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'''Homer Jay Simpson''' is a robot who like to smack dogs and throw cats out of the window.
'''Homer Jay Simpson''' is a fictional main character in the animated [[television program|television series]] ''[[The Simpsons]]'' and the boorish father of the [[Simpson family|eponymous family]]. He is voiced by [[Dan Castellaneta]] and first appeared on television, along with the rest of his family, in ''[[The Tracey Ullman Show]]'' [[The Simpsons shorts|short]] "[[Good Night (The Simpsons short)|Good Night]]" on April 19, 1987. Homer was created and designed by cartoonist [[Matt Groening]] while he was waiting in the lobby of [[James L. Brooks]]' office. Groening had been called to pitch a series of shorts based on his comic strip ''[[Life in Hell]]'' but instead decided to create a new set of characters. He named the character after his father, Homer Groening. After appearing for three seasons on ''The Tracey Ullman Show,'' the Simpson family got their own series on [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] that debuted December 17, 1989.

Homer and his wife, [[Marge Simpson|Marge]], have three children: [[Bart Simpson|Bart]], [[Lisa Simpson|Lisa]], and [[Maggie Simpson|Maggie]]. As the family's provider, he works at the [[List of fictional locations in The Simpsons#Springfield Nuclear Power Plant|Springfield Nuclear Power Plant]]. Homer embodies several American [[working class]] [[stereotype]]s: he is crude, overweight, incompetent, clumsy, lazy and ignorant; however, he is also fiercely devoted to his family. Despite the [[suburb]]an [[Blue-collar worker|blue-collar]] routine of his life, he has had a number of remarkable experiences.

In the shorts and earlier episodes, Castellaneta voiced Homer with a loose impression of [[Walter Matthau]]; however, during the second and third seasons of the half-hour show, Homer's voice evolved to become more robust, to allow the expression of a fuller range of emotions. He has appeared in other media relating to ''The Simpsons'' – including video games, ''[[The Simpsons Movie]]'', [[The Simpsons Ride]], commercials and comic books – and inspired an entire line of merchandise. His catchphrase, the annoyed grunt "[[d'oh!]]", has been included in ''[[Oxford Dictionary of English|The New Oxford Dictionary of English]]'' since 1998 and the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' since 2001.

Homer is one of the most influential fictional characters on television, having been described by the [[Great Britain|British]] newspaper ''[[The Sunday Times]]'' as "the greatest comic creation of [modern] time". He was named the greatest fictional character "of the last 20 years" in 2010 by ''Entertainment Weekly'', was ranked the second greatest cartoon character by ''[[TV Guide]]'', behind [[Bugs Bunny]], and was voted the greatest television character of all time by [[Channel 4]] viewers. For voicing Homer, Castellaneta has won four [[Primetime Emmy Awards]] for [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice-Over Performance|Outstanding Voice-Over Performance]] and a special-achievement [[Annie Award]]. In 2000, Homer and his family were awarded a star on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]].

== Role in ''The Simpsons'' ==
Homer Simpson is the bumbling husband of Marge and father of Bart, Lisa and Maggie Simpson.<ref name=p78/> He is the son of [[Mona Simpson (The Simpsons)|Mona]] and [[Abraham Simpson]]. Homer has held over 188 different jobs in the first 400 episodes of ''The Simpsons''.<ref name="MTV"/> In most episodes, he works as the [[Nuclear safety|Nuclear Safety]] Inspector at the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant, a position he has held since "[[Homer's Odyssey (The Simpsons)|Homer's Odyssey]]", the third episode of the series.<ref name="CanWest">{{cite news| last =Angus| first =Kat| coauthors =David Weis| title =Homer Simpson's Top Ten Jobs| page =| publisher =[[Canwest News Service]], ''[[The Gazette (Montreal)|Montreal Gazette]]''| date =2007-07-26| url =http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/story.html?id=eed3410e-93eb-4a5c-9631-b6185756c67f| accessdate =2008-06-13 }}</ref> At the plant, Homer is often ignored and completely forgotten by his boss [[Montgomery Burns|Mr. Burns]], and constantly falls asleep and neglects his duties. Matt Groening has stated that he decided to have Homer work at the power plant because of the potential for Homer to create havoc.<ref>Groening, Matt. (2001). Commentary for "[[Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete First Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref> Each of his other jobs has lasted only one episode. In the first half of the series, the writers developed an explanation about how he got fired from the plant and was then rehired in every episode. In later episodes, he often began a new job on impulse, without any mention of his regular employment.<ref>{{cite video|people=Al Jean|date=2008|title=The Simpsons: The Complete Eleventh Season|medium=DVD|publisher=20th Century Fox}}</ref>

''The Simpsons'' uses a [[floating timeline]] in which the characters do not physically age, and, as such, the show is generally assumed to be set in the current year. Nevertheless, in several episodes, events in Homer's life have been linked to specific time periods.<ref name=p78/> "[[Mother Simpson]]" ([[The Simpsons (season 7)|season seven]], 1995) depicts Homer's mother, Mona, as a radical who went into hiding in the mid-1960s following a run-in with the law;<ref name=MotherSimpson>{{cite episode |title=Mother Simpson|episodelink=Mother Simpson |series=The Simpsons |credits=[[Richard Appel|Appel, Rich]]; [[David Silverman|Silverman, David]]|network=Fox |airdate=1995-11-19 |season=07 |number=08}}</ref> "[[The Way We Was]]" ([[The Simpsons (season 2)|season two]], 1991) shows Homer falling in love with [[Marge Simpson|Marge Bouvier]] as a senior at Springfield High School in the 1970s;<ref name=WayWeWas>{{cite episode |title=The Way We Was|episodelink=The Way We Was |series=The Simpsons |credits=[[Al Jean|Jean, Al]]; [[Mike Reiss|Reiss, Mike]]; [[Sam Simon|Simon, Sam]]; Silverman, David|network=Fox |airdate=1991-01-31 |season=02 |number=12}}</ref> and "[[I Married Marge]]" ([[The Simpsons (season 3)|season three]], 1991) implies that Marge became pregnant with Bart in 1980.<ref name=IMarriedMarge>{{cite episode |title=I Married Marge|episodelink=I Married Marge|series=The Simpsons |credits=[[Jeff Martin (writer)|Martin, Jeff]]; [[Jeffrey Lynch|Lynch, Jeffrey]]|network=Fox |airdate=1991-12-26 |season=03 |number=12}}</ref> However, the episode "[[That 90's Show]]" ([[The Simpsons (season 19)|season 19]], 2008) contradicted much of this backstory, portraying Homer and Marge as a childless couple in the early 1990s.<ref>{{cite episode |title=That 90's Show|episodelink=That 90's Show|series=The Simpsons |credits=[[Matt Selman|Selman, Matt]]; [[Mark Kirkland|Kirkland, Mark]]|network=Fox |airdate=2008-01-27 |season=19|number=11}}</ref>

Homer's age has changed as the series developed; he was 36 in the early episodes,<ref name="Beauty">{{cite episode |title=Lisa the Beauty Queen|episodelink=Lisa the Beauty Queen|series=The Simpsons |credits=Martin, Jeff; Kirkland, Mark|network=Fox |airdate=1992-10-15 |season=04|number=04}}</ref> 38 and 39 in [[The Simpsons (season 8)|season eight]],<ref>{{cite episode |title=The Homer They Fall|episodelink=The Homer They Fall|series=The Simpsons |credits=[[Jonathan Collier|Collier, Jonathan]]; Kirkland, Mark|network=Fox |airdate=1996-11-10 |season=08|number=03}}</ref> and 40 in the [[The Simpsons (season 18)|eighteenth season]],<ref>{{cite episode |title=Springfield Up|episodelink=Springfield Up|series=The Simpsons |credits=[[Matt Warburton|Warburton, Matt]]; [[Chuck Sheetz|Sheetz, Chuck]]|network=Fox |airdate=2007-02-18 |season=18|number=13}}</ref> although even in those seasons his age is inconsistent.<ref name=p78>[[#Turner|Turner]], pp. 78–79</ref> During [[Bill Oakley]] and [[Josh Weinstein]]'s period as showrunners, they found that as they aged, Homer seemed to become older too, so they increased his age to 38.<ref>[[Bill Oakley|Oakley, Bill]]. (2005). Commentary for "[[Grampa vs. Sexual Inadequacy]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Fifth Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref>

== Character ==
=== Creation ===
[[Image:Matt Groening by Gage Skidmore.jpg|right|thumb|upright|[[Matt Groening]] created Homer while waiting in James L. Brooks' office.|alt=A man in glasses and a plaid shirt sits in front of a microphone.]]
[[Matt Groening]] conceived Homer and the rest of the Simpson family in 1986 in the lobby of producer [[James L. Brooks]]' office. Groening had been called in to pitch a series of animated shorts for ''The Tracey Ullman Show'', and had intended to present an adaptation of his ''[[Life in Hell]]'' comic strip. When he realized that animating ''Life in Hell'' would require him to rescind publication rights, Groening decided to go in another direction,<ref name="americasfirstfamily">{{cite video|people=BBC|date=2000|title='The Simpsons': America's First Family (six minute edit for the season 1 DVD)|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0250735/|format=DVD|location=UK|publisher=20th Century Fox}}</ref> and hurriedly sketched out his version of a [[dysfunctional family]], naming the characters after members of his own family. Homer was named after Groening's father.<ref name="americasfirstfamily"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Matt Groening|author=Sadownick, Doug|publisher=''Advocate'', Issue 571|date=1991-02-26}}</ref> Very little else of Homer's character was based on him, and to prove that the meaning behind Homer's name was not significant, Groening later named his own son Homer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/entertainment/2003818762_realsimpsons030.html|title=The real people behind Homer Simpson and family|accessdate=2008-01-19|author=Rose, Joseph|date=2007-08-03|publisher=[[The Oregonian]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE4DD1239F936A15751C0A965958260|title=Matt Groening; The Fun of Being Bart's Real Dad |accessdate=2008-09-03|author=Kolbert, Elizabeth|date=1993-02-25|publisher=New York Times}}</ref> According to Groening, "Homer originated with my goal to both amuse my real father, and just annoy him a little bit. My father was an athletic, creative, intelligent filmmaker and writer, and the only thing he had in common with Homer was a love of donuts"<ref name="EW 2010"/> Although Groening has stated in several interviews that Homer's [[namesake]] is his father, he also claimed in several 1990 interviews that a character in the 1939 [[Nathanael West]] novel ''[[The Day of the Locust]]'' was the inspiration for naming Homer.<ref name=p78/><ref>{{cite news|title=Laughing With 'The Simpsons' – The animated TV series shows us what's so funny about trying to be normal |accessdate=2008-09-22|author=Rense, Rip|work=[[St. Louis Post-Dispatch]]|date=1990-04-13|publisher=Entertainment News Service}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Groening's Bart Simpson an animated alter ego |accessdate=2008-09-22|author=Andrews, Paul|work=[[South Florida Sun-Sentinel]]|date=1990-10-16|publisher=Seattle Times}}</ref> Homer's middle initial "J", which stands for "Jay",<ref>{{cite episode |title=D'oh-in in the Wind|episodelink=D'oh-in in the Wind|series=The Simpsons |credits=Cary, Donick; Kirkland, Mark; Nastuk, Matthew|network=Fox |airdate=1998-11-15 |season=10|number=06}}</ref> is a "tribute" to animated characters such as [[Bullwinkle J. Moose]] and [[Rocky the Flying Squirrel|Rocket J. Squirrel]] from ''[[The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show]]'' who got their middle initial from [[Jay Ward]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/cult/simpsons/interviews/groening/page9.shtml|title=J is for Jay|accessdate=2008-09-21|publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref>Groening, Matt. (2007). Commentary for "[[D'oh-in in the Wind]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Tenth Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref>

Homer made his debut with the rest of the Simpson family on April 19, 1987, in ''The Tracey Ullman Show'' [[The Simpsons shorts|short]] "[[Good Night (The Simpsons short)|Good Night]]".<ref>[[#Richmond|Richmond]], p. 14</ref> In 1989, the shorts were adapted into ''The Simpsons'', a half-hour series airing on the [[Fox Broadcasting Company]]. Homer and the Simpson family remained the main characters on this new show.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lacitybeat.com/cms/story/detail/?id=568&IssueNum=32|title='3rd Degree: Harry Shearer'|accessdate=2008-09-21|author=Kuipers, Dean|date=2004-04-15|publisher=''Los Angeles: City Beat''|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080605005153/http://www.lacitybeat.com/cms/story/detail/?id=568&IssueNum=32 |archivedate = June 5, 2008|deadurl=yes}}</ref>

=== Design ===
[[Image:Evolution of Homer.jpg|left|250px|thumb|Homer's design has been changed several times over the course of the series. Left to right: Homer as he appeared in "Good Night" (1987), "Bathtime" (1989), and "[[Bart the Genius]]" (1990).]]
The entire Simpson family was designed so that they would be recognizable in silhouette.<ref>Groening, Matt. (2005). Commentary for "[[Fear of Flying (The Simpsons)|Fear of Flying]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Sixth Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref> The family was crudely drawn because Groening had submitted basic sketches to the animators, assuming they would clean them up; instead, they just traced over his drawings.<ref name="americasfirstfamily"/> Homer's physical features are generally not used in other characters; for example, in the later seasons, no characters other than Homer, [[Lenny Leonard|Lenny]], and [[Krusty the Clown]] have a similar beard line.<ref>Groening, Matt; Reiss, Mike; Kirkland, Mark. (2002). Commentary for "[[Principal Charming]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Second Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref> When Groening originally designed Homer, he put his initials into the character's hairline and ear: the hairline resembled an 'M', and the right ear resembled a 'G'. Groening decided that this would be too distracting and redesigned the ear to look normal. He still draws the ear as a 'G' when he draws pictures of Homer for fans.<ref>{{cite book | author = [[Matt Groening]] | title = Simpsons Comics Royale | publisher = HarperCollins | year = 2001 | page = 90 | isbn = 0-00-711854-6}}</ref> The basic shape of Homer's head is described by director [[Mark Kirkland]] as a tube-shaped coffee can with a salad bowl on top. Bart's head is also coffee-can shaped, while spheres are used for Marge, Lisa, and Maggie.<ref>Archer, Wes; Groening, Matt; Kirkland, Mark. (2005). "A Bit From the Animators", illustrated commentary for "[[Summer of 4 Ft. 2]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Seventh Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref> During the shorts, the animators experimented with the way Homer would move his mouth when talking. At one point, his mouth would stretch out back "beyond his beardline"; but this was dropped when it got "out of control."<ref>Silverman, David; Archer, Wes. (2004). Illustrated commentary for "[[Treehouse of Horror IV]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Fifth Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref> In some early episodes, Homer's hair was rounded rather than sharply pointed because animation director [[Wes Archer]] felt it should look disheveled. Homer's hair evolved to be consistently pointed.<ref name="Dancin">Groening, Matt; Isaacs, David; Levine, Ken; Reiss, Mike; Kirkland, Mark. (2002). Commentary for "[[Dancin' Homer]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Second Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref> During the first three seasons, Homer's design for some close-up shots included small lines which were meant to be eyebrows. Matt Groening strongly disliked them and they were eventually dropped.<ref name="Dancin"/>

In the [[The Simpsons (season 7)|season seven]] (1995) episode "[[Treehouse of Horror VI]]", Homer was computer animated into a [[3D computer graphics|three dimensional]] character for the first time for the "Homer<sup>3</sup>" segment of the episode. The computer animation directors at [[Pacific Data Images]] worked hard not to "reinvent the character".<ref name=3D/> In the final minute of the segment, the 3D Homer ends up in a real world, live-action [[Los Angeles]]. The scene was directed by [[David Mirkin]] and was the first time a ''Simpsons'' character had been in the real world in the series.<ref name=3D>Oakley, Bill; Weinstein, Josh; Johnson, Tim; Silverman, David; Mirkin, David; Cohen, David X. "Homer in the Third Dimpension" (2005), in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Seventh Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref> Because "[[Lisa's Wedding]]" ([[The Simpsons (season 6)|season six]], 1995) is set fifteen years in the future, Homer's design was altered to make him older in the episode. He is heavier; one of the hairs on top of his head was removed; and an extra line was placed under the eye. A similar design has been used in subsequent [[flashforward]]s.<ref>Mirkin, David. (2005). Commentary for "[[Lisa's Wedding]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Sixth Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref>

=== Voice ===
[[Image:Dan Castellaneta 2.jpg|right|200px|thumb|"I was trying to find something I was more comfortable with that had more power to it, so I had to drop the voice down. {{interp|...}} People will say to me, 'Boy, I'm glad they replaced the guy that was there that first season.' That was me!"<div style="text-align:right;">—[[Dan Castellaneta]]<ref name="FN"/></div>]]
Homer's voice is performed by [[Dan Castellaneta]], who voices numerous other characters, including [[Abraham Simpson]], [[Krusty the Clown]], [[Barney Gumble]], [[Groundskeeper Willie]], [[Joe Quimby|Mayor Quimby]], and [[Hans Moleman]]. Castellaneta had been part of the regular cast of ''[[The Tracey Ullman Show]]'' and had previously done some voice-over work in [[Chicago]] alongside his wife [[Deb Lacusta]]. Voices were needed for the [[The Simpsons shorts|Simpsons shorts]], so the producers decided to ask Castellaneta and fellow cast member [[Julie Kavner]] to voice Homer and Marge rather than hire more actors.<ref name="FN"/><ref name="The Age"/> In the shorts and first few seasons of the half-hour show, Homer's voice is different from the majority of the series. The voice began as a loose impression of [[Walter Matthau]], but Castellaneta could not "get enough power behind that voice",<ref name="The Age">{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/02/27/1046064146568.html|title=D'oh, you're the voice|accessdate=2008-09-21|date=2003-02-27|author=Lee, Luaine|publisher=[[The Age]]}}</ref> and could not sustain his Matthau impression for the nine- to ten-hour-long recording sessions and had to find something easier.<ref name="MTV">{{cite news|url=http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1565538/20070725/story.jhtml|title='Simpsons' Trivia, From Swearing Lisa To 'Burns-Sexual' Smithers|accessdate=2008-09-21|date=2007-07-26|author=Carroll, Larry|publisher=MTV}}</ref> During the second and third season of the half-hour show,, Castellaneta "dropped the voice down"<ref name="FN">{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,129665,00.html|title=D'oh!: The Voice of Homer Is Deceivingly Deadpan|accessdate=2008-09-21|date=2007-08-18|author=Elber, Lynn|publisher=[[Fox News Channel|Fox News]]}}</ref> and developed it as more versatile and humorous, allowing Homer a fuller range of emotions.<ref name="matthau">{{cite news|url=http://www.snpp.com/other/interviews/castellaneta99.html|author=Brownfield, Paul|title=He's Homer, but This Odyssey Is His Own|publisher=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=1999-07-06|accessdate=2008-09-08}}</ref>

Castellaneta's normal speaking voice has no similarity to Homer's.<ref name="Aspen">{{cite news|author=Harden, Mark |url=http://www.snpp.com/other/interviews/castellaneta00.html|title='Simpsons' voice Dan Castellaneta has some surprises for Aspen fest|publisher=[[The Denver Post]]|date=2000-02-09|accessdate=2008-09-08}}</ref> To perform Homer's voice, Castellaneta lowers his chin to his chest<ref name="The Age"/> and is said to "let his I.Q. go".<ref name="Mirkin"/> While in this state, he has ad-libbed several of Homer's least intelligent comments,<ref name="Mirkin">[[David Mirkin|Mirkin, David]]. (2004). Commentary for "[[Bart's Inner Child]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Fifth Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref> such as the line "I am so smart, s-m-r-t" from "[[Homer Goes to College]]" ([[The Simpsons (season 5)|season five]], 1993) which was a genuine mistake made by Castellaneta during recording.<ref name="CastellanetaBIC">Castellaneta, Dan. (2004). Commentary for "[[Bart's Inner Child]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Fifth Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref> Castellaneta likes to stay in character during recording sessions,<ref name="Tribune"/> and he tries to visualize a scene so that he can give the proper voice to it.<ref>Castellaneta, Dan. (2005). Commentary for "[[Homer the Great]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Sixth Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref> Despite Homer's fame, Castellaneta claims he is rarely recognized in public, "except, maybe, by a die-hard fan".<ref name="Tribune">{{cite news|url=http://www.abqtrib.com/news/2007/jun/23/voice-homer-simpson-leads-his-own-simple-life/|title=Voice of Homer Simpson leads his own, simple life|author=Morrow, Terry|accessdate=2008-09-05|date=2007-06-23|publisher=Scripps Howard News Service|work=[[The Albuquerque Tribune]]}}</ref>

"[[Homer's Barbershop Quartet]]" ([[The Simpsons (season 5)|season five]], 1993) is the only episode where Homer's voice was provided by someone other than Castellaneta. The episode features Homer forming a [[barbershop music|barbershop quartet]] called The Be Sharps; and, at some points, his singing voice is provided by a member of [[The Dapper Dans]].<ref>[[#Richmond|Richmond]], p. 120</ref> The Dapper Dans had recorded the singing parts for all four members of The Be Sharps. Their singing was intermixed with the normal voice actor's voices, often with a regular voice actor singing the melody and the Dapper Dans providing backup.<ref>[[Jeff Martin (writer)|Martin, Jeff]]. (2004). Commentary for "[[Homer's Barbershop Quartet]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Fifth Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref>

Until 1998, Castellaneta was paid $30,000 per episode. During a pay dispute in 1998, Fox threatened to replace the six main voice actors with new actors, going as far as preparing for casting of new voices.<ref name=Glaister/> However, the dispute was soon resolved and he received $125,000 per episode until 2004 when the voice actors demanded that they be paid $360,000 an episode.<ref name=Glaister>{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/04/02/1080544690429.html|title=Simpsons actors demand bigger share|accessdate=2008-09-21|date=2004-04-03|author=Glaister, Dan|publisher=The Age}}</ref> The issue was resolved a month later,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/05/01/entertainment/main615066.shtml|title='Simpsons' Cast Goes Back To Work|accessdate=2008-09-21|date=2004-05-01|publisher=[[CBS News]]}}</ref> and Castellaneta earned $250,000 per episode.<ref>{{cite news|title=Meet the Simpsons|date=2004-05-06|accessdate=2008-02-09|publisher=''[[The Daily Telegraph (Australia)|Daily Express]]''|author=Sheridan, Peter}}</ref> After salary re-negotiations in 2008, the voice actors receive approximately $400,000 per episode.<ref>{{cite news | title = Simpsons cast sign new pay deal | publisher = BBC News | date = 2008-06-03 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7434296.stm | accessdate=2008-09-08}}</ref>

=== Character development ===
Executive producer [[Al Jean]] notes that in ''The Simpsons''<nowiki>'</nowiki> writing room, "everyone loves writing for Homer", and many of his adventures are based on experiences of the writers.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2003/SHOWBIZ/TV/02/13/simpsons.300/index.html|title=The Simpsons Rakes in the D'oh!|accessdate=2008-09-10|date=2003-02-13|author=Tanz, Jason|publisher=CNN}}</ref> In the early seasons of the show, Bart was the main focus. But, around the [[The Simpsons (season 4)|fourth season]], Homer became more of the focus. According to Matt Groening, this was because "With Homer, there’s just a wider range of jokes you can do. And there are far more drastic consequences to Homer’s stupidity. There’s only so far you can go with a juvenile delinquent. We wanted Bart to do anything up to the point of him being tried in court as an adult. But Homer is an adult, and his boneheaded-ness is funnier. [...] Homer is launching himself headfirst into every single impulsive thought that occurs to him."<ref name="EW 2010">{{Cite web|url=http://popwatch.ew.com/2010/06/09/simpsons-matt-groening-dan-castellaneta-greatest-character-homer-simpson/|title='The Simpsons': Matt Groening and Dan Castellaneta on EW's Greatest Character, Homer Simpson|author=Snierson, Dan|date=2010-06-09|accessdate=2010-09-07|work=Entertainment Weekly}}</ref>

Homer's behavior has changed a number of times through the run of the series. He was originally "very angry" and oppressive toward Bart, but these characteristics were toned down somewhat as his persona was further explored.<ref>Groening, Matt. (2004). Commentary for "[[Marge on the Lam]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Fifth Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref> In early seasons, Homer appeared concerned that his family was going to make him look bad; however, in later episodes he was less anxious about how he was perceived by others.<ref name="disgrace">[[Mike Reiss|Reiss, Mike]]. (2001). Commentary for "[[There's No Disgrace Like Home]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete First Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref> In the first several years, Homer was often portrayed as sweet and sincere, but during [[Mike Scully]]'s tenure as executive producer ([[The Simpsons (season 9)|seasons nine]], 1997 to [[The Simpsons (season 12)|twelve]], 2001), he became more of "a boorish, self-aggrandizing oaf".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3341530/|title='The Simpsons' has lost its cool|author=Bonné, Jon|date=2000-10-02|accessdate=2008-09-05|publisher=[[MSNBC]]}}</ref> Chris Suellentrop of ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'' wrote, "under Scully's tenure, The Simpsons became, well, a cartoon. {{interp|...}} Episodes that once would have ended with [[Duffless|Homer and Marge bicycling into the sunset]] {{interp|...}} now end with [[It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad Marge|Homer blowing a tranquilizer dart into Marge's neck]]."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/id/2078501/|title=The Simpsons: Who turned America's Best TV Show into a Cartoon?|accessdate=2008-09-27|author=Suellentrop, Chris |date=2003-02-12|publisher=''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]''}}</ref> Fans have dubbed this incarnation of the character "Jerkass Homer".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.www.thelantern.com/media/storage/paper333/news/2006/03/28/Arts/Matt-Groening.Did.You.Brain.Your.Damage-1751361.shtml|title=Matt Groening, did you brain your damage?|author=Ritchey, Alicia|date=2006-03-28|accessdate=2008-03-13|publisher=[[The Lantern]]}}</ref><ref name=Back>{{cite web|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3404331/|title=The Simpsons,' back from the pit|author=Bonné, Jon|date=2003-11-07|accessdate=2008-09-05|publisher=MSNBC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.macleans.ca/article.jsp?content=20070726_180440_10392|title=The life and times of Homer J.(Vol. IV)|author=Selley, Chris; Ursi, Marco; and Weinman, Jaime J.|date=2007-07-26|accessdate=2008-09-05|publisher=[[Maclean's]]}}</ref> At voice recording sessions, Dan Castellaneta has rejected material written in the script that portrayed Homer as being too mean. He believes that Homer is "boorish and unthinking, but he'd never be mean on purpose."<ref name=SundayTimes/> When editing ''[[The Simpsons Movie]]'', several scenes were changed or otherwise toned down to make Homer more sympathetic.<ref name=com>Brooks, James L.; Groening, Matt; Jean, Al; Scully, Mike; Silverman, David; Castellaneta, Dan; Smith, Yeardley. (2007). Commentary for ''[[The Simpsons Movie]]'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref>

The writers have made Homer's intelligence appear to decline over the years; they explain this was not done intentionally, but it was necessary to top previous jokes.<ref name="138th">Groening, Matt; Bill Oakley, Josh Weinstein, Jon Vitti, George Meyer. (2006). Commentary for "[[The Simpsons 138th Episode Spectacular]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Seventh Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref> For example, in "[[When You Dish Upon a Star]]", ([[The Simpsons (season 10)|season 10]], 1998) the writers included a scene where Homer admits that he cannot read. The writers debated including this plot twist because it would contradict previous scenes in which Homer does read, but eventually they decided to keep the joke because they found it humorous. The writers often debate how far to go in portraying Homer's stupidity; one suggested rule is that "he can never forget his own name".<ref name="Dish">Scully, Mike; Hauge, Ron; Selman, Matt; Appel, Rich; Michels, Pete. (2007). Commentary for "[[When You Dish Upon a Star]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Tenth Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref>

=== Personality ===
The comic efficacy of Homer's personality lies in his frequent bouts of stupidity and laziness, and his explosive anger. He has a low intelligence level and is described by director [[David Silverman]] as "creatively brilliant in his stupidity".<ref name=sundvd/> Homer also shows immense apathy towards work, is overweight, and "is devoted to his stomach".<ref name=sundvd/> His short attention span is evidenced by his impulsive decisions to engage in various hobbies and enterprises, only to "change ... his mind when things go badly".<ref name=sundvd>{{cite video | people=Groening, Matt; [[Mike Scully|Scully, Mike]]; Jean, Al; Brooks, James L.; Silverman, David|date=2007|title=The Simpsons Movie: A Look Behind the Scenes| medium=DVD|publisher=distributed by ''[[The Sun (newspaper)|The Sun]]''}}</ref> Homer often spends his evenings drinking [[Duff Beer]] at [[List of fictional locations in The Simpsons#Moe's Tavern|Moe's Tavern]] and, as shown in the episode "[[Duffless]]" ([[The Simpsons (season 4)|season four]], 1993), is a borderline [[alcoholic]].<ref>{{cite episode |title=Duffless|episodelink=Duffless|series=The Simpsons |credits=[[David M. Stern|Stern, David M.]]; [[Jim Reardon|Reardon, Jim]]|network=Fox |airdate=1993-02-18 |season=04|number=16}}</ref> He is very envious of his neighbors, the [[Flanders family]], and is easily enraged by [[Bart Simpson|Bart]]. Homer will often strangle Bart on impulse in a cartoonish manner. The first instance of Homer strangling Bart was in the short "Family Portrait". According to Matt Groening, the rule was that Homer could only strangle Bart impulsively, never with pre-meditation,<ref>Groening, Matt. (2002). Commentary for "[[Simpson and Delilah]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Second Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref> because doing so "seems sadistic. If we keep it that he’s ruled by his impulses, then he can easily switch impulses. So, even though he impulsively wants to strangle Bart, he also gives up fairly easily."<ref name="EW 2010"/> Another of the original ideas entertained by Groening was that Homer would "always get his comeuppance or Bart had to strangle him back", but this was dropped.<ref>Groening, Matt. (2001). Commentary for "[[Bart the Genius]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete First Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref> Homer shows no compunction about expressing his rage, and does not attempt to hide his actions from people outside the family.<ref name=sundvd/> While Homer has repeatedly upset people and caused all sorts of mayhem in [[Springfield (The Simpsons)|Springfield]], these events usually result from a lack of foresight or his intense temper, matched with his impulsivity, rather than any malice. Except for expressing annoyance at [[Ned Flanders]], Homer's destructive actions are usually unintentional.
[[Image:HomerStranglesBart.jpg|left|200px|thumb|The first sketch of Homer strangling Bart, drawn in 1988.]]
Homer has complex relationships with all three of his children. He often berates Bart, but the two commonly share adventures and are sometimes allies; some episodes, particularly in later seasons, show that the pair have a strange respect for each other's cunning. Homer and Lisa have opposite personalities and he usually overlooks Lisa's talents, but when made aware of his neglect does everything he can to help her. Although Homer has often tried to bond with Maggie, he sometimes forgets that she even exists; "daddy" was her first word. While Homer's thoughtless antics often upset his family, he has also revealed himself to be a caring father and husband: in "[[Lisa the Beauty Queen]]", ([[The Simpsons (season 4)|season four]], 1992) he sold his cherished ride on the Duff blimp and used the money to enter Lisa in a beauty pageant so she could feel better about herself;<ref name="Beauty"/> in "[[Rosebud (The Simpsons)|Rosebud]]", ([[The Simpsons (season 5)|season five]], 1993) he gave up his chance at wealth to allow Maggie to keep a cherished teddy bear;<ref>{{cite episode |title=Rosebud|episodelink=Rosebud (The Simpsons)|series=The Simpsons |credits=[[John Swartzwelder|Swartzwelder, John]]; [[Wes Archer|Archer, Wes]]|network=Fox |airdate=1993-10-21 |season=05|number=04}}</ref> in "[[Radio Bart]]", ([[The Simpsons (season 3)|season three]], 1992) he spearheaded an attempt to dig Bart out after he had fallen down a well;<ref>{{cite episode |title=Radio Bart|episodelink=Radio Bart|series=The Simpsons |credits=[[Jon Vitti|Vitti, Jon]]; [[Carlos Baeza|Baeza, Carlos]]|network=Fox |airdate=1992-01-09|season=03|number=13}}</ref> and in "[[A Milhouse Divided]]", ([[The Simpsons (season 8)|season eight]], 1996) he arranged a surprise second wedding with Marge to make up for their unsatisfactory first ceremony.<ref>{{cite episode |title=A Milhouse Divided|episodelink=A Milhouse Divided|series=The Simpsons |credits=[[Steve Tompkins|Tompkins, Steve]]; [[Steven Dean Moore|Moore, Steven Dean]]|network=Fox |airdate=1996-12-01 |season=08|number=06}}</ref> Homer however has a poor relationship with his father [[Abraham Simpson|Abraham "Grampa" Simpson]], whom he placed in a [[nursing home]] as soon as he could.<ref>{{cite episode |title=Lisa's First Word|episodelink=Lisa's First Word|series=The Simpsons |credits=Martin, Jeff; Kirkland, Mark|network=Fox |airdate=1992-12-03 |season=04|number=10}}</ref> The Simpson family will often do their best to avoid unnecessary contact with Grampa, but Homer has shown feelings of love for his father from time to time.<ref>{{cite episode |title=Old Money|episodelink=Old Money (The Simpsons)|series=The Simpsons |credits=[[Jay Kogen|Kogen, Jay]]; [[Wallace Wolodarsky|Wolodarsky, Wallace]]; Silverman, David|network=Fox |airdate=1991-03-28 |season=02|number=17}}</ref>

Homer is "a (happy) slave to his various appetites",<ref>[[#Turner|Turner]], pp. 83</ref> and would gladly sell his soul to the devil in exchange for a single doughnut.<ref>{{cite episode |title=Treehouse of Horror IV|episodelink=Treehouse of Horror IV|series=The Simpsons |credits=[[Greg Daniels|Daniels, Greg]]; [[Dan McGrath|McGrath, Dan]]; Silverman, David|network=Fox |airdate=1993-10-28 |season=04|number=18}}</ref> He has a vacuous mind but is still able to retain a great amount of knowledge about very specific subjects. Homer's brief periods of intelligence are overshadowed however by much longer and consistent periods of ignorance, forgetfulness, and stupidity. Homer has a low [[Intelligence quotient|IQ]] of 55 which has variously been attributed to the hereditary "Simpson Gene" (which eventually causes every male member of the family to become incredibly stupid),<ref>{{cite episode |title=Lisa the Simpson|episodelink=Lisa the Simpson|series=The Simpsons|credits=[[Ned Goldreyer|Goldreyer, Ned]]; [[Susie Dietter|Dietter, Susie]]|network=Fox |airdate=1998-03-08 |season=09|number=17}}</ref> his alcohol problem, exposure to radioactive waste, repetitive cranial trauma,<ref>{{cite episode |title=So It's Come to This: A Simpsons Clip Show|episodelink=So It's Come to This: A Simpsons Clip Show|series=The Simpsons |credits=Vitti, Jon; Baeza, Carlos|network=Fox |airdate=1994-04-01 |season=04|number=18}}</ref> and a crayon lodged in the [[frontal lobe]] of his brain.<ref name="HOMR">{{cite episode |title=HOMR|episodelink=HOMR|series=The Simpsons |credits=Jean, Al; [[Mike B. Anderson|Anderson, Mike B.]]|network=Fox |airdate=2001-01-07 |season=12|number=09}}</ref> In the episode "[[HOMR]]" ([[The Simpsons (season 12)|season 12]], 2001) Homer had surgery to remove the (newly discovered) crayon from his brain, boosting his IQ to 105, but although he bonded very well with Lisa, his newfound capacity for understanding and reason made him less happy and he had [[Moe Szyslak|Moe]] reinsert a crayon, causing his intelligence to return to its previous level.<ref name="HOMR"/> Homer often debates with his own mind, which is expressed in voiceover. His brain has a record of giving him dubious advice, sometimes helping him make the right decisions, but often failing spectacularly. It has even become completely frustrated and, through sound effects, walked out on him.<ref>{{cite episode |title=Brother from the Same Planet|episodelink=Brother from the Same Planet|series=The Simpsons|credits=Vitti, Jon; Lynch, Jeffrey|network=Fox |airdate=1993-02-04 |season=04|number=14}}</ref> Homer's conversations with his brain were used several times during the fourth season, but were later phased out after the producers "used every possible permutation".<ref name=Duffless/> These exchanges were often introduced because they filled time and were easy for the animators to work on.<ref name=Duffless>Jean, Al; [[Jim Reardon|Reardon, Jim]]; Reiss, Mike. (2004). Commentary for "[[Duffless]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Fourth Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Commendations ===
[[Image:The Simpsons star.jpg|thumb|200px|right|In 2000, Homer, along with the rest of the Simpson family, was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.]]
{{See also|List of awards and nominations received by The Simpsons }}
Homer's influence on comedy and culture has been significant. In 2010, ''Entertainment Weekly'' named Homer "the greatest character of the last 20 years."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://popwatch.ew.com/2010/06/01/100-greatest-characters-of-last-20-years-full-list/|title=The 100 Greatest Characters of the Last 20 Years: Here's our full list!|work=Entertainment Weekly|author=Vary, Adam B.|date=2010-06-01|accessdate=2010-09-07}}</ref> He was placed second on ''[[TV Guide]]''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s 2002 Top 50 Greatest Cartoon Characters, behind [[Bugs Bunny]];<ref name="Bugs">{{cite news|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2002/SHOWBIZ/TV/07/30/cartoon.characters/|title=Bugs Bunny tops greatest cartoon characters list|accessdate=2007-08-25|date=2002-07-30|publisher=CNN}}</ref> fifth on [[Bravo (US TV channel)|Bravo's]] 100 Greatest TV Characters, one of only four cartoon characters on that list;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bravotv.com/The_100_Greatest_TV_Characters//index.shtml|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071015070449/http://www.bravotv.com/The_100_Greatest_TV_Characters/index.shtml| archivedate=2007-10-15|title=The 100 Greatest TV Characters|publisher=Bravo|accessdate=2008-09-21}}</ref> and first in a [[Channel 4]] poll of the greatest television characters of all time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.channel4.com/entertainment/tv/microsites/G/greatest/tv_characters/results.html|title=100 Greatest TV characters|publisher=[[Channel 4]].com|accessdate=2008-05-02}}</ref> In 2007, ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' placed Homer ninth on their list of the "50 Greatest TV icons" and first on their 2010 list of the "Top 100 Characters of the Past Twenty Years".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/gallery/0,,20152957_20152958_20159773_41,00.html|title=The 50 Greatest TV Icons|accessdate=2008-09-21|publisher=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref><ref name=20years>{{cite web|url=http://popwatch.ew.com/2010/06/09/simpsons-matt-groening-dan-castellaneta-greatest-character-homer-simpson/?ew_packageID=20389040|title='The Simpsons': Matt Groening and Dan Castellaneta on EW's Greatest Character, Homer Simpson|publisher=Entertainment Weekly|author=Snierson, Dan|date=2010-06-09|accessdate=2010-06-11}}</ref><ref name=20years2>{{cite web|url=http://popwatch.ew.com/2010/06/01/100-greatest-characters-of-last-20-years-full-list/?ew_packageID=20389040|title=The 100 Greatest Characters of the Last 20 Years: Here's our full list!|publisher=Entertainment Weekly|author=Vary, Adam B|date=2010-06-01|accessdate=2010-06-11}}</ref> Homer was also the runaway winner in British polls that determined who viewers thought was the "greatest American"<ref>{{cite news | title = Homer eyes 'best American' prize| publisher = BBC News | date = 2003-06-13 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/2985728.stm | accessdate=2008-09-24}}</ref> and which fictional character people would like to see become the [[President of the United States]].<ref>{{cite news | title = Presidential poll win for Homer| publisher = BBC News | date = 2004-10-25 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3952239.stm | accessdate=2008-01-19}}</ref>

Dan Castellaneta has won several awards for voicing Homer, including four [[Primetime Emmy Awards]] for "[[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice-Over Performance|Outstanding Voice-Over Performance]]" in 1992 for "[[Lisa's Pony]]", 1993 for "[[Mr. Plow]]",<ref name="Emmys">{{cite web|url=http://www.emmys.org/awards/awardsearch.php |title=Primetime Emmy Awards Advanced Search|publisher=Emmys.org|accessdate=2008-01-18}}</ref> in 2004 for "[[Today I Am a Clown]]",<ref name="Schneider" /> and in 2009 for "[[Father Knows Worst]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cdn.emmys.tv/awards/2009ptemmys/61stemmys_nomswin_crtv.php?action=search_db#1|title=61st Primetime Emmy Awards Quick Search |accessdate=2009-09-12|date=2009-09-12 |publisher=[[Academy of Television Arts & Sciences]]}}</ref> Although in the case of "Today I Am a Clown", it was for voicing "various characters" and not solely for Homer.<ref name="Schneider">{{cite news |url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117908929.html?categoryid=1603&cs=1 |title=Emmy speaks for Homer |publisher=Variety |author=Schneider, Michael|accessdate=2008-09-03|date=2004-08-10}}</ref> In [[62nd Primetime Emmy Awards|2010]], Castellaneta received a fifth Emmy nomination for voicing Homer and Grampa in the episode "[[Thursdays with Abie]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emmys.com/sites/emmys.com/files/62ndemmys_noms.pdf|title=2010 Primetime Emmy Awards Nominations|accessdate=2010-07-08|publisher=[[Academy of Television Arts & Sciences]]}}</ref> In 1993, Castellaneta was given a special [[Annie Award]], "Outstanding Individual Achievement in the Field of Animation", for his work as Homer on ''The Simpsons''.<ref>{{cite news | title = 'Aladdin' tops Annies | publisher = ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' | date = 1993-11-08 | url = http://www.variety.com/article/VR115692.html?categoryid=13&cs=1 | author=Sandler, Adam|accessdate=2008-09-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Legacy: 21st Annual Annie Award Nominees and Winners (1993) | publisher = [[Annie Award]]s | url = http://annieawards.org/21stwinners.html |accessdate=2008-09-07}}</ref> In 2004, Castellaneta and [[Julie Kavner]] (the voice of Marge) won a [[Young Artist Award]] for "Most Popular Mom & Dad in a TV Series".<ref name="YAA">{{cite news|url=http://www.youngartistawards.org/noms25.htm|title=25th Annual Winners and Nominees|accessdate=2008-01-18|publisher=Youngartistawards.org}}</ref> In 2005, Homer and Marge were nominated for a [[Teen Choice Award]] for "Choice TV Parental Units".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.imdb.com/Sections/Awards/Teen_Choice_Awards/2005|title=Teen Choice Awards: 2005|accessdate=2008-01-18|publisher=[[Internet Movie Database]]}}</ref> Various episodes in which Homer is strongly featured have won Emmy Awards for [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program (for Programming Less Than One Hour)|Outstanding Animated Program]], including "[[Homer vs. Lisa and the 8th Commandment]]" in 1991, "[[Lisa's Wedding]]" in 1995, "[[Homer's Phobia]]" in 1997, "[[Trash of the Titans]]" in 1998, "[[HOMR]]" in 2001, "[[Three Gays of the Condo]]" in 2003 and "[[Eternal Moonshine of the Simpson Mind]]" in 2008.<ref name="Emmys"/> In 2000, Homer and the rest of the Simpson family were awarded a star on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]] located at 7021 Hollywood Boulevard.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-09-04|url=http://www.tibp.com/cgi-bin/foxweb.dll/wlx/dir/wlxdirectory?cc=WOFAME++++&lcName=The+Simpsons|title=Hollywood Icons |publisher=Hollywood Chamber of Commerce }}</ref>

=== Analysis ===
Homer Simpson is an "[[everyman]]" and embodies several American stereotypes of working class [[blue-collar worker|blue-collar]] men: he is crude, overweight, incompetent, clumsy and a borderline alcoholic.<ref name=p78/> Matt Groening describes him as "completely ruled by his impulses".<ref>{{cite news | title = Person of the Week: Matt Groening | publisher = [[ABC News]] | date = 2007-07-27 | url = http://a.abcnews.go.com/WN/PersonOfWeek/story?id=3422830&page=1 | accessdate=2008-09-03}}</ref> Dan Castellaneta calls him "a dog trapped in a man's body", adding, "He's incredibly loyal&nbsp;– not entirely clean&nbsp;– but you gotta love him."<ref name="The Age"/> In his book ''[[Planet Simpson]]'', author [[Chris Turner (author)|Chris Turner]] describes Homer as "the most American of the Simpsons" and believes that while the other Simpson family members could be changed to other nationalities, Homer is "pure American".<ref>[[#Turner|Turner]], p. 80</ref> In the book ''God in the Details: American Religion in Popular Culture'', the authors comment that "Homer's progress (or lack thereof) reveals a character who can do the right thing, if accidentally or begrudgingly."<ref>{{cite book|last=Mazur|first=Eric Michael|coauthors=Kate McCarthy|title=God in the Details: American Religion in Popular Culture|year=2001|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=0415925649|page=243}}</ref> The book ''[[The Simpsons and Philosophy: The D'oh! of Homer]]'' includes a chapter analyzing Homer's character from the perspective of [[Aristotelianism|Aristotelian]] [[virtue ethics]]. Raja Halwani writes that Homer's "love of life" is an admirable character trait, "for many people are tempted to see in Homer nothing but buffoonery and immorality. {{interp|...}} He is not politically correct, he is more than happy to judge others, and he certainly does not seem to be obsessed with his health. These qualities might not make Homer an admirable ''person'', but they do make him admirable in some ways, and, more importantly, makes us crave him and the Homer Simpsons of this world."<ref>[[#Halwani|Halwani]], pp. 22–23</ref> In 2008, ''Entertainment Weekly'' justified designating ''The Simpsons'' as a television classic by stating, "we all hail Simpson patriarch Homer because his joy is as palpable as his stupidity is stunning".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/gallery/0,,20207076_20207079_20209139_24,00.html |title=100 New TV Classics: The Top 25–1. The Simpsons |accessdate=2008-09-14|author=Armstrong, Jennifer; Pastorek, Whitney; Snierson, Dan; Stack, Tim; and Wheat, Alynda|year=2008|publisher=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref>

In the [[The Simpsons (season 8)|season eight]] episode "[[Homer's Enemy]]" the writers decided to examine "what it would be like to actually work alongside Homer Simpson".<ref>{{cite web|author=Snierson, Dan |url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,275114,00.html|title=Springfield of Dreams|accessdate=2008-09-21|date=2000-01-14|publisher=Entertainment Weekly}}</ref> The episode explores the possibilities of a realistic character with a strong [[work ethic]] named Frank Grimes placed alongside Homer in a work environment. In the episode, Homer is portrayed as an everyman and the embodiment of the American spirit; however, in some scenes his negative characteristics and silliness are prominently highlighted.<ref name="Grimes"/><ref>Weinstein, Josh. (2006). Commentary for "[[Homer's Enemy]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Eighth Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref> By the end of the episode, Grimes, a hard working and persevering "real American hero", is relegated to the role of antagonist; the viewer is intended to be pleased that Homer has emerged victorious.<ref name="Grimes">[[#Turner|Turner]], pp. 99–106</ref>

In ''Gilligan Unbound'', author [[Paul Cantor|Paul Arthur Cantor]] states that he believes Homer's devotion to his family has added to the popularity of the character. He writes, "Homer is the distillation of pure fatherhood. {{interp|...}} This is why, for all his stupidity, bigotry and self-centered quality, we cannot hate Homer. He continually fails at being a good father, but he never gives up trying, and in some basic and important sense that makes him a good father."<ref>{{cite book|last=Cantor|first=Paul Arthur|title=Gilligan Unbound: Pop Culture in the Age of Globalization |year=2001|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|isbn=0742507793|pages=74–76}}</ref> ''[[The Sunday Times]]'' remarked "Homer is good because, above all, he is capable of great love. When the chips are down, he always does the right thing by his children—he is never unfaithful in spite of several opportunities."<ref name=SundayTimes/>

== Cultural influence ==
[[Image:Homer Simpson in Cerne Abbans.JPG|right|200px|thumb|An image of Homer holding a [[doughnut]] was created next to the [[Cerne Abbas giant]] in [[Dorset]], England.]]
Homer Simpson is one of the most popular and influential television characters in a variety of standards. ''[[USA Today]]'' cited the character as being one of the "top 25 most influential people of the past 25 years" in 2007, adding that Homer "epitomized the irony and irreverence at the core of American humor."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/top25-influential.htm|title=Most influential people|accessdate=2008-09-23|date=2007-09-03|author=Page, Susan|work=[[USA Today]]}}</ref> [[Robert Thompson (professor)|Robert Thompson]], director of [[Syracuse University]]'s Center for the Study of Popular Television believes that "three centuries from now, English professors are going to be regarding Homer Simpson as one of the greatest creations in human storytelling."<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-09-04|date=2003-02-16|url=http://www.calendarlive.com/tv/cl-ca-baker16feb16,0,6396736.story?coll=cl-home-more-channels|title=The real first family|author=Baker, Bob|publisher=Los Angeles Times }} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Animation historian [[Jerry Beck]] described Homer as one of the best animated characters, saying, "you know someone like it, or you identify with (it). That's really the key to a classic character."<ref name="Bugs"/> Homer has been described by ''The Sunday Times'' as "the greatest comic creation of [modern] time". The article remarked, "every age needs its great, consoling failure, its lovable, pretension-free mediocrity. And we have ours in Homer Simpson."<ref name=SundayTimes>{{cite news | title = There's nobody like him ... except you, me, everyone | publisher = [[The Sunday Times]] | date = 2007-07-08 | url = http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/tv_and_radio/article2042236.ece | accessdate=2008-09-21 | location=London}}</ref>

Homer has been cited as a bad influence on children; for example, in 2005 a survey conducted in the United Kingdom found that 59% of parents felt that Homer promoted an unhealthy lifestyle.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-359030/The-influence-Homer-Simpson-children.html|title=The influence Homer Simpson has on children|accessdate=2008-09-23|date=2005-08-13|work=[[Daily Mail]]}}</ref> A five-year study of more than 2,000 middle-aged people in France found a possible link between weight and brain function, the findings of which were dubbed the "Homer Simpson syndrome".<ref name=hss>{{cite news| title = Obese people lose IQ through 'Homer Simpson effect'| publisher =Thisislondon | date =2006-10-15| url =http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23370854-details/Obese%20people%20lose%20IQ%20through%20'Homer%20Simpson%20effect'/article.do| accessdate =2007-08-15 }}</ref> Results from a word memory test showed that people with a [[Body mass index]] (BMI) of 20 (considered to be a healthy level) remembered an average of nine out of 16 words. Meanwhile, people with a BMI of 30 (inside the obese range) remembered an average of just seven out of 16 words.<ref name=hss/>

Despite Homer's embodiment of American culture, his influence has spread to other parts of the world. In 2003, Matt Groening revealed that his father, after whom Homer was named, was Canadian, and said that this made Homer himself a Canadian.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.wnd.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=33093|title=Simpson, eh? Homer voted greatest American|format=Interview|accessdate=2008-01-19|publisher=[[WorldNetDaily]]|date=2003-06-15}}</ref> The character was later made an honorary citizen of [[Winnipeg]], Canada, in [[real life (reality)|real life]] because Homer Groening was believed to be from the [[Manitoba]] capital, although sources say the senior Groening was actually born in [[Saskatchewan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/arts/story/2003/05/30/homer300503.html|title=Homer Simpson to become an honourary Winnipegger|accessdate=2008-01-19|date=2003-05-30|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]]}}</ref> In 2007, an image of Homer was painted next to the [[Cerne Abbas giant]] in [[Dorset]], England as part of a promotion for ''[[The Simpsons Movie]]''. This caused outrage among local [[neopaganism|neopagans]] who performed "rain magic" to try to get it washed away.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/dorset/6901543.stm|title=Wish for rain to wash away Homer|accessdate=2008-09-21|date=2007-07-16|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> In 2008, a fake [[Spanish euro coins|Spanish euro]] coin was found in [[Avilés]], Spain, with the face of Homer replacing the figure of King [[Juan Carlos I]].<ref>{{cite news| title = Spanish Sweetshop Owner Finds Homer Simpson Euro| publisher =Fox News| date =2008-08-10| url =http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,401044,00.html| accessdate =2008-09-03 }}</ref> On April 9, 2009, the [[United States Postal Service]] unveiled a series of five 44 cent stamps featuring Homer and the four other members of the Simpson family. They are the first characters from a television series to receive this recognition while the show is still in production.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/news/e3ifcc0b6f995bc3974307adf134bb3a5a5|title=Postal Service launching 'Simpsons' stamps|date=2009-04-01|accessdate=2009-05-08|work=The Hollywood Reporter|author=Szalai, George}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> The stamps, designed by Matt Groening, were made available for purchase on May 7, 2009.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Simpsons stamps launched in US|url=http://newslite.tv/2009/05/08/the-simpsons-stamps-launched-i.html|publisher=Newslite|date=2009-05-08|accessdate=2009-05-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usps.com/communications/newsroom/2009/pr09_048.htm?from=home_newsandannounce&page=SimpsonsStandingOvation|title=The Simpsons Get 'Stamping Ovation' To Tune of 1&nbsp;Billion Stamps|date=2009-05-07|publisher=[[United States Postal Service]]|accessdate=2009-05-24}}</ref>

Homer has appeared, voiced by Castellaneta, in several other television shows, including the [[American Idol (season 6)|sixth season]] of ''[[American Idol]]'' where he opened the show;<ref>{{cite news| title = Top 3 Results| publisher =Americanidol.com|author=Deanie79| date =2006-05-16| url =http://www.americanidol.com/recaps/fans/season6/?rID=642| archiveurl =http://web.archive.org/web/20080415073525/http://www.americanidol.com/recaps/fans/season6/?rID=642| archivedate =2008-04-15| accessdate =2008-10-01}}</ref> ''[[The Tonight Show with Jay Leno (1992 TV series)|The Tonight Show with Jay Leno]]'' where he performed a special animated opening monologue for the July 24, 2007, edition;<ref>{{cite news|url=http://blogs.usatoday.com/entertainment/2007/07/homers-tonight-.html|title=Homer's 'Tonight Show' odyssey |work=[[USA Today]]|date=2007-07-15|accessdate=2008-09-21|author=Oldenburg, Ann}}</ref> and the 2008 [[fundraising]] [[television special]] ''[[Stand Up to Cancer]]'' where he was shown having a [[colonoscopy]].<ref>{{cite news| title = Christina Applegate in telethon for cancer research|agency=Reuters|newspaper=[[The Vancouver Sun]]|last=Serjeant|first=Jill| date =2008-09-06| url =http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/westcoastlife/story.html?id=5afc6c49-1db1-48d4-9832-1c4d4de0a8d0| accessdate =2008-09-07}}</ref>

=== D'oh! ===
{{Main|D'oh!}}
Homer's catchphrase, the annoyed grunt "D'oh!", is typically uttered when he injures himself, realizes that he has done something stupid, or when something bad has happened or is about to happen to him. During the voice recording session for a ''[[The Tracey Ullman Show|Tracey Ullman Show]]'' short, Homer was required to utter what was written in the script as an "annoyed grunt". Dan Castellaneta rendered it as a drawn out "d'ooooooh". This was inspired by [[Jimmy Finlayson]], the mustachioed Scottish actor who appeared in 33 [[Laurel and Hardy]] films. Finlayson had used the term as a [[minced oath]] to stand in for the word "[[damnation|Damn]]!" [[Matt Groening]] felt that it would better suit the timing of animation if it were spoken faster. Castellaneta then shortened it to a quickly uttered "d'oh!"<ref name=herald>{{Cite news| title =What's the story with ... Homer's D'oh! | wortk=[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]] | date =July 21, 2007 | url =http://www.theherald.co.uk/search/display.var.1562687.0.whats_the_story_with_homers_doh.php | accessdate = 2008-09-21 }}</ref> The first intentional use of d'oh! occurred in the Ullman short "The Krusty the Clown Show",<ref name=herald/> (1989) and its first usage in the series was in the series premiere, "[[Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire]]".<ref name="doh">{{cite news|first=Jeremy|last=Simon|title=Wisdom from The Simpsons' 'D'ohh' boy|url=http://snpp.com/other/interviews/castellaneta94.html|publisher=[[The Daily Northwestern]]|date=1994-02-11|accessdate=2008-09-22}}</ref>

"D'oh!" was first added to ''[[Oxford Dictionary of English|The New Oxford Dictionary of English]]'' in 1998. It is defined as an [[interjection]] "used to comment on an action perceived as foolish or stupid".<ref>{{cite news|url = http://www.cbc.ca/news/indepth/words/doh_oed.html|title = D'oh! A Dictionary update|accessdate = 2008-09-21|date = 2001-07-17|author=Shewchuk, Blair|publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC News]]}}</ref> In 2001, "d'oh!" was added to the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', without the apostrophe.<ref>{{cite news
|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/1387335.stm|title = It's in the dictionary, d'oh!|accessdate = 2008-09-21
|date = 2001-06-14|work = BBC News, Entertainment|publisher = BBC|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20021203092605/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/1387335.stm|archivedate = 2002-12-03}}</ref> The definition of the word is "expressing frustration at the realization that things have turned out badly or not as planned, or that one has just said or done something foolish".<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.newsweek.com/id/78912?tid=relatedcl|title = 'D'oh!' The Right Thing?|accessdate = 2008-09-21|date = 2001-06-15|publisher = [[Newsweek]]}}</ref> In 2006, "d'oh!" was placed in sixth position on [[TV Land]]'s list of the 100 greatest television catchphrases.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.usatoday.com/life/television/news/2006-11-28-catchprase-list_x.htm|title=Dyn-O-Mite! TV Land lists catchphrases|accessdate=2008-09-07|date=2006-11-28|publisher=USA Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvland.com/originals/catchphrases/quotes.jhtml|title=The 100 greatest TV quotes and catchphrases|accessdate=2008-09-07|year=2008|publisher=[[TV Land]]| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080313194321/http://www.tvland.com/originals/catchphrases/quotes.jhtml| archivedate = March 13, 2008}}</ref> "D'oh!" is also included in ''[[The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snpp.com/other/articles/homersodyssey2.html|title=Homer's Odyssey|accessdate=2008-09-23|date=2000-05-21|work=[[Us Weekly]]}}</ref> The book includes several other quotations from Homer, including "Kids, you tried your best and you failed miserably. The lesson is never try", from "[[Burns' Heir]]" ([[The Simpsons (season 5)|season five]], 1994) as well as "Kids are the best, Apu. You can teach them to hate the things you hate. And they practically raise themselves, what with the Internet and all", from "[[Eight Misbehavin']]" ([[The Simpsons (season 11)|season 11]], 2000). Both quotes entered the dictionary in August 2007.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml;jsessionid=DQCLRMLM0LQNHQFIQMGSFFWAVCBQWIV0?xml=/news/2007/08/22/nsimpsons122.xml|title=Simpsons quotes enter new Oxford dictionary|accessdate=2008-09-23|date=2007-08-24|author=Shorto, Russell|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] | location=London}}</ref>

=== Merchandising ===
Homer's inclusion in many Simpsons publications, toys, and other merchandise is evidence of his enduring popularity. ''[[The Simpsons Library of Wisdom#The Homer Book|The Homer Book]]'', about Homer's personality and attributes, was released in 2004 and is commercially available.<ref>{{Cite book| last =Groening | first =Matt | title =[[The Simpsons Library of Wisdom#The Homer Book|The Homer Book]] | publisher =[[HarperCollins]]| year =2005 | isbn =0061116610}}</ref><ref name="CNN">{{cite news|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/SHOWBIZ/News/09/10/showbuzz/index.html#2|title=D'Oh! Eat Homer for breakfast|accessdate=2008-09-03|date=2001-09-10|publisher=CNN|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080430161747/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/SHOWBIZ/News/09/10/showbuzz/index.html#2 |archivedate = April 30, 2008|deadurl=yes}} {{Dead link|date=August 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref> It has been described as "an entertaining little book for occasional reading"<ref>{{cite news|title=The perfect present for a 'Doh' nut |accessdate=2008-09-27|author=Hunter, Simon|date=2004-11-15|work=[[The News Letter]]}}</ref> and was listed as one of "the most interesting books of 2004" by ''[[The Chattanoogan]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.chattanoogan.com/articles/article_62321.asp|title=Bambi Evans: The Most Interesting Books Of 2004|accessdate=2008-09-27|author=Evans, Bambi|date=2005-02-09|work=[[The Chattanoogan]]}}</ref> Other merchandise includes dolls, posters, figurines, [[bobblehead|bobblehead dolls]], [[mug]]s, [[alarm clock]]s, [[jigsaw puzzle]]s, [[Chia Pet]]s, and clothing such as [[slipper]]s, [[T-shirt]]s, [[baseball cap]]s, and [[boxer shorts]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thesimpsonsshop.com/index.php?v=simfandrmhom&spid=&pagemax=all|title=Homer Simpson stuff|accessdate=2008-01-18|publisher=The Simpsons Shop}}</ref> Homer has appeared in commercials for [[MCI Communications|1-800-COLLECT]], [[Burger King]], [[Butterfinger]], [[C.C. Lemon]], [[Church's Chicken]], [[Domino's Pizza]], [[Intel Corporation|Intel]], [[KFC|Kentucky Fried Chicken]], [[Ramada|Ramada Inn]], [[Subway (restaurant)|Subway]] and [[T.G.I. Friday's]]. In 2004, Homer starred in a [[MasterCard]] ''[[MasterCard#Advertising|Priceless]]'' commercial that aired during [[Super Bowl XXXVIII]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.adweek.com/aw/creative/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=2080751|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20041214205209/http://www.adweek.com/aw/creative/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=2080751|archivedate=2004-12-14|title=Homer Simpson Is 'Priceless' for MasterCard |accessdate=2008-09-21|author=Sampey, Kathleen|date=2004-01-30|publisher=[[Adweek]]}}</ref> In 2001, [[Kellogg Company|Kelloggs]] launched a brand of cereal called "Homer's Cinnamon Donut Cereal", which was available for a limited time.<ref name="CNN"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,184538,00.html|title=Cereal Numbers|accessdate=2008-10-28|date=2001-11-15|author=Fonseca, Nicholas|publisher=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref> In June 2009, Dutch [[automotive navigation system]]s manufacturer [[TomTom]] announced that Homer would be added to its downloadable [[Global Positioning System|GPS]] voice lineup. Homer's voice, recorded by Dan Castellaneta, features several in-character comments such as "Take the third right. We might find an ice cream truck! Mmm... ice cream."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/tech_guide/2009/06/17/2009-06-17_homer_simpson.html|work=[[Daily News (New York)|Daily News]]|title=Homer Simpson joins the TomTom GPS voice lineup|date=2009-06-17|accessdate=2009-09-20}}</ref>

Homer has appeared in other media relating to ''The Simpsons''. He has appeared in every one of [[List of The Simpsons video games|''The Simpsons'' video games]], including the most recent, ''[[The Simpsons Game]]''.<ref>{{cite news| last =Walk| first =Gary Eng| title =Work of Bart| page =| publisher =Entertainment Weekly| date =2007-11-05| url =http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20158366,00.html| accessdate =2008-09-07}}</ref> Alongside the television series, Homer regularly appears in issues of [[List of The Simpsons comics#Simpsons Comics|''Simpsons Comics'']], which were first published on November 29, 1993, and are still issued monthly.<ref name="gazette">{{cite news| title = Groening launches Futurama comics| publisher = ''[[The Gazette (Colorado Springs)|The Gazette]]''| date = 2000-11-19| url = http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4191/is_20001119/ai_n9979492|author=Radford, Bill|accessdate=2008-09-07}}</ref><ref name="msnbc">{{cite web|url=http://cagle.msnbc.com/hogan/features/simpsons_sundays/simpsons_on_sundays.asp|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070708094751/http://cagle.msnbc.com/hogan/features/simpsons_sundays/simpsons_on_sundays.asp|archivedate=2007-07-08|title=Sundays with the Simpsons|accessdate=2008-09-07|author=Shutt, Craig|publisher=MSNBC}}</ref> Homer also plays a role in [[The Simpsons Ride]], launched in 2008 at [[Universal Studios Florida]] and [[Universal Studios Hollywood|Hollywood]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://travel.latimes.com/daily-deal-blog/index.php/simpsons-ride-featur-1657/ |title=Simpsons ride features 29 characters, original voices|accessdate=2008-09-07|date=2008-04-09|publisher=Los Angeles Times|author=MacDonald, Brady}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== References ==
* {{Cite book |last = Halwani | first = Raja | editor = Irwin, William; Conrad, Mark T.; Skoble, Aeon (eds.)| title=[[The Simpsons and Philosophy: The D'oh! of Homer]]| chapter = Homer and Aristotle|year=1999 | location=Chicago |publisher=[[Open Court Publishing Company|Open Court]] |isbn=0-8126-9433-3 |ref=Halwani}}
* {{Cite book|last=Richmond |first=Ray|coauthors=Antonia Coffman|title=[[The Simpsons: A Complete Guide to Our Favorite Family]] |year=1997 |publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|location=New York City |isbn=0-00-638898-1 |ref=Richmond}}
* {{Cite book | last=Turner | first=Chris |authorlink = Chris Turner (author)| title=[[Planet Simpson|Planet Simpson: How a Cartoon Masterpiece Documented an Era and Defined a Generation]] | year=2004 |publisher=[[Random House|Random House Canada]] |location=Toronto| isbn=0-679-31318-4 |ref=Turner}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book | last=Alberti | first=John (ed.) | year=2003 | title=[[Leaving Springfield|Leaving Springfield: The Simpsons and the Possibility of Oppositional Culture]] | publisher=[[Wayne State University Press]] | isbn=0-8143-2849-0}}
* {{Cite book | last=Brown | first=Alan | coauthors=Chris Logan | year= 2006 | title=[[The Psychology of The Simpsons]] | publisher=[[BenBella Books]]|isbn=1-932100-70-9}}
* {{Cite book| last =Groening | first =Matt | title =[[The Simpsons Library of Wisdom|The Homer Book]] | publisher =[[HarperCollins]]| year =2005 | isbn =0061116610|authorlink=Matt Groening}}
* {{Cite book|last=Groening |first=Matt|title=[[The Simpsons Uncensored Family Album]] |year=1991 |publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=0-06-096582-7|authorlink=Matt Groening}}
* {{Cite book | last=Pinsky | first=Mark I | title=The Gospel According to The Simpsons: The Spiritual Life of the World's Most Animated Family| year=2004|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|location=Louisville, Kentucky | isbn=0-664-22419-9}}

== External links ==
{{Portal|The Simpsons}}
{{Wiktionary|d'oh}}
* [http://www.thesimpsons.com/bios/bios_family_homer.htm Homer Simpson] at TheSimpsons.com
* {{imdb character|0003002}}

{{Simpsons characters}}

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Revision as of 13:37, 11 November 2010

Homer Simpson is also a character in the book The Day of the Locust and the film based on the book.

Template:Simpsons character Homer Jay Simpson is a robot who like to smack dogs and throw cats out of the window.

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