Mildred Lewis Rutherford: Difference between revisions

Mildred Lewis Rutherford
Mildred Lewis Rutherford
	"Miss Millie" Rutherford
Born	July 16, 1851; Athens, Georgia, United States
Died	August 15, 1928 (aged 77)
Occupation	Writer; Educator;

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Mildred Lewis "Miss Millie" Rutherford (July 16, 1851 – August 15, 1928) was a prominent educator and author from Athens, Georgia. She served the Lucy Cobb Institute for over forty years. Heavily involved in many organizations, she became the historian general of the United Daughters of the Confederacy. She was a prolific writer of textbooks and other works, and was also known for her oratory, delivered while dressed as a southern belle. She held strong pro-Confederacy, proslavery views and opposed women's suffrage.

Biography

Family background

Rutherford was born July 16, 1851 in Athens, Georgia.^[1]^[2] She was the granddaughter of John Addison Cobb, whose involvement in agriculture (he owned a plantation with 209 slaves by 1840), the Georgia Railroad, and real estate made him "one of the area's wealthiest men".^[1] She was the niece of John's sons Howell Cobb, who served six terms as a Democratic Congressman and Speaker of the House for two years, and the lawyer Thomas R.R. Cobb, one of the founders of the University of Georgia School of Law– he "codified Georgia's state laws", "wrote the wartime state constitution of 1861", and was a prominent proslavery propagandist.^[1] Mildred Rutherford was the daughter of Laura Cobb Rutherford (Howell and Thomas's sister) and Williams Rutherford, a professor of mathematics at the University of Georgia.^[3] Rutherford's family were instrumental in the founding of the Lucy Cobb Institute.

Education and career

Rutherford entered the Lucy Cobb Institute at the age of eight "in the school's first session".^[3] She was graduated from there at the age of sixteen^[4] in 1868.^[5]

Educator

After teaching in Atlanta for eight years,^[5] Rutherford served as the principal of the Lucy Cobb Institute in Athens from 1880 to 1895^[6]^[7] and lived in a house directly across the street until it burned c. 1926,^[8] continuing to serve the school in various capacities for over forty years^[9] (including several years again at its head "with the title of 'president' signaling the school's college-level ambitions").^[10] According to Sarah Case,

Rutherford took over a struggling institution and rebuilt it into one of the most prestigious schools for young women in Georgia. She immediately went to work improving its academic standards, beautifying the physical plant, and increasing enrollment. In agreeing to head the school, Rutherford had insisted that the all-male board of directors cede to her its control of the budget and power to hire and fire staff.^[11]

She decided the students needed a chapel and had them write seeking funding for one. In 1881, Nellie Stovall wrote "a beautiful and girlish letter"^[12] to George I. Seney, who responded with $10,000 in funding (and a challenge to the town for an additional $4,000)^[13] for the structure, an octagonal red brick building called the Seney-Stovall Chapel.^[14]^[15]

Case further describes Lucy Cobb under Rutherford's direction:

Rutherford's deep concern with propriety and feminine modesty should not obscure the fact that the school prepared women for more than traditional domestic roles. Lucy Cobb recognized that many of its alumnae would seek employment, and by teaching students marketable, and at the same time, respectable, skills, as well as genteel decorum and dress, Lucy Cobb created a new image of elite white single womanhood that combined aspects of the new woman and the southern belle, what I call the "new belle." As early as 1885, a Lucy Cobb commencement speaker argued that women ought to be allowed into more professions.^[16]

Orator and historian

Rutherford was an accomplished public speaker– she ofttimes dressed as a southern belle when orating^[17]– who addressed a great number of local organizations, including the YMCA, the Ladies Memorial Association (for which she served as president),^[9] and the Athens chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC), and in November 1912 addressed the national assembly of the UDC as their historian general.^[18]

She "became perhaps the best-known amateur historian in the early twentieth century for her extensive writings and speeches, her historical journal, published from 1923 to 1927, and her promotion of historical work among the UDC as that organization's Historian General from 1911 to 1916".^[19] She gave "the first speech by a woman to be printed in the Congressional Record" in 1916 at a UDC convention".^[9]

"Miss Millie," always a champion of southern traditions, was a woman of powerful personality, commanding presence, and fearlessly outspoken opinions; she was known widely for the speeches she delivered in hoop skirts. For all her decorum, she seemed to enjoy the protracted battles over the plaster goats that stood at the end of the dormitory's long veranda. The college boys periodically painted these animals in their school colors, red and black. At last they were broken when the boys attempted to hide them; some of the former belles of Lucy Cobb still cherish pieces of the goats as souvenirs.^[6]

Death and legacy

In 1927 Rutherford became gravely ill.^[20] Late on Christmas night, as she convalesced, her house suffered a devastating fire, consuming many of her personal papers and belongings, including "most of her private collection of Confederate artifacts".^[20]^[21] She died on August 15, 1928, and was interred in Oconee Hill Cemetery,^[22] Her great niece Mildred Seydell was named in her honor and became a well-known journalist, one of the first in Georgia, and a nationally syndicated columnist.^[20]^[23]

Views

Rutherford had a "strong Baptist faith"^[13] and expressed a "deep preoccupation with propriety and morality" in her textbooks, criticizing "authors who openly portrayed sexuality or themselves lived in ways Rutherford found immoral".^[24] She lauded the works of Southern writers and female writers.^[16]

According to University of Georgia historian Ann E. Marshall, she was a "tireless advocate of the 'Lost Cause' version of southern history".^[20] Goals of her writing included "establishing the South's contribution to United States history, legitimizing secession, and idealizing the antebellum plantation",^[25] and she defended American slavery, thinking its only problem was the burden it put upon the white slaveholders.^[19] She viewed "true history"– the way she saw, defined, and proselytized it– as a potential common ground between North and South, and also believed it to be a potent political weapon in support of the causes she espoused.^[26]

In 1914, she joined the Georgia Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage and became a "vocal opponent" of women's suffrage and the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which was ratified on August 18, 1920.^[27]^[20] She viewed suffage as "not a step toward equality, but rather a way of robbing women of the only power they truly held– that of feminine influence and persuasion within their families. Rutherford never reconciled this view with the fact that she herself was one of Georgia's most publicly active and well-known women of her time".^[28] Her opposition was "formidable". Dolly Blount Lamar and Rutherford headed the organization, and in 1919 this "conservative state" became the nation's first to reject the amendment.^[29] Case asserts that while "Rutherford reserved her strongest resistance for the suffrage amendment", she "opposed all constitutional amendments, including prohibition, despite her anti-alcohol sentiments, on the basis of limiting federal power".^[28]

Selected writings

Mildred Lewis Rutherford wrote 29 historically significant books and pamphlets. These were widely read.^[20] Among them are:

Rutherford, Mildred Lewis (1890). English Authors: a hand-book of English literature from Chaucer to living writers. Atlanta: The Constitution Book & Job Print.
Rutherford, Mildred Lewis (1894). American authors: a hand-book of American literature from early colonial to living writers. Atlanta: The Franklin Printing and Publishing Company.
Rutherford, Mildred Lewis (1906). The South in History and Literature: a handbook of Southern authors from the Settlement of Jamestown, 1607, to living writers. Atlanta: The Franklin-Turner Company.
Rutherford, Mildred Lewis (November 21 1912). Address delivered by Miss Mildred Lewis Rutherford, historian general, United Daughters of the Confederacy. Thirteen periods of United States history. New Orleans, La. Retrieved January 23, 2012. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help) at Internet archive.
Rutherford, Mildred Lewis (1906). French authors: a hand-book of French literature. Froissart --Living writers. Atlanta: The Franklin Printing and Publishing Company.
Rutherford, Mildred Lewis (1916). Four Addresses. Paul Hunter Books, Arranged and printed by The Mildred Rutherford Historical Circle.
Rutherford, Mildred Lewis (1920, reprinted with new material 1998). Truths of History: A Historical Perspective of the Civil War From the Southern Viewpoint. Athens, Georgia (original); Atlanta, Georgia (reprint): Southern Lion Books, Inc. ISBN 0-9662454-0-7. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: year (link) at Internet Archive
Rutherford, Mildred Lewis (1926). Georgia: the thirteenth colony. Athens, Georgia: McGregor. p. 245. OCLC 1390253.

Bibliography

Endnotes

^ ^a ^b ^c Case, 2009, 273.
^ "Mildred "Miss Millie" Rutherford". GeorgiaInfo. Digital Library of Georgia. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
^ ^a ^b Case, 2009, 275.
^ Rutherford, "Life Sketch of Miss Mildred Rutherford," 1923, 105-107.
^ ^a ^b Case, 2009, 276.
^ ^a ^b Georgia Writers' Project (1940). Georgia: a Guide to Its Towns and Countryside. University of Georgia Press. p. 155. Retrieved 12 February 2011.
^ Knight, 1913, 437-38.
^ Reap, James K. (1982). Athens: a pictorial history. Norfolk, Virginia: The Donning Company. p. 62.
^ ^a ^b ^c Thomas and Koch, 2009, 125–126, 130.
^ Case, 2009, 281.
^ Case, 2009, 276-277.
^ Blandin, Isabella Margaret Elizabeth (1909). History of Higher Education of Women in the South Prior to 1860. New York and Washington: The Neale Publishing Company. pp. 149–152. Retrieved 12 February 2011.
^ ^a ^b Case, 2009, 277.
^ Jones, Charles Edgeworth (1889). Herbert Baxter Adams (ed.). Education in Georgia. Contributions to American educational history. Vol. 5. pp. 110–112.
^ "Seney-Stovall Chapel History". Carl Vinson Institute of Government, University of Georgia. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
^ ^a ^b Case, 2009, 279.
^ "Mildred Lewis "Miss Millie" Rutherford". Retrieved January 24, 2012. at Find a Grave
^ Hale, Grace Elizabeth (1994, 2009). "'Some Women Have Never Been Reconstructed': Mildred Lewis Rutherford, Lucy Stanton, and the Racial Politics of White Southern Womanhood, 1900–1930". In John C. Inscoe (ed.). Georgia in Black and White: Explorations in Race Relations of a Southern State, 1865–1960. University of Georgia Press. pp. 173–201. ISBN 978-0820335056. Retrieved Feruary 15, 2011. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)
^ ^a ^b Hale, Grace Elizabeth (1998). Making Whiteness: The Culture of Segregation in the South, 1890–1940. New York: Pantheon Books. pp. 61–62. ISBN 0-679-44263-4.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Marshall, Anne E. (January 29, 2010). "Mildred Lewis Rutherford (1851–1928)". The New Georgia Encyclopedia. University of Georgia. Retrieved January 23, 2012.
^ Case, 2009, 289
^ Jackson, Ed. "This Day in Georgia History: July 16". GeorgiaInfo. Digital Library of Georgia. Retrieved 24 January 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
^ Lisby, Gregory C. (May 5, 2010). "Mildred Seydell (1889–1988)". The New Georgia Encyclopedia. Georgia State University. Retrieved January 24, 2012.
^ Case, 2009, 278.
^ Case, 2009, 283
^ Case, 2002, 599
^ McRae, Elizabeth Gillespie (Winter 1998). "Caretakers of Southern Civilization: Georgia Women and the Anti-Suffrage Campaign, 1914–1920". Georgia Historical Quarterly. 82. Georgia Historical Society: 801–28.
^ ^a ^b Case, 2009, 285.
^ Zainaldin, Jamil S., Georgia Humanities Council; Inscoe, John C., University of Georgia (January 25, 2008). "Progressive Era". The New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved January 27, 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

References

Case, Sarah H. (August, 2002). "The Historical Ideology of Mildred Lewis Rutherford: A Confederate Historian's New South Creed". The Journal of Southern History. 68 (3). Southern Historical Association: 599–628. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
Case, Sarah (2009). "Mildred Lewis Rutherford (1851–1928) The redefinition of New South White Womanhood". In Ann Short Chirhart & Betty Wood (ed.). Georgia Women: Their Lives and Times. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press. pp. 272–296. ISBN 978-0820339009.
Rutherford, Mildred Lewis (1923, 2000). "Life Sketch of Miss Mildred Rutherford". In Unknown (ed.). History of Athens & Clarke County, Georgia. Athens, Georgia; Greenville, South Carolina: H.J. Rowe (original), Southern Historical Press, Inc. (reprint with new material). pp. 105–107. ISBN 0-89308-412-3. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
Thomas, Frances Taliaferro; Koch, Mary Levin (1992, 2009). A Portrait of Historic Athens & Clarke County (Second ed.). Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press. ISBN 978-0-8203-3044-0. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

@@ Line 51: / Line 51: @@
 Rutherford had a "strong [[Baptist]] faith"<ref name="case277" /> and expressed a "deep preoccupation with propriety and morality" in her textbooks, criticizing "authors who openly portrayed sexuality or themselves lived in ways Rutherford found immoral".<ref>Case, 2009, 278.</ref> She lauded the works of Southern writers and female writers.<ref name="case279" />
-According to University of Georgia historian Ann E. Marshall, she was a "tireless advocate of the '[[Lost Cause of the Confederacy|Lost Cause]]' version of southern history".<ref name="Marshall"/> Goals of her writing included "establishing the South's contribution to United States history, legitimizing secession, and idealizing the antebellum plantation",<ref>Case, 2009, 283</ref> and she defended [[Slavery in the United States|American slavery]], thinking its only problem was the burden it put upon the white slaveholders.<ref name="makingwhiteness"/> She viewed "true history"{{ndash}} the way she saw, defined, and proselytized it{{ndash}} as a potential common ground between [[Union (American Civil War)|North]] and [[Confederacy (American Civil War)|South]], and also believed it to be a potent political weapon in support of the causes she espoused.<ref name="Case2">{{cite journal |title=The Historical Ideology of Mildred Lewis Rutherford: A Confederate Historian's New South Creed
+According to University of Georgia historian Ann E. Marshall, she was a "tireless advocate of the '[[Lost Cause of the Confederacy|Lost Cause]]' version of southern history".<ref name="Marshall"/> Goals of her writing included "establishing the South's contribution to United States history, legitimizing secession, and idealizing the antebellum plantation",<ref>Case, 2009, 283</ref> and she defended [[Slavery in the United States|American slavery]], thinking its only problem was the burden it put upon the white slaveholders.<ref name="makingwhiteness"/> She viewed "true history"{{ndash}} the way she saw, defined, and proselytized it{{ndash}} as a potential common ground between [[Union (American Civil War)|North]] and [[Confederacy (American Civil War)|South]], and also believed it to be a potent political weapon in support of the causes she espoused.<ref name="Case2">Case, 2002, 599</ref>
-|first1=Sarah H. |last1=Case |work=The Journal of Southern History |volume=68 |number=3 |date=August, 2002 |page=599–628 |publisher=[[Southern Historical Association]]|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/3070160}}</ref>
 In 1914, she joined the Georgia Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage and became a "vocal opponent" of [[women's suffrage]] and the [[Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]], which was ratified on August 18, 1920.<ref name="McRae">{{cite journal |first1=Elizabeth Gillespie |last1=McRae |title=Caretakers of Southern Civilization: Georgia Women and the Anti-Suffrage Campaign, 1914–1920 |work=[[Georgia Historical Quarterly]] |publisher=[[Georgia Historical Society]] |volume=82 |date=Winter 1998 |page=801–28}}</ref><ref name="Marshall"/> She viewed suffage as "not a step toward equality, but rather a way of robbing women of the only power they truly held{{ndash}} that of feminine influence and persuasion within their families. Rutherford never reconciled this view with the fact that she herself was one of Georgia's most publicly active and well-known women of her time".<ref name="case285">Case, 2009, 285.</ref> Her opposition was "formidable".  Dolly Blount Lamar and Rutherford headed the organization, and in 1919 this "conservative state" became the nation's first to reject the amendment.<ref name="Zainaldin">{{cite web |url=http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-3542
@@ Line 73: / Line 72: @@
 ===References===
+*{{cite journal |title=The Historical Ideology of Mildred Lewis Rutherford: A Confederate Historian's New South Creed
+|first1=Sarah H. |last1=Case |work=The Journal of Southern History |volume=68 |number=3 |date=August, 2002 |page=599–628 |publisher=[[Southern Historical Association]]|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/3070160}}
 *{{cite book|last=Case|first=Sarah|editor=Ann Short Chirhart & Betty Wood|title=Georgia Women: Their Lives and Times|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=VqU2PsmlYpMC&lpg=PA291&dq=%22Mildred%20Lewis%20Rutherford%22&pg=PA272#v=onepage&q=%22Mildred%20Lewis%20Rutherford%22&f=false|year=2009|publisher=[[University of Georgia Press]]|location=Athens, Georgia|isbn=978-0820339009|pages=272–296|chapter=Mildred Lewis Rutherford (1851–1928) The redefinition of New South White Womanhood}}
 *{{cite book|last=Rutherford|first=Mildred Lewis|editor=Unknown|title=History of Athens & Clarke County, Georgia|date=1923, 2000|publisher=H.J. Rowe (original), Southern Historical Press, Inc. (reprint with new material)|location=Athens, Georgia; Greenville, South Carolina|isbn=0-89308-412-3|pages=105–107|chapter=Life Sketch of Miss Mildred Rutherford}}