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{{Infobox Language
|name=Indonesian
|nativename=''Bahasa Indonesia''
|familycolor=Austronesian
|region=[[Southeast Asia]]
|states= {{flag|Indonesia}}<br/>{{flag|East Timor}} <small>(as a "working language")</small>
|speakers=23 million native; approx. 165 million total<ref name="ethnologue.com">http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ind</ref>
|fam2=[[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]
|fam3=[[Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian languages|Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian]]
|fam4=[[Sunda-Sulawesi languages|Sunda-Sulawesi]]
|fam5=[[Malayic languages|Malayic]]
|fam6=[[Malayan languages|Malayan]]
|fam7=[[Malay languages|Malay]]
|fam8=[[Malay language]]
|nation= [[Indonesia]]
|script=[[Latin alphabet]]
|agency=[[Pusat Bahasa]]
|iso1=id|iso2=ind|iso3=ind}}

'''Indonesian''' (''Bahasa Indonesia'') is the official language of [[Indonesia]]. Indonesian is a [[standard language|normative form]] of the [[Riau]] dialect of [[Malay language|Malay]], an [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] language which has been used as a [[lingua franca]] in the Indonesian archipelago for centuries.

Indonesia is the fourth most populous nation in the world. Of its large population the number of people who fluently speak Indonesian is fast approaching 100%, thus making Indonesian one of the [[List of languages by number of native speakers|most widely spoken languages in the world]].<ref name="The Indonesian Language 2004. Page 14">[[James Neil Sneddon]]. ''The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in Modern Society''. UNSW Press, 2004. Page 14."</ref>

Most Indonesians, aside from speaking the national language, are often fluent in another [[languages of Indonesia|regional language]] (examples include [[Javanese language|Javanese]], [[Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]] and [[Sundanese language|Sundanese]]) which are commonly used at home and within the local community. Most formal education, as well as nearly all national media and other forms of communication, are conducted in Indonesian. In [[East Timor]], which was an Indonesian province from 1975 to 1999, Indonesian is recognised by the constitution as one of the two working languages (the other is [[English language|English]], alongside the official languages of [[Tetum language|Tetum]] and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]).

The Indonesian name for the language is ''Bahasa Indonesia'' (literally "the language of Indonesia"). This term can sometimes still be found in written or spoken [[English language|English]]. In addition, the language is sometimes referred to as "'''Bahasa'''" by English speakers, though this simply means "language" and thus does not technically specify the Indonesian language.

== History ==
{{Or|section|date=September 2010}}

Indonesian is a normative form of the [[Riau]] dialect of the [[Malay language]], an [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] (and [[Malayo-Polynesian]]) language originally spoken in Northeast [[Sumatra]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ind |title=Ethologue report for language code:ind |accessdate=2007-04-17}}</ref> which has been used as a [[lingua franca]] in the Indonesian archipelago for half a millennium. It was elevated to the status of official language with the Indonesian declaration of independence in 1945, drawing inspiration from the [[Sumpah Pemuda]] (Youth's Oath) event in 1928.<ref>[http://www.hawaii.edu/indolang/malay.html "Bahasa Indonesia: The Indonesian Language," George Quinn, Australian National University]</ref>
Indonesian (in its most standard form) is largely mutually intelligible with the official [[Malaysia]]n form of Malay. However, it does [[Differences between Malay and Indonesian|differ]] from Malaysian in several aspects, with differences in pronunciation and vocabulary. These differences are mainly due to the Dutch and Javanese influences on Indonesian. Indonesian was also influenced by the "bazaar Malay" that was the lingua franca of the archipelago in colonial times, and thus indirectly by the other spoken languages of the islands: Malaysian Malay claims to be closer to the literary Malay of earlier centuries.

Whilst Indonesian is spoken as a [[mother tongue]] by only a small proportion of Indonesia's large population (i.e. mainly those who reside within the vicinity of [[Jakarta]]), over 200 million people regularly make use of the national language - some with varying degrees of proficiency. In a nation which boasts more than 300 native languages and a vast array of ethnic groups, it plays an important unifying and cross-archipelagic role for the country. Use of the national language is abundant in the media, government bodies, schools, universities, workplaces, amongst members of the Indonesian upper-class or nobility and also in many other formal situations.

Standard and formal Indonesian is used in books and newspapers and on television/radio news broadcasts; however, few native Indonesian speakers use the formal language in their daily conversations. While this is a phenomenon common to most languages in the world (for example, spoken English does not always correspond to written standards), the degree of "correctness" of spoken Indonesian (in terms of grammar and vocabulary) by comparison to its written form is noticeably low.{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}} This is mostly due to {{Citation needed|date=September 2010}} Indonesians combining aspects of their own local languages (e.g., [[Javanese language|Javanese]], [[Sundanese language|Sundanese]], [[Balinese language|Balinese]], and [[Chinese language|Chinese]] dialects) with Indonesian. This results in various 'regional' Indonesian dialects, the very types that a foreigner is most likely to hear upon arriving in any Indonesian city or town. This phenomenon is amplified by the use of [[Indonesian slang]], particularly in the cities.

== Geographic distribution ==
[[File:800px-Indonesianworld.jpg|thumb|300px|This is a map of where Indonesian is predominantly spoken. Dark green represents where Indonesian is spoken as a major language. Light green represents where it is a minority language.]]

The language is spoken throughout Indonesia (and [[East Timor]]), although it is used most extensively as a first language in urban areas and usually as a second or third language in more rural parts of Indonesia. It is also spoken by an additional 1.5+ million people worldwide, particularly in the [[Netherlands]], [[Suriname]], [[East Timor]], the [[Philippines]], [[Australia]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[New Caledonia]], and the [[United States]].<ref name="ethnologue.com"/>

== Writing system ==
Indonesian is written with the [[Latin alphabet]]. Consonants are represented in a way similar to [[Italian language#Writing system|Italian]], although ‹c› is always {{IPA|/tʃ/}} (like English ‹ch›), ‹g› is always {{IPA|/ɡ/}} ("hard") and ‹j› represents {{IPA|/dʒ/}} as it does in English. In addition, ‹ny› represents the [[palatal nasal]] {{IPA|/ɲ/}}, ‹ng› is used for the [[velar nasal]] {{IPA|/ŋ/}} (which can occur word-initially), ‹sy› for {{IPA|/ʃ/}} (English ‹sh›) and ‹kh› for the [[voiceless velar fricative]] {{IPA|/x/}}. Both {{IPA|/e/}} and {{IPA|/ə/}} are represented with ‹e›.

One common source of confusion for readers, particularly when reading place names, is the spelling changes in the language that have occurred since Indonesian independence. The changes include:
{| class="wikitable"
!Old<br />spelling!!New<br />spelling
|-align="center"
|oe||u
|-align="center"
|tj||c
|-align="center"
|dj||j
|-align="center"
|j||y
|-align="center"
|nj||ny
|-align="center"
|sj||sy
|-align="center"
|ch||kh
|}
The first of these changes (‹oe› to ‹u›) occurred around the time of independence in 1947; all of the others were a part of the [[Perfected Spelling System]], an officially-mandated [[spelling reform]] in 1972. Some of the old spellings (which were derived from [[Dutch orthography]]) do survive in proper names; for example, the name of a former president of the Indonesia is still sometimes written ''[[Suharto|Soeharto]]'', and the central Java city of [[Yogyakarta (city)|Yogyakarta]] is sometimes written ''Jogjakarta''.

==Pronunciation and grammar==
{{See|Malay language}}

==Vocabulary==
The [[Netherlands|Dutch]] colonisation left an imprint on the Indonesian language that can be seen in words such as ''polisi'' (from politie = police), ''kualitas'' (from kwaliteit = quality), ''wortel'' (from wortel = carrot), ''kamar'' (from kamer = room, chamber), ''rokok'' (from roken = smoking cigarettes), ''korupsi'' (from corruptie = corruption), ''persneling'' (from versnelling = gear), ''kantor'' (from kantoor = office), ''resleting'' (from ritssluiting = zipper), and ''kelas'' (from klas = class).

Alongside [[Malay language|Malay]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] was the ''[[lingua franca]]'' for trade throughout the archipelago from the sixteenth century through to the early nineteenth century. Indonesian words derived from Portuguese include ''sabun'' (from sabão = soap), ''meja'' (from mesa = table), ''boneka'' (from boneca = doll), ''jendela'' (from janela = window), ''gereja'' (from igreja = church), ''bola'' (from bola = ball), ''bendera'' (from bandeira = flag), ''roda'' (from roda = wheel), ''gagu'' (from gago = stutterer), ''sepatu'' (from sapato = shoes), ''kereta'' (from carreta = wagon), ''bangku'' (from banco = chair), keju (from queijo = cheese), ''garpu'' (from garfo = fork), ''terigu'' (from trigo = flour), ''mentega'' (from manteiga = butter), Sabtu (from sábado = Saturday) (or the Arabic Sabt = Saturday) and ''Minggu'' (from ''domingo'' = Sunday).<ref name="RICKLEFSp24">{{Cite book
| last =Ricklefs | first =M.C. | authorlink = | coauthors = | title =A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300, 2nd Edition | publisher =MacMillan | year =1991 | location =London | pages =26 | url = | doi = | isbn = 0-333-57689-6 }}</ref>

Some of the many words of [[Chinese language|Chinese]] origin (presented here with accompanying Hokkien/ Mandarin pronunciation derivatives as well as traditional and simplified characters) include ''pisau'' (匕首 bǐshǒu - knife), ''loteng'', (楼/层 = lóu/céng - [upper] floor/ level), ''mie'' (麵 > 面 Hokkien mī - noodles), ''[[lumpia]]'' (潤餅 (Hokkien = lūn-piáⁿ) - springroll), ''cawan'', (茶碗 cháwǎn - teacup), ''teko'' (茶壺 > 茶壶 = cháhú [Mandarin], teh-ko [Hokkien] = teapot), kuli = khu (bitter) and li (energy) and even the widely used slang terms ''gua'' and ''lu'' (from the Hokkien 'goa' 我 and 'lu/li' 你 - meaning 'I/ me' and 'you'). From [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] came words such as ''kaca'' (glass, mirror), ''raja'' (king), ''manusia'' (mankind) ''bumi/ dunia'' (earth/ world) and ''agama'' (religion). Words of [[Arabic language|Arabic]] origin include ''kabar'' (news), ''selamat/ salam'' (a greeting), ''senin'' (Monday), ''selasa'' (Tuesday), ''jumat'' (Friday), ''ijazah'' (diploma), ''hadiah'' (gift/present), ''mungkin'' (from ''mumkin'' = perhaps), ''maklum'' (understood), ''kitab'' (book), ''tertib'' (orderly) and ''kamus'' (dictionary). There are also words derived from [[Javanese language|Javanese]], e.g. ''aku'' (meaning I/ me (informal) and its derivative form, ''mengaku'' (to admit or confess).

{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2010}}
Indonesian as a modern dialect of Malay has borrowed heavily from many languages, including: [[Sanskrit]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[Chinese language|Chinese]] and many other languages, including other [[Austronesian languages]]. It is estimated that there are some 750 Sanskrit loanwords in modern Indonesian, 1,000 Arabic loans, some of [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] origin, some 125 words of Portuguese (also [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and [[Italian language|Italian]]) origin and a staggering number of some 10,000 loanwords from Dutch.<ref>This is a research led by Prof. Dr. J.W. de Vries of the University of Leiden in the Netherlands</ref> The latter also comprises many words from other European languages, which came via Dutch, the so-called "International Vocabulary". The vast majority of Indonesian words, however, come from the root lexical stock of its Austronesian (incl. Old Malay) heritage.

Although [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]] are no longer the major religions of Indonesia, [[Sanskrit]] which was the language vehicle for these religions, is still held in high esteem and is comparable with the status of [[Latin]] in [[English language|English]] and other Western European languages. Residents of [[Bali]] and [[Java (island)|Java]] tend to be particularly proud of the Hindu-Buddhist heritage. Sanskrit is also the main source for [[neologism]]s. These are usually formed from Sanskrit roots. The loanwords from Sanskrit cover many aspects of [[religion]], [[art]] and everyday life. The Sanskrit influence came from contacts with [[India]] long ago before the time of [[Christ]]. The words are either directly borrowed from India or with the intermediary of the [[Old Javanese language]]. In the classical language of Java, Old Javanese, the number of Sanskrit loanwords is far greater. The Old Javanese — English dictionary by prof. [[P.J. Zoetmulder]], [[Society of Jesus|S.J.]] (1982) contains no fewer than 25,500 entries. Almost half are Sanskrit loanwords. Sanskrit loanwords, unlike those from other languages, have entered the basic vocabulary of Indonesian to such an extent that, for many, they are no longer perceived to be foreign.

The loanwords from [[Arabic language|Arabic]] are mainly concerned with religion, in particular with [[Islam]], as can be expected. [[Allah]] is the word for [[God]] even in [[Christian]] [[Bible]] translations. Many early Bible translators, when they came across some unusual [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] words or proper names, used the Arabic cognates. In the newer translations this practice is discontinued. They now turn to [[Greek language|Greek]] names or use the original Hebrew Word. For example, the name [[Jesus]] was initially translated as '''Isa'', but is now spelt as ''Yesus''. [[Psalm]]s used to be translated as ''Zabur'', the Arabic name, but now it is called ''Mazmur'' which corresponds more with Hebrew.

Loanwords from [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] are common words, which were mainly connected with articles the early European traders and explorers brought to Southeast Asia. The Portuguese were among the first westerners to sail east to the "[[Maluku Islands|Spice Islands]]".

The [[Chinese language|Chinese]] loanwords are usually concerned with cuisine, trade or often just exclusively things Chinese. There is a considerable Chinese presence in the whole of Southeast Asia. According to the 2000 [[census]], the relative number of people of Chinese descent in Indonesia is almost 1%, although this may likely be an underestimate.

The former colonial power, the [[Netherlands]], left an impressive vocabulary. These [[Dutch language|Dutch]] loanwords, and also from other non Italo-Iberian, European languages loanwords which came via Dutch, cover all aspects of life. Some Dutch loanwords, having clusters of several consonants, pose difficulties to speakers of Indonesian. This problem is usually solved by insertion of the [[schwa]]. For example Dutch ''schroef'' {{IPA|[ˈsxruf]}} → ''sekrup'' {{IPA|[səˈkrup]}}.

As modern Indonesian draws many of its words from foreign sources, there are many [[synonym]]s. For example, Indonesian has three words for "book", i.e. ''pustaka'' (from Sanskrit), ''kitab'' (from Arabic) and ''buku'' (from Dutch). These words have, unsurprisingly, slightly different meanings. A ''pustaka'' is often connected with ancient wisdom or sometimes with esoteric knowledge. A derived form, ''perpustakaan'' means a library. A ''kitab'' is usually a religious scripture or a book containing moral guidances. The Indonesian words for the [[Bible]] and [[Gospel]] are ''Alkitab'' and ''Injil'', both directly derived from Arabic. The book containing the penal code is also called the ''kitab''. ''Buku'' is the most common word for books.

In addition to those above (and the borrowed words listed under the sub-heading ''History'' towards the top of this article), there are also direct borrowings from various other languages of the world, such as "karaoke" from [[Japanese language|Japanese]], and "[[modem]]" from English.

{{See also|List of borrowed words in Indonesian}}

=== Gender ===
Generally Indonesian does not make use of [[grammatical gender]], and there are only selected words that use '''natural gender'''. For instance, the same word is used for ''he'' and ''she'' (''dia/ia'') or for ''his'' and ''her'' (''dia/ia/-nya''). No real distinction is made between "girlfriend" and "boyfriend", both ''pacar'' (although more colloquial terms as ''cewek'' girl/girlfriend and ''cowok'' guy/boyfriend can also be found). A majority of Indonesian words that refer to people generally have a form that does not distinguish between the sexes. However, unlike English, distinction is made between older or younger (a characteristic quite common to many Asian languages). For example, ''adik'' refers to a younger sibling of either gender and ''kakak'' refers to an older sibling, again, either male or female. In order to specify the natural gender of a noun, an adjective must be added. Thus, ''adik laki-laki'' corresponds to "younger brother" but really means "younger male sibling".

There are some words that are gendered, for instance ''putri'' means "daughter", and ''putra'' means "son" and also ''pramugara'' means "air steward" (male flight attendant) and ''pramugari'' meaning "air stewardess" (female flight attendant). Another example would be ''olahragawan'', which equates to "sportsman", and ''olahragawati'', meaning sportswoman. Often, words like these (or certain suffixes such as "-a" and "-i" or "-wan" and "wati") are absorbed from other languages (in these cases, from [[Sanskrit]] through the Old [[Javanese language]]).
In some regions of Indonesia such as Sumatera and Jakarta, ''abang'' (a ''gender-specific'' term meaning "older brother") is commonly used as a form of address for older siblings/ males, whilst ''kakak'' (a non-gender specific term (meaning "older sibling") is often used to mean "older sister". Similarly, more direct influences from dialects such as Javanese and Chinese languages have also seen further use of other gendered words in Indonesian. For example: ''Mas'' (Jav. = older brother), ''M'bak'' (Jav. = older sister), ''Koko'' (older brother) and ''Cici'' (older sister).

== Spoken & informal Indonesian ==
{{Further|[[Indonesian slang language]]}}

In very informal spoken Indonesian, various words are replaced with those of a less formal nature (e.g. ''tidak'' (no) is often replaced with the Javanese ''nggak'' whilst ''seperti'' (like, similar to) is often replaced with ''kayak'' (pronounced ''kai-yah'')).
As for pronunciation, the diphthongs ''ai'' and ''au'' on the end of base words are typically pronounced as {{IPA|/e/}} and {{IPA|/o/}}. In informal writing the spelling of words is modified to reflect the actual pronunciation in a way that can be produced with less effort. E.g.: ''capai'' becomes ''cape'' or ''capek'', ''pakai'' become ''pake'', ''kalau'' becomes ''kalo''.

In verbs, the prefix ''me-'' is often dropped, although an initial nasal consonant is usually retained. E.g.: ''mengangkat'' becomes ''ngangkat'' (the basic word is ''angkat''). The suffixes ''-kan'' and ''-i'' are often replaced by ''-in''. E.g.: ''mencarikan'' becomes ''nyariin'', ''menuruti'' becomes ''nurutin''. The latter grammatical aspect is one often closely related to Indonesian found in Jakarta and surrounding areas.

For more, and to listen to examples, see [http://www.seasite.niu.edu/flin/pronunciation/guide_to_pronunciation_of_indone.htm SEASite Guide to Pronunciation of Indonesian]

==See also==
{{Portal|Indonesia}}
* [[Bahasa]], for other language referred with that word
* [[Languages of Indonesia]]
* [[Language families and languages]]
* [[Demographics of Indonesia]]
* [[Indonesian slang language]]
* [[Indonesian abbreviated words]]
* [[Differences between Malay and Indonesian]]
* [[List of English words of Indonesian origin]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{InterWiki|code=id}}
{{Wikibooks|Indonesian}}
* {{wikitravelphrasebook|Indonesian phrasebook}}
* [http://www.gimonca.com/sejarah/pronounce.html Indonesia History]
* [http://users.skynet.be/dvran/bahasa.htm Learning Indonesian]
* [http://www.seasite.niu.edu/Indonesian/ Learning Indonesian on the Internet]
* [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Indonesian_Swadesh_list Indonesian Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words] (from Wiktionary's [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists Swadesh list appendix])
* [http://wold.livingsources.org/vocabulary/27 Indonesian Vocabulary List with Loanwords]
* [http://coombs.anu.edu.au/WWWVLPages/IndonPages/Universities.html Indonesia WWW Virtual Library]
* [http://web.cecs.pdx.edu/~bule/bahasa/search.php Bahasa Indonesia Dictionary]
* [http://www.seasite.niu.edu/indonesian/percakapan/indonesia7days/indo7days_fs.htm Learning Indonesian in 7 Days (SEAsite)]
* [http://www.toggletext.com/ Indonesia Translator]
* [http://translate.google.com/#en|id Google Indonesia Translator]
* [http://www.sederet.com/translate.php Indonesia Dictionary]
* [http://www.kumandang.com Indonesian Text To Speech]
* [http://www.indonesian-easy.com/ Online Indonesian Phrasebook]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indonesian Language}}
[[Category:Agglutinative languages]]
[[Category:Malayic languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Languages of East Timor]]
[[Category:Indonesian language|*]]
[[Category:SVO languages]]

[[ace:Bahsa Indônèsia]]
[[af:Indonesies]]
[[ar:لغة إندونيسية]]
[[an:Idioma indonesio]]
[[az:İndoneziya dili]]
[[bjn:Bahasa Indonésia]]
[[bn:ইন্দোনেশীয় ভাষা]]
[[zh-min-nan:Ìn-nî-gí]]
[[map-bms:Basa Indonesia]]
[[be:Інданезійская мова]]
[[be-x-old:Інданэзійская мова]]
[[bcl:Bahasa Indonesia]]
[[br:Indonezeg]]
[[bg:Индонезийски език]]
[[ca:Indonesi]]
[[ceb:Pinulongang Indonesyo]]
[[cs:Indonéština]]
[[cy:Indoneseg]]
[[da:Indonesisk (sprog)]]
[[de:Malaiische Sprache#Geschichte]]
[[et:Indoneesia keel]]
[[es:Idioma indonesio]]
[[eo:Indonezia lingvo]]
[[eu:Indonesiera]]
[[fa:زبان اندونزیایی]]
[[fr:Indonésien]]
[[ga:An Indinéisis]]
[[gl:Lingua indonesia]]
[[hak:Yin-nì-ngî]]
[[ko:인도네시아어]]
[[hi:बहासा इण्डोनेशिया]]
[[hr:Indonezijski jezik]]
[[id:Bahasa Indonesia]]
[[it:Lingua indonesiana]]
[[he:אינדונזית]]
[[jv:Basa Indonésia]]
[[ka:ინდონეზიური ენა]]
[[kw:Indonesek]]
[[la:Lingua Indonesia]]
[[lv:Indonēziešu valoda]]
[[lt:Indoneziečių kalba]]
[[lij:Lengua indonexiann-a]]
[[hu:Indonéz nyelv]]
[[mg:Fiteny indoneziana]]
[[mr:बहासा इंडोनेशिया]]
[[ms:Bahasa Indonesia]]
[[nl:Indonesisch]]
[[ja:インドネシア語]]
[[ce:Indoneziyhoyn mott]]
[[no:Indonesisk]]
[[pnb:انڈونیشی]]
[[pl:Język indonezyjski]]
[[pt:Língua indonésia]]
[[ro:Limba indoneziană]]
[[qu:Indunisya simi]]
[[ru:Индонезийский язык]]
[[sco:Indonesian leid]]
[[sq:Gjuha indoneziane]]
[[simple:Indonesian language]]
[[sk:Indonézština]]
[[sr:Индонежански језик]]
[[sh:Indonežanski jezik]]
[[su:Basa Indonésia]]
[[fi:Indonesian kieli]]
[[sv:Indonesiska]]
[[tl:Wikang Indones]]
[[ta:இந்தோனேசிய மொழி]]
[[th:ภาษาอินโดนีเซีย]]
[[tg:Забони индонезӣ]]
[[tr:Endonezce]]
[[tk:Indoneziýa dilleri]]
[[uk:Індонезійська мова]]
[[ur:بھاشا انڈونیشیا]]
[[ug:ھىندونېزىيە تىلى]]
[[vi:Tiếng Indonesia]]
[[zh:印尼语]]

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