Morris Janowitz: Difference between revisions
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'''Morris Janowitz''', (22 October 1919 - 7 November 1988) was an [[United States of America|American]] [[sociologist]] and who made major contributions to sociological theory, the study of [[prejudice]], urban issues, and [[patriotism]]. Janowitz's pinnacle achievement, however, was the establishment of [[civil-military relations]] as a sub-field within sociology.<ref>http://www.iusafs.org/JanowitzBio.asp - website accessed 6/22/11</ref> |
'''Morris Janowitz''', (22 October 1919 - 7 November 1988) was an [[United States of America|American]] [[sociologist]] and who made major contributions to sociological theory, the study of [[prejudice]], urban issues, and [[patriotism]]. Janowitz's pinnacle achievement, however, was the establishment of [[civil-military relations]] as a sub-field within sociology.<ref name=IUSJanowitz>http://www.iusafs.org/JanowitzBio.asp - website accessed 6/22/11</ref> |
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==Biography== |
==Biography== |
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==Ideas and Accomplishments== |
==Ideas and Accomplishments== |
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In 1953 Janowitz summoned a group of scholars, including [[Samuel Huntington]], to Ann Arbor, Michigan to discuss the future study of |
In 1953 Janowitz summoned a group of scholars, including [[Samuel Huntington]], to Ann Arbor, Michigan to discuss the future study of the armed forces. This led Janowitz to cultivate and develop his ideas about military sociology through a Fulbright Fellowship in 1954 and a fellowship at the Center of Advanced study in the Behavioral Sciences in 1958, where in 1960 he completed his first major work on military sociology, ''The Professional Soldier: A Social and Political Portrait'' (13).<ref name=Introduction:PragmaticSociology/> |
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''The Professional Soldier'' was a major accomplishment and established the study of the military as a sub-field in sociology by creating a "fertile research agenda" which other scholars could and still do follow.<ref name=IUSJanowitz/> It remains one of the foundational works in the area of [[civil-military relations]],<ref name=EB1989YB>{{Citation |
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''The Professional Soldier'' |
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His publications include ''Last Half Century'' and ''On Social Organization and Social Control'' (both, [[University of Chicago Press]]). |
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| ⚫ | After the Second World War he gathered a group of sociologists around the [http://afs.sagepub.com/archive/ journal ''Armed Forces and Society'']. This group, and other scientists such as [[Samuel P. Huntington|Samuel Huntington]] of ''The Clash of Civilizations'' fame and the Briton [[Michael Howard (historian)|Michael Howard]], gave new content to traditional military sciences with their special subject "War and History."{{fact|date=April 2011}} |
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Janowitz's ''The Professional Soldier: A Social and Political Portrait'' (1960) remains one of the foundational works in the area of [[civil-military relations]].<ref name=EB1989YB>{{Citation |
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| place = Chicago |
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| isbn = 0-85229-504-9 |
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}}</ref> In this work, he explores various aspects of the evolution of professional life in the American armed forces during the first half of the 20th century. Many of his observations still are relevant for today's [[civil-military relations]]. But his conclusion that the military in contemporary international relations must evolve towards a concept of "constabulary forces" never fully took root in the American military.{{fact|date=April 2011}} |
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and was particularly important given that previous foci of sociology had excluded the study of the armed forces.<ref name=IUSJanowitz/> ''The Professional Soldier'' used a methodology which included content analysis, a survey of 760 generals and admirals and 576 military officers from the Pentagon, and interviews of over 100 high-level officers (995). It revealed the changing nature of organizational authority within the military away from a disciplinary model towards subtler forms of personnel management, reflecting an overall organizational shift from institution to occupation. Furthermore, the soldier had become more technical and proficient in its functional means, narrowing the gap between the civilian and military spheres by requiring more specialized civilian participation in the more technical capacities of the military. Janowitz also noted a shift in recruitment, wherein the demographics of military after World War II began to more closely resemble those of the American people, and the highest officer ranks were filled by "persons with unconventional and adaptive careers." Finally, the U.S. military had become increasingly politicized, forcing military leaders to adopt political viewpoints on current events, which led to the development of two competing perspectives of the proper use of the armed forces in international relations, termed "absolutist" and "pragmatic" (996). <ref name=Maslan> Maslan, John. 1960. "[http://www.jstor.org/stable/1952655 Book Review]." American Political Science Review, Vol.54, No.4. pp.995-997.</ref> |
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| ⚫ | After the Second World War he gathered a group of sociologists around the [http://afs.sagepub.com/archive/ journal ''Armed Forces and Society'']. This group, and other scientists such as [[Samuel P. Huntington|Samuel Huntington]] of ''The Clash of Civilizations'' fame and the Briton [[Michael Howard (historian)|Michael Howard]], gave new content to traditional military sciences with their special subject "War and History."{{fact|date=April 2011}} |
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==Bibliography== |
==Bibliography== |
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Revision as of 18:35, 23 June 2011
Morris Janowitz, (22 October 1919 - 7 November 1988) was an American sociologist and who made major contributions to sociological theory, the study of prejudice, urban issues, and patriotism. Janowitz's pinnacle achievement, however, was the establishment of civil-military relations as a sub-field within sociology.[1]
Biography
Janowitz was born in Patterson, New Jersey, the second son of Polish-Jewish immigrants. Patterson was known for its silk industry, in which his father worked until establishing his own silk business (4). Janowitz earned a bachelors degree in economics from Washington Square College of New York University (New York University), where he studied under Sidney Hook (former student of John Dewey) and Bruce Lannes Smith (former student of Harold Laswell). Hook exposed Janowitz to Dewey's philosophy of American pragmatism, while Smith exposed him to Laswell's "Chicago School" approach to social science and psychoanalysis (5).[2]
After graduating from Washington Square College of New York University he worked for the Library of Congress and the Justice Department's Special War Policies Unit. In 1943 Janowitz was drafted into the Army, where he joined the Research and Analysis Branch of the Office of Strategic Studies, performing content analysis of communications and propaganda in German radio broadcasts, as well as interviews of German prisoners of war (6). Janowitz's experiences with the war had a profound impact on the subsequent direction of his academic career: "This experience with war, with the research that war required of him and with other social scientists engaged in the war effort, crystallized Janowitz's self-identification as a social scientist" (7). [2]
Janowitz began his graduate studies in 1956 at the University of Chicago. Before completing his Ph.D in Sociology in 1948, he was hired as an instructor at the University of Chicago. He became an assistant professor upon completion of his PhD. In 1951 Janowitz became a professor of sociology at the University of Michigan, where he taught until 1961. In 1962 he left Michigan and became a professor in the sociology department of the University of Chicago. He completed a five-year chairmanship in 1972 and remained in the department until his retirement in 1987. He died a year later on November 7th from Parkinson's disease (8). [2]
Ideas and Accomplishments
In 1953 Janowitz summoned a group of scholars, including Samuel Huntington, to Ann Arbor, Michigan to discuss the future study of the armed forces. This led Janowitz to cultivate and develop his ideas about military sociology through a Fulbright Fellowship in 1954 and a fellowship at the Center of Advanced study in the Behavioral Sciences in 1958, where in 1960 he completed his first major work on military sociology, The Professional Soldier: A Social and Political Portrait (13).[2]
The Professional Soldier was a major accomplishment and established the study of the military as a sub-field in sociology by creating a "fertile research agenda" which other scholars could and still do follow.[1] It remains one of the foundational works in the area of civil-military relations,[3] and was particularly important given that previous foci of sociology had excluded the study of the armed forces.[1] The Professional Soldier used a methodology which included content analysis, a survey of 760 generals and admirals and 576 military officers from the Pentagon, and interviews of over 100 high-level officers (995). It revealed the changing nature of organizational authority within the military away from a disciplinary model towards subtler forms of personnel management, reflecting an overall organizational shift from institution to occupation. Furthermore, the soldier had become more technical and proficient in its functional means, narrowing the gap between the civilian and military spheres by requiring more specialized civilian participation in the more technical capacities of the military. Janowitz also noted a shift in recruitment, wherein the demographics of military after World War II began to more closely resemble those of the American people, and the highest officer ranks were filled by "persons with unconventional and adaptive careers." Finally, the U.S. military had become increasingly politicized, forcing military leaders to adopt political viewpoints on current events, which led to the development of two competing perspectives of the proper use of the armed forces in international relations, termed "absolutist" and "pragmatic" (996). [4]
After the Second World War he gathered a group of sociologists around the journal Armed Forces and Society. This group, and other scientists such as Samuel Huntington of The Clash of Civilizations fame and the Briton Michael Howard, gave new content to traditional military sciences with their special subject "War and History."[citation needed]
Bibliography
References
- ^ a b c http://www.iusafs.org/JanowitzBio.asp - website accessed 6/22/11
- ^ a b c d Burk, James.1991. "Introduction: A Pragmatic Sociology," in On Social Organization and Social Control by Morris Janowitz. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. pp.1-56
- ^ "People of 1988: Obituaries", 1989 Britannica Book of the Year, Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., 1989, p. 98, ISBN 0-85229-504-9
- ^ Maslan, John. 1960. "Book Review." American Political Science Review, Vol.54, No.4. pp.995-997.
For Further Reading
Janowitz, Morris and Charles C. Moskos, Jr. “Racial Composition in the All-Volunteer Force.” Armed Forces & Society, Oct 1974; vol. 1: pp. 109–123. http://afs.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/1/1/109
Janowitz, Morris and Charles C. Moskos, Jr. “Five Years of the All-Volunteer Force: 1973-1978.” Armed Forces & Society, Jan 1979; vol. 5: pp. 171–218. http://afs.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/5/2/171
Janowitz, Morris. “From Institutional to Occupational: The Need for Conceptual Continuity.” Armed Forces & Society, Oct 1977; vol. 4: pp. 51–54. http://afs.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/4/1/51
Janowitz, Morris. “Military Institutions and Citizenship in Western Societies.” Armed Forces & Society, Jan 1976: vol. 2: pp. 185–204. http://afs.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/2/2/185
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