of a group of villages called a ''saza'' and they are required to reside in that saza unless they get approval from the Collector to reside outside of the saza. However the majority of the Talatis were found to be in violation of this rule.<ref name="shah">{{cite book|title=Evaluation of Land Reforms: General report|first1=Mohanlal Lalloobhai|last1=Dantwala|first2=C. H.|last2=Shah|pages=167, 179-180|year=1971}}</ref> The Talati belongs to the [[Brahmin]] caste in most cases<ref name="nakane">{{cite book|title=The socio-economic structure of the Indian village: surveys of villages in Gujarat and West Bengal|first1=Tadashi|last1=Fukutake|first2=Tsutomu|last2=Ōuchi|first3=Chie|last3=Nakane|pages=76-77|year=1964|publisher=Institute of Asian Economic Affairs}}</ref> and is generally looked up to in the villages because of being a representative of the government.<ref name="forrest">{{cite book|title=Writings of Mountstuart Elphinstone|first1=Mountstuart |last1=Elphinstone|first2=Sir G. W. (George William)|last2=Forrest|pages=490, 479|year=1884}}</ref>
Talati is a word in the [[Marathi]] and [[Gujarati]] languages of India. It is used to denote the office of the Talati in rural parts of the Indian states of [[Maharashtra]], [[Gujarat]] and [[Karnataka]]. The office and it's holder are both called Talatis. Bearers of the office have adapted this as their family last name. The duties of a Talati include maintaining crop and land records (record of rights) of the village, collection of tax revenue, collection of irrigation dues.<ref name="heredia">{{cite book|title=A patriot for me: a biographical study of Sardar Patel|first=Susana |last=Heredia|pages=239|year=1972}}</ref><ref name="registrar"/><ref name="nakane"/> The post of the Talati replaced that of the [[Kulkarni]] which no longer exists in Maharashtra and Gujarat.<ref name="shukla">{{cite book|title=State and district administration in India|last=Shukla|first=J. D|pages=xii, 63|year=1976}}</ref> The duties of a Talati are performed in other states of India under a different title, for example the Talati is called a [[Patwari]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="shukla"/> Originally a land holding clerk, the Talati is now a government appointed paid official.<ref name="atre">{{cite book|title=The village cart: translation of T.N. Atre's Gaav gada|first=Trimbaka Nārāyaṇa |last=Ātre|pages=65, 78|ISBN=9788171548637}}</ref><ref name="registrar">{{cite book|title=Census of India, 1961, Volume 5, Part 6, Issue 6|year=1962|volume=5|part=6|issue=6|author=India Office of the Registrar General}}</ref> A [[Patil]] ([[Patel]] in the state of Gujarat) is from outside the village and assists the Talati in collecting revenue. It has been alleged that the records maintained by the Talati do not reflect the actual position on the ground because the Talati did not take in to account the tribal custom of using the name of the adult male member of the family for land possession.<ref name="">{{cite book|title=Tribal land systems: land reform measures and development of tribals|last=Trivedi|first = Harshad R.|pages=154}}</ref> Amongst the administration, the Talati has the closet connection with the village people.<ref name="gazetteer">{{cite book|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Thana|pages=573|volume=VIII|part=2|year=1882}}</ref> The Talati is generally in charge of a group of villages called a ''saza'' and they are required to reside in that saza unless they get approval from the Collector to reside outside of the saza. However the majority of the Talatis were found to be in violation of this rule.<ref name="shah">{{cite book|title=Evaluation of Land Reforms: General report|first1=Mohanlal Lalloobhai|last1=Dantwala|first2=C. H.|last2=Shah|pages=167, 179-180|year=1971}}</ref> The Talati belongs to the [[Brahmin]] caste in most cases<ref name="nakane">{{cite book|title=The socio-economic structure of the Indian village: surveys of villages in Gujarat and West Bengal|first1=Tadashi|last1=Fukutake|first2=Tsutomu|last2=Ōuchi|first3=Chie|last3=Nakane|pages=76-77|year=1964|publisher=Institute of Asian Economic Affairs}}</ref> and is generally looked up to in the villages because of being a representative of the government.<ref name="forrest">{{cite book|title=Writings of Mountstuart Elphinstone|first1=Mountstuart |last1=Elphinstone|first2=Sir G. W. (George William)|last2=Forrest|pages=490, 479|year=1884}}</ref>


Revision as of 19:23, 14 July 2010

The village accountant is a government administrative position found in rural parts of the Indian sub-continent. The office and it's bearer are called the Patwari in Andhra Pradesh, Bengal, North India and Pakistan. The position is called the Talati in Gujarat and Kulkarni in Maharashtra where the office of the Kulkarni was abolished in 1918 and replaced with that of the Talati. In Tamil Nadu the position is named the Karnam.

Talati is a word in the Marathi and Gujarati languages of India. It is used to denote the office of the Talati in rural parts of the Indian states of Maharashtra, Gujarat and Karnataka. The office and it's holder are both called Talatis. Bearers of the office have adapted this as their family last name. The duties of a Talati include maintaining crop and land records (record of rights) of the village, collection of tax revenue, collection of irrigation dues.[1][2][3] The post of the Talati replaced that of the Kulkarni which no longer exists in Maharashtra and Gujarat.[4] The duties of a Talati are performed in other states of India under a different title, for example the Talati is called a Patwari in Andhra Pradesh.[4] Originally a land holding clerk, the Talati is now a government appointed paid official.[5][2] A Patil (Patel in the state of Gujarat) is from outside the village and assists the Talati in collecting revenue. It has been alleged that the records maintained by the Talati do not reflect the actual position on the ground because the Talati did not take in to account the tribal custom of using the name of the adult male member of the family for land possession.[6] Amongst the administration, the Talati has the closet connection with the village people.[7] The Talati is generally in charge of a group of villages called a saza and they are required to reside in that saza unless they get approval from the Collector to reside outside of the saza. However the majority of the Talatis were found to be in violation of this rule.[8] The Talati belongs to the Brahmin caste in most cases[3] and is generally looked up to in the villages because of being a representative of the government.[9]

Etymology

The word Talati is derived from the Sanskrit root tal which means to accomplish a vow, to establish or to fix.[10]

Duties of the Talati

In 1882, the Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency records the duty of the Talati as that of a village accountant with a charge of about 8-10 villages. The Talati's pay scale for this was £12 - £18 (Rs. 120 - Rs. 180) per year. The Talati was supposed to live anywhere within these villages and was supposed to visit each village every moth to understand people's needs. The Talati then reported these needs to to the sub-divisional manager in the sub-divisional office. Additionally, the Talati was also required to give each landholder an account showing the landholders dues.[7] In August 1891 the pay of the Talati is recorded as being poor.[11]

In 1884, Elphinstone says that the duties of the Talati are excellent in promoting the advantage of the government but they have a tendency to extinguish the authority of the Patel and recommends that care should be taken to bring Talati's power within its natural bounds to remove interference from the duties of the Patel.[9] The appointment of the Talati was viewed negatively by village chiefs who felt he assumed the characteristic of a representative of the government, receiving complaints. The Talati was appointed when the Kulkarni or Watandar, the hereditary accountant is absent from the village or district scene.[12] The Talati is also involved in collecting data related to census. This is an annual activity occurring after the Mrig each year.[13]

The Talati's peers are called the Patwari in Bengal, Andhra Pradesh and Northern India and Karnam in Tamil Nadu.[12][4]

History

The Kulkarni Watan was abolished in 1918 and paid Talatis from all castes were appointed to the new office of the Talati. In some cases, the Talatis were the oppressed castes and the abolishing of the Kulkarni Watan system was viewed as a progressive move.[14]

References

  1. ^ Heredia, Susana (1972). A patriot for me: a biographical study of Sardar Patel. p. 239.
  2. ^ a b India Office of the Registrar General (1962). Census of India, 1961, Volume 5, Part 6, Issue 6. Vol. 5. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |part= ignored (help)
  3. ^ a b Fukutake, Tadashi; Ōuchi, Tsutomu; Nakane, Chie (1964). The socio-economic structure of the Indian village: surveys of villages in Gujarat and West Bengal. Institute of Asian Economic Affairs. pp. 76–77.
  4. ^ a b c Shukla, J. D (1976). State and district administration in India. pp. xii, 63.
  5. ^ Ātre, Trimbaka Nārāyaṇa. The village cart: translation of T.N. Atre's Gaav gada. pp. 65, 78. ISBN 9788171548637.
  6. ^ Trivedi, Harshad R. Tribal land systems: land reform measures and development of tribals. p. 154.
  7. ^ a b Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Thana. Vol. VIII. 1882. p. 573. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |part= ignored (help)
  8. ^ Dantwala, Mohanlal Lalloobhai; Shah, C. H. (1971). Evaluation of Land Reforms: General report. pp. 167, 179–180.
  9. ^ a b Elphinstone, Mountstuart; Forrest, Sir G. W. (George William) (1884). Writings of Mountstuart Elphinstone. pp. 490, 479.
  10. ^ Monier-Williams, Sir Monier (1963). A Sanskrit-English dictionary. Motilal Banarasidas. p. 440. ISBN 8120831055.
  11. ^ Shelly, C. E. (1892). Transactions of the Seventh International Congress of Hygiene and Demography. Vol. 11. p. 116.
  12. ^ a b Baden-Powell, Baden Henry (1896). The Indian village community: examined with reference to the physical, ethnographic, and historical condition of the provinces; chiefly on the basis of the revenue-settlement records and district manuals. p. 598.
  13. ^ Baines, J. A. (1882). Imperial census of 1881: Operations and results in the Presidency of Bombay including Sind. Vol. I. p. 260. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  14. ^ Naqvi, K. A. (1978). The Indian economic and social history review. Vol. 15. HighWire Press. p. 15. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help); More than one of |subject= and |last= specified (help)
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