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milton keynes does not exist.
{{for|Milton Keynes, the original village|Milton Keynes Village}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2011}}
{{infobox UK place
|country = England
|population = 195,687
|population_ref = (2008 estimate)<ref>{{Cite document |url = http://www.mkiobservatory.org.uk/Download/Public/1026/DOCUMENT/9103/Population%20Bulletin%202009-10.pdf |title=Milton Keynes Population Bulletin 2008/09 |publisher=Milton Keynes Council |page=5 |accessdate=24 August 2010}}</ref>
|area_total_km2 = 89
|latitude = 52.036
|longitude = -0.770
|official_name = Milton Keynes
| unitary_england = [[Milton Keynes (borough)|Milton Keynes]]
| lieutenancy_england = [[Buckinghamshire]]
|region = South East England
|constituency_westminster = [[Milton Keynes North (UK Parliament constituency)|Milton Keynes North]]
|constituency_westminster1=[[Milton Keynes South (UK Parliament constituency)|Milton Keynes South]]
|post_town = MILTON KEYNES
|postcode_area = MK
|postcode_district = MK1–15
|dial_code = 01908
|os_grid_reference = SP841386
|london_distance = {{convert|47.9|mi}}
|static_image = [[File:MK Montage.jpg|300px]]
|static_image_caption = <small>Clockwise from top left: [[Bletchley]]'s high Street "Queensway", Christ the Cornerstone Church, the [[Central Milton Keynes]] skyline, former railway works and new housing in [[Wolverton]] and [[Milton Keynes Central railway station]].</small>
|website = http://www.milton-keynes.gov.uk
}}
'''Milton Keynes''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-uk-MiltonKeynes.ogg|ˌ|m|ɪ|l|t|ən|_|ˈ|k|iː|n|z}} {{respell|mil-tən|KEENZ|'}}), sometimes abbreviated '''MK''', is a large town<!-- legally, still a town so the article can't say "city" here until the place gets city status --> in [[Buckinghamshire]], in the [[South East England|south east of England]], about {{convert|49|mi|km}} north-west of London. It is the administrative centre of the [[Milton Keynes (borough)|Borough of Milton Keynes]]. It was formally designated as a [[new towns in the United Kingdom|new town]] on 23 January 1967, with the design brief to become a 'city' in scale.


At designation, its {{convert|89|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} area incorporated the existing towns of [[Bletchley]], [[Wolverton]] and [[Stony Stratford]] along with another fifteen villages and farmland in between. It took its name from the existing [[Middleton (Milton Keynes Village)|village of Milton Keynes]], a few miles east of [[Central Milton Keynes|the planned centre]].<!-- Do NOT change this to being named after Milton Friedman and John Maynard Keynes: this is a MYTH.-->


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At the [[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 census]] the population of the [[Milton Keynes urban area]], including the adjacent [[Newport Pagnell]], was 184,506, and that of the wider borough, which has been a [[unitary authority]] independent of Buckinghamshire County Council since 1997, was 207,063 (compared with a population of around 53,000 for the same area in 1961<ref name="vision">[http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_table_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_TPop&u_id=10100215&c_id=10001043&add=N Vision of Britain: historic census populations for modern Milton Keynes UA] Accessed 11 October 2006</ref>). The Borough’s population in 2009 is estimated to be nearly 241,000,<ref>[http://www.mkiobservatory.org.uk/page.aspx?id=1914&siteID=1026 MKi Observatory: Population Estimates]{{ndash}} Miltonkeynes.gov.uk. Accessed 11 March 2011</ref> with almost all the increase arising in the urban area.


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==History==
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{{Main|History of Milton Keynes}}


===Birth of a "New City"<!-- Leave this as 'city', it's in inverted commas for a reason. All the 1960s government papers and MKDC design documents described it as a 'new city'. The term 'New City' remains in common use locally, particularly to distinguish the wider urban area from the existing towns that contributed to it. Towns within a town would be totally confusing. -->===


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In the 1960s, the UK Government decided that a further generation of [[new towns in the United Kingdom|new towns]] in the South East was needed to relieve housing congestion in London.


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[[Image:BofMiltonKeynesUA-popn.png|thumb|right|Population trend of Borough and Urban Area 1801–2001]]
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Since the 1950s, [[London overspill|overspill]] housing for several [[London borough]]s<ref name="clutch1">[http://clutch.open.ac.uk/schools/eaton-overspill00/begining.html Clutch.open.ac.uk] Accessed 10 October 2006</ref><ref name="clutch2">[http://clutch.open.ac.uk/schools/eaton-overspill00/housing.html Clutch.open.ac.uk] Accessed 10 October 2006</ref><ref name="times1">''Need for more planned towns in the South-East.''The Times. 2 December 1964 Accessed 21 September 2006</ref> had been constructed in [[Bletchley (Milton Keynes)|Bletchley]]. Further studies<ref name="ses1">South East Study 1961–1981 HMSO 1964, cited in The Plan for Milton Keynes. Accessed 25 September 2006</ref><ref name="times2">Urgent action to meet London housing needs. ''[[The Times]]'', 4 February 1965. Accessed 21 September 2006</ref> in the 1960s identified north Buckinghamshire as a possible site for a large new town, a new city,<ref name="planformk">Volume 1 of ''The Plan for Milton Keynes'' ([[Milton Keynes Development Corporation]] March, 1970 ISBN 0-903379-00-7 begins (in the Foreword by Lord ("Jock") Campbell of Eskan): "This plan for building the new city of Milton Keynes ..." (page xi) Accessed 25 September 2006</ref> encompassing the existing towns of Bletchley, [[Stony Stratford]] and [[Wolverton, Buckinghamshire|Wolverton]]. The New Town (informally, "New City") was to be the biggest yet, with a target population of 250,000,<ref name="times3">Area of New Town Increased by {{convert|6000|acre|sqkm}}. The Times. 14 January 1966. Accessed 21 September 2006</ref> in a 'designated area' of {{convert|21850|acre|sqmi km2|1|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.milton-keynes.gov.uk/statistics/DisplayArticle.asp?ID=11407|title=MK Council General Statistics. |publisher=Milton Keynes Council|accessdate=10 April 2008}}</ref> The name "Milton Keynes" was taken from the existing [[Middleton (Milton Keynes Village)|village of Milton Keynes]] on the site.<ref name="llewelyn-david">Llewelyn-David et al. ''The Plan for Milton Keynes 1968''. Accessed 11 January 2007</ref>


The site was deliberately located equidistant from London, [[Birmingham]], [[Leicester]], [[Oxford]] and [[Cambridge]] with the intention<ref name="ses2">''The South East Study 1961–1981'' HMSO London, 1964: "A big change in the economic balance within the south east is needed to modify the dominance of London and to get a more even distribution of growth". Accessed 27 November 2006</ref> that it would be self-sustaining and eventually become a major [[regional centre]] in its own right.
Planning control was taken from elected [[Local government|local authorities]] and delegated to the [[Milton Keynes Development Corporation]] (MKDC).


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The Corporation's strongly [[Modern architecture|modernist]] designs featured regularly in the magazines ''[[Architectural Design]]'' and the ''[[Architects' Journal]]''. MKDC was determined to learn from the mistakes made in the earlier [[New Towns]] and revisit the [[Garden city movement|Garden City ideals]]. They set in place the characteristic [[Milton Keynes grid road system|grid roads]] that run between districts, as well as the intensive planting, lakes and parkland that are so evident today. Central Milton Keynes was not intended to be a traditional [[town centre]] but a business and shopping district that supplemented the Local Centres in most of the Grid Squares.<ref name="llewelyn-david"/> This non-hierarchical devolved city plan was a departure from the English New Towns tradition and envisaged a wide range of industry and diversity of housing styles and tenures across the city. The largest and almost the last of the British New Towns, Milton Keynes has stood the test of time far better than most, and has proved flexible and adaptable.<ref name="bishop1">Jeff Bishop ''Milton Keynes{{ndash}} the Best of Both Worlds? Public and professional views of a new city.'' [[University of Bristol]] School for Advanced [[List of urban studies topics|Urban Studies]] 1981. Accessed 13 February 2007</ref> The radical grid plan was inspired by the work of Californian urban theorist [[Melvin M. Webber]] (1921–2006), described by the founding architect of Milton Keynes, [[Derek Walker]], as the "father of the city".<ref name="walker2">Walker ''The Architecture and Planning of Milton Keynes'', Architectural Press, London 1981. Accessed 13 February 2007</ref> Webber thought that telecommunications meant that the old idea of a city as a concentric cluster was out of date and that cities which enabled people to travel around them readily would be the thing of the future achieving "community without propinquity" for residents.<ref name="webber">M Webber (1963) 'Order in Diversity: Community Without Propinquity'', in L Wingo (ed.) 'Cities and Spaces'' Hopkins, Baltimore. Accessed 13 February 2007</ref>


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The Government wound up MKDC in 1992, 25 years after the new town was created, transferring control to the Commission for New Towns (CNT) and then finally to [[English Partnerships]], with the planning function returning to local authority control (since 1974 and the [[Local Government Act 1972]], the [[Milton Keynes (borough)|Milton Keynes Borough Council]], which was subsequently made a [[unitary authority]] in the 1990s). Since 2004 a Government [[quango]], the [[Milton Keynes Partnership]], has development control powers to accelerate the growth of Milton Keynes.
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Along with many other towns and boroughs, Milton Keynes competed for [[city status in the United Kingdom|formal city status]] in the 2000 and 2002 competitions, but was not ultimately successful. Nevertheless, the terms 'city' and 'city centre' are widely used by its citizens, local media and bus services to describe itself, perhaps because the term 'town' is taken to mean one of the constituent towns.


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===Prior history===
{{main|History of Milton Keynes}}
[[Image:MiltonKeynesHoard.JPG|thumb|upright|Reproductions of the [[Milton Keynes Hoard]] ([[Milton Keynes Museum]])]]
The area that was to become Milton Keynes encompassed a landscape that has a rich historic legacy. The area to be developed was largely farmland and undeveloped villages, but with evidence of permanent settlement dating back to the [[Bronze Age]]. Before construction began, every area was subject to detailed archaeological investigation: doing so has provided a unique insight into the history of a large sample of the landscape of south-central England. There is evidence of [[Iron Age]], [[Romano-British]], [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]], [[Anglo-Norman]], [[Medieval]] and [[Industrial revolution]] settlements. Collections [http://clutch.open.ac.uk] of [[oral history]] covering the 20th century completes a picture that is described in detail in [[History of Milton Keynes|another article]].


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When the boundary of Milton Keynes was defined in 1967, some 40,000 people<ref name="population">[http://www.mkweb.co.uk/Milton_Keynes_General/DisplayArticle.asp?ID=285. MKweb.co.uk] Subsequent census data is 1971:46,500; 1981:95,800; 1991:144,700; 2001:177,500. Accessed 21 May 2006</ref> lived in three towns and seven villages in the "designated area" of {{convert|21863|acre|sqkm}}.
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==Urban design==


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:''The concepts that heavily influenced the design of the town are described in detail in article [[urban planning]]{{ndash}} see 'cells' under [[Urban planning#Planning and aesthetics|Planning and aesthetics]] (referring to grid squares).See also article [[single-use zoning]].''


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Since the radical plan form and large scale of Milton Keynes attracted international attention, early phases of the town include work by celebrated architects, including [[Richard MacCormac|Sir Richard MacCormac]], [[Norman Foster, Baron Foster of Thames Bank|Lord Norman Foster]], [[Henning Larsen]], [[Ralph Erskine (architect)|Ralph Erskine]], [[John Winter (architect)|John Winter]], and Martin Richardson.<ref name="bishop2">Jef Bishop ''Milton Keynes{{ndash}} the Best of Both Worlds? Public and professional views of a new city.'' University of Bristol School for Advanced Urban Studies. Accessed 13 February 2007.</ref> The Corporation itself attracted talented young architects led by the young and charismatic Derek Walker. Though strongly committed to sleek "Miesian" [[minimalism]] inspired by the German/American architect [[Mies van der Rohe]] they also developed a strand of [[contextualism]] in advance of the wider adoption of commercial [[Postmodernism|Post-Modernism]] as an [[architectural style]] in the 1980s. In the Miesian tradition were the Pineham Sewage Works, which Derek Walker regarded as his finest achievement, and the [[Milton Keynes Shopping Centre|Shopping Building]] designed by Stuart Mosscrop and Christopher Woodward, which the [[Twentieth Century Society]] ''[[inter alia]]'' regards as the finest twentieth century retail building in Britain. The contextual tradition that ran alongside it is best exemplified by the Corporation's infill scheme at Cofferidge Close, Stony Stratford, designed by Wayland Tunley, which carefully inserts into a historic stretch of High Street a modern retail facility, offices and [[Parking lot|car park]]. The [[Development Corporation]] also led an ambitious [[Art in Milton Keynes#Public art|Public art]] programme.
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===Grid squares===
{{Quote box
|The geography of Milton Keynes{{ndash}} [[West Coast Main Line|the railway line]], [[Watling Street]], [[Grand Union Canal]], [[M1 motorway]]{{ndash}} sets up a very strong north-south axis. If you've got to build a city between (them) it is very natural to take a pen and draw the rungs of a ladder. Ten miles by six is the size of this city{{ndash}} 22,000 acres. Do you lay it out like an American city, rigid orthogonal from side to side? Being more sensitive in 1966-7, the designers decided that the grid concept should apply but should be a lazy grid following the flow of land, its valleys, its ebbs and flows. That would be nicer to look at, more economical and efficient to build, and would sit more beautifully as a landscape intervention.
|source = Professor David Lock, MBE<ref>
{{cite book |title='The story of ''the original'' CMK' &hellip; told by the people who shaped the original [[Central Milton Keynes]] (interviews) |last=Kitchen |first=Roger |coauthors=Hill, Marion |year=2007 |publisher=Living Archive |location=Milton Keynes |isbn=978 090484734 – 5 |page=17 |pages= 144|url=http://www.livingarchive.org.uk/ |accessdate=26 January 2009}} (Professor Lock is visiting professor of town planning at [[Reading University]]. He was the chief town planner for CMK.) (Ten miles is about 16km and 18,000 acres is about 7,300 hectares),
</ref>
|align = right
|width = 40%}}
{{Main|Milton Keynes grid road system||List of districts in Milton Keynes}}
Milton Keynes Development Corporation planned the major road layout according to [[street hierarchy]] principles, using a [[Grid plan|grid pattern]] of approximately {{convert|1|km|mi}} interval, rather than on the more conventional [[wikt:radial|radial]] pattern found in older settlements. Major internal roads run between communities, rather than through them: these distributor roads are known locally as ''grid roads'' and the spaces between them{{ndash}} the districts{{ndash}} are known as ''grid squares''.<ref>{{cite book|first=Derek |last=Walker |title=The Architecture and Planning of Milton Keynes |publisher=Architectural Press |year=1982 |pages=&nbsp;8 |location=London|isbn=0851397352}} cited in {{cite book|first=Mark |last=Clapson |title=A Social History of Milton Keynes: Middle England/Edge City |pages=&nbsp;40 |publisher=Frank Cass |location=London |year=2004|isbn=0714684171}}</ref> Intervals of {{convert|1|km|mi}} were chosen so that people would always be within walking distance of a bus stop. Consequently each grid square is a semi-autonomous community, making a unique collective of 100 clearly identifiable neighbourhoods within the overall urban environment. The grid squares have a variety of development styles, ranging from conventional urban development and industrial parks to original rural and modern urban and pseudo-rural developments. Most grid squares have Local Centres, intended as local retail hubs and most with community facilities as well. Originally intended under the Master Plan to sit alongside the Grid Roads, the Local Centres were mostly in fact built embedded in the communities and some are becoming unviable as a result of this and pressure from the new hypermarkets.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}}


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===Roads and cycleways===
{{Main|Milton Keynes redway system|Segregated cycle facilities}}
[[Roundabout]] junctions were built at intersections because the [[Milton Keynes grid road system|grid roads]] were intended to carry large volumes of traffic: this type of junction is efficient at dealing with these volumes. The major roads are [[dual carriageway]], the others are single carriageway. Along one side of each single-carriageway grid road there is a (grassed) reservation to permit dualling or additional transport infrastructure at a later date. The edges of each grid square are landscaped and densely planted, some additionally have [[berm]]s. The purpose of the berms is to reduce traffic noise for adjacent residents, but traffic noise can be significant at many locations even some distance from the grid roads.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} Traffic movements are fast, with relatively little congestion since there are alternative routes to any particular destination. The [[national speed limit]] applies on dual carriageway sections of the grid roads ({{convert|70|mph|km/h|0}}) and most single carriageway grid roads ({{convert|60|mph|km/h|0}}), although some single carriageway [[speed limit]]s have now been reduced to {{convert|40|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}. Consequently the risk to unwary pedestrians and turning traffic is significant, although pedestrians rarely need to cross grid roads [[At-grade intersection|at grade]], as [[underpass]]es exist in several places along each stretch of all of the grid roads. However, the new districts to be added by the [[expansion plans for Milton Keynes]] will depart from this model, with less separation and using 'at grade' crossings. Monitoring station data<ref name="localair">[http://www.mkweb.co.uk/environmental-health/DisplayArticle.asp?ID=17335 MKweb.co.uk] Accessed 16 August 2006</ref> shows that pollution is lower than in other settlements of a similar size. This can be partially attributed to the large number of trees, especially as trees line grid roads in most places.


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There is a separate [[cycleway]] network (the "[[Milton Keynes redway system|redways]]") that runs through the grid-squares and sometimes runs alongside the grid-road network. This was designed to segregate slow moving cycle and pedestrian traffic from fast moving motor traffic. In practice, it is mainly used for leisure cycling rather than commuting, mainly because the cycle routes include many underpasses beneath the grid-roads and because they take meandering scenic routes rather than straight lines. Despite what appears to be a desirable facility, rates of cycle commuting in Milton Keynes are well below the national average for urban areas. The [[Milton Keynes redway system|detailed article]] includes a critical appraisal.
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===Height===
[[File:Miltonkeynestowers.jpg|thumb|Two of the towers of the Hub: MK development, completed in 2008. The taller building is 14 floors high.]]
The original design guidance declared that "no building [be] taller than the tallest tree". However, the [[English Partnerships#Milton Keynes Partnership|Milton Keynes Partnership]], in its [[expansion plans for Milton Keynes]], believes that [[Central Milton Keynes]] (and elsewhere) needs "landmark buildings" and has lifted the height restriction for the area. As a result, 14-[[storey]] buildings have been built in the central business district. Some of the pedestrian underpasses have been closed in order to 'normalise' the streetscape of Central Milton Keynes and the character of the area is set to change under government pressure to increase densities of development. These changes are being opposed by pressure groups such as [[Urban Eden]] and the Milton Keynes Forum.


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Recent large-scale building includes The Pinnacle MK on Midsummer Boulevard. The Pinnacle is the largest office building to be constructed in Milton Keynes in 25 years. Other developments in the pipeline include a 20-storey tower as part of the West End One development and a casino tower adjacent to the Xscape centre.<ref>[http://www.miltonkeynespartnership.com Milton Keynes Partnership]</ref>


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===Linear parks===
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[[Image:Caldecotte Lake.jpg|thumb|Caldecotte Lake, Milton Keynes]]
The [[flood plain]]s of the [[River Great Ouse|Great Ouse]] and of its tributaries (the [[River Ouzel|Ouzel]] and some brooks) have been protected as [[linear park]]s that run right through Milton Keynes. The [[Grand Union Canal]] is another green route (and demonstrates the level geography of the area{{ndash}} there is just one minor lock in its entire {{convert|10|mi|km|adj=on}} route through from [[Fenny Stratford]] to the "Iron Trunk" [[Aqueduct]] over the Ouse at [[Wolverton]]. The [[Milton Keynes redway system]] of cycleways and footpaths uses these and other routes. The [[Park system]] was designed by [[landscape architect]] Peter Youngman, who also developed landscape precepts for the whole town: groups of grid squares were to be planted with different selections of trees and shrubs in order to give them distinct identities. However the landscaping of parks and of the grid roads was evolved under the leadership of Neil Higson, who from 1977 took over as Chief Landscape Architect and made the original grand but not entirely practical landscape plan more subtle.


A policy of creating "settings, strings, beads" for landscape features was introduced: 'settings' for historic villages and landscape features, 'strings' of landscape to make the linear parks hang together and 'beads' of [[public space]] where residents might linger. Higson also made the landscaping of the Grid Roads, one of the features of Milton Keynes, more subtle, with 'windows' cut into the roadside planting so that motorists travelling through had a sense of the major town they were in; early critics had said of Milton Keynes 'there is no there there', as the town could not be seen by the motorist just passing through. Now that the trees and shrubs have matured, the skill and lavish scale of the Grid Road planting makes a dramatic and welcome change from the monotony of many British towns and cities.{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}}


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==="City in the forest"===
The original Development Corporation design concept aimed<ref name="walker2"/> for a "forest city" and its foresters planted millions of trees from its own nursery in Newlands in the following years. As of 2006, the urban area has 20 million trees. Following the [[Liquidation|winding up]] of the Development Corporation the lavish landscapes of the Grid Roads and of the major parks were transferred to The Parks Trust, a [[Foundation (charity)|charity]] which is independent from the municipal authority and which was intended to resist pressures to build on the parks over time. The Parks Trust is endowed with a portfolio of commercial properties, the income of which pay for the upkeep of the green spaces, a maintenance model which has attracted international attention.<ref name="parkstrust1">[http://www.theparkstrust.com/parks-trust/DisplayArticle.asp?ID=33214 Theparkstrust.com] Accessed 30 October 2006</ref>


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===Further development plans===
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{{Main|Expansion plans for Milton Keynes}}
In January 2004, [[Deputy Prime Minister]] [[John Prescott]] announced<ref name="guardian1">[http://society.guardian.co.uk/urbandesign/story/0,11200,1116879,00.html?=rss Society.guardian.co.uk] Accessed 27 March 2006</ref> the Government's plan to double the population of Milton Keynes by 2026. He appointed [[English Partnerships]] to do so, taking planning controls away from [[Milton Keynes (borough)|Milton Keynes Borough Council]] and making EP the statutory planning authority. Their proposal for the next phase of expansion moves away from grid squares to large scale, mixed use, higher density development. The [[Expansion plans for Milton Keynes|more detailed article]] expands on the details of their proposals. As the first stage in that plan, the Government expanded<ref name="opsi1">[http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2004/uksi_20040932_en.pdf Accessed 2006-12-08 OPSI.gov.uk]</ref> the boundaries of the designated area, adding large green-field expansion sites to the east and west that are to be developed by 2015.


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In June 2004 [[Milton Keynes Partnership]] Committee (MKPC), was created by the Government and is a committee of the Homes and Communities Agency (HCA), the national housing and regeneration agency for England. MKPC was created to ensure a co-ordinated approach to planning and delivery of growth and development in the ‘new city’.


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The Partnership brings together Milton Keynes Council, HCA, Local Strategic Partnership representatives from the health, community and business sectors and independent representation.The role of MKPC is to co-ordinate and implement the delivery of growth and ensure that homes, infrastructure, jobs and community facilities are provided as part of a joined up approach.
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The day-to-day activities of MKPC are carried out by its staff of management, professional and technical experts, known collectively as Milton Keynes Partnership (MKP).


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==Culture==
[[Image:MK Bowl Concert.jpg|thumb|65,000 capacity by the [[Green Day]] [[Bullet in a Bible]] concert at [[National Bowl]]]]
The open air [[National Bowl]] is a 65,000 capacity venue for large scale events.


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The 1,400 seat [[Milton Keynes Theatre]] opened in 1999. The theatre has an unusual feature: the ceiling can be lowered closing off the third tier (gallery) to create a more intimate space for smaller scale productions. There are further performance spaces in Bletchley, Wolverton, [[Woughton#Leadenhall|Leadenhall]], [[Shenley Church End]], [[Stantonbury]] and [[Walton Hall (Milton Keynes)|Walton Hall]].
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[[Image:Milton Keynes Gallery.JPG|thumb|left|Milton Keynes Gallery, surface by [[Michael Craig-Martin]] ]]
[http://www.mk-g.org The town's public art gallery] (Milton Keynes Gallery beside the main theatre) presents free exhibitions of international contemporary art.


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In [[Wavendon]], on the southeast edge of the town, [http://www.stables.org/ The Stables] provides a venue for [[jazz]], [[blues]], [[folk music|folk]], rock, [[European classical music|classical]], pop and [[world music]]. It is closely associated with jazz artists [[Cleo Laine]] and [[John Dankworth]]. The venue also hosts an annual [[summer camp]] for young musicians.


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Another [[music venue]] is [http://www.myspace.com/thepitzclub The Pitz Club] in the [[Woughton]] Centre, Leadenhall. It usually features a mixture of [[punk music|punk]], [[alternative rock]], and [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]].
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There are two museums: the [[Bletchley Park]] complex, which as well as housing the museum of wartime cryptography, also hosts the National Museum of Computing including a working replica of the [[Colossus computer]], and the [[Milton Keynes Museum]], which includes the Stacey Hill Collection of rural life that existed before the foundation of the new town.


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The town also has a literature scene, with groups like [http://www.mkweb.co.uk/Speakeasy/home.asp Speakeasy] meeting regularly and hosting performance events, and the town's only poetry magazine, [[Monkey Kettle]] coming out twice a year. In addition, two [[performance poetry]] groups exist in the town{{ndash}} [http://www.poetrykapow.co.uk Poetry Kapow!], an offshoot of Monkey Kettle though now independent of the parent organisation, specialising in live, multi-discipline, interactive poetry/ art/ music events, usually featuring [[poetry slam|slam]]s; and [http://www.tongueinchicpoets.com Tongue in Chic], a regular [[open mic]] poetry event which features headline poets such as [[Rachel Pantechnicon]] and [[John Hegley]]. Between them, the two groups supply members of [http://www.poetrykapow.co.uk/bardcore Bardcore], a semi-professional group of 4–6 poets who work collaboratively on performance poetry projects.


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In May 2011, the outgoing Mayor, Debbie Brock announced the appointment of Mark Niel as the first official Milton Keynes' Poet Laureate.<ref>{{citation|url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-beds-bucks-herts-13502872| title = Mark Niel appointed Milton Keynes' first Poet Laureate| date = 23 May 2011| publisher = [[BBC]]| work = www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref>
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In July 2010, Milton Keynes' first independent Central Arts Centre was opened by Radio One DJ [[Jo Whiley]]. The centre is regenerated from the disused Central Bus Station and former Chicago Rock Cafe. It is home to the existing "[http://www.thebuszy.com Buszy]" Skate Plaza, which is where the name for the regenerated venue has come from. It is managed and operated by [http://www.mad-uk.org Make a Difference] a community interest company which in 2011 was awarded a "Big Society" award for their positive activities and opportunities for young people and the wider community. The Buszy is the social enterprise arm of Make a Difference. All profits raised by the cultural activity at the venue are re-invested into Make a Difference. The venue hosts independent cinema, live performance, gigs, art shows/exhibitions, dance activity, a thrift shop, office and conference facilities and the city's only social enterprise hub.


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Milton Keynes also boasts several [[choir]]s{{ndash}} the OU Choir, the Milton Keynes Chorale, the New English Singers, the Cornerstone Choir, [http://www.quorummk.org.uk Quorum], and others, along with a variety of amateur drama groups, and amateur musical theatre groups.


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In 1981, the main shopping area in the town centre was used as the filming location for the music video to [[Cliff Richard|Cliff Richard's]] hit [[Wired for Sound]].[http://learningfrommiltonkeynes.com/2008/12/22/cliff-richard-is-wired-for-sound-in-mk/]
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[http://www.milton-keynes.gov.uk/coin/home.asp?ID=2121 Milton Keynes Forum] is the registered [[civic society]] for the town.


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===Public sculpture===
[[Image:ConcreteCows.jpg|thumb|right|Liz Leyh's iconic "[[Concrete Cows]]"]]
Public sculpture in Milton Keynes<ref>[http://www.mkweb.co.uk/art/displayarticle.asp?id=294 MKweb.co.uk]</ref> includes work by [[Philip Jackson (sculptor)|Philip Jackson]], [[Nicolas Moreton]], [[Ronald Rae]] and [[Elisabeth Frink]].


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==Education==
[[File:Milton Keynes University.JPG|right|thumb|180px|University Centre Milton Keynes.]]
The [[Open University]]'s headquarters are based in the Walton Hall district, though as this is a [[distance learning]] institution, the only students resident on campus are approximately 200 full-time postgraduates. [[Cranfield University]], an all-postgraduate institution, is in nearby [[Cranfield]], Bedfordshire. [[Milton Keynes College]] provides [[further education]] up to [[foundation degree]] level, however a [[Postgraduate Certificate in Education]]<ref>Milton Keynes College, UCMK. [http://www.mkcollege.ac.uk/Default.aspx?pageId=2&CourseLevel=Higher&CourseCode=0881-1%2f1 Postgraduate Certificate in Education, in partnership with and accredited by Oxford Brookes University] Retrieved 6 August 2009</ref> course is available; run in partnership with and accredited by [[Oxford Brookes University]].


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In the early-1990s a purpose built [[polytechnic (United Kingdom)|polytechnic]] was opened at Kents Hill in Milton Keynes, opposite the Open University's Walton Hall site. At around the time the existing Polytechnics converted to Universities, "MK Poly" merged with the former Leicester Polytechnic, [[De Montfort University]] and the site was rebranded the DMU MK site. However in recent years, DMU closed the MK site and the Open University has expanded to take over the buildings.


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Although the town does not yet have its own conventional local university, its founders hope that the new [[University Centre Milton Keynes]] will be the seed for a future 'Milton Keynes University'. It is currently the UK's largest population centre without its own university proper.
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Like many parts of the UK, the state secondary schools in Milton Keynes are [[Comprehensive school]]s, although schools in the rest of Buckinghamshire still use the [[Tripartite System]]. Results are above the national average, though below that of the rest of Buckinghamshire{{ndash}} but the [[demography]] of Milton Keynes is also far closer to the national average than is the latter. Access to selective schools is still possible in Milton Keynes as the grammar schools in Buckingham and Aylesbury accept some pupils from within the unitary authority area, with Buckinghamshire County Council operating bus services to ferry pupils to the schools.


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The [[Safety Centre]] is a purpose-built interactive centre which provides safety education to visiting schools and youth groups via its full-size interactive demonstrations known as Hazard Alley.


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==Communications and media==
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Milton Keynes has two [[Commercial broadcasting|commercial radio]] stations, [http://www.heart.co.uk%20 Heart Home Counties], covering Buckinghamshire, Bedfordshire, Hertfordshire and Northamptonshire and MKFM, which started in June 2011 covering Milton Keynes and the surrounding areas. [[BBC Three Counties Radio]] is the local [[BBC Radio]] station, covering Buckinghamshire, Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire, but has different programming from the [[Bow Brickhill]] transmitter at breakfast. [http://www.crmk.co.uk CRMK Online] is a voluntary station broadcasting on the Internet.


For television, the area is in the overlap between the [[Oxford]] and the [[Sandy, Bedfordshire|Sandy]] transmitters and so receives [[BBC]] South and BBC East, and ITV [[Central Television|Central]] and [[Anglia Television|Anglia]]. Signal quality is weak in many areas due to distance and "terrain shadow".<ref>Based on tests using http://www.megalithia.com/elect/terrain.html</ref> It was for this reason among others that Milton Keynes has one of the first [[Cable television|Cable TV]] networks in the UK. However, the cable network is now ageing and in need of modernisation to cope with the imminent digital TV switchover; many residents have already opted for roof-top aerials and satellite dishes. All homes in the post-designation and/or post expansion areas of Milton Keynes are already on-net cable homes{{ndash}} but (as of Jan 2011) is analogue only. Virgin Media, which leases the cable network from Openreach until 2012, have yet to announce any plans for the service thereafter. The [[digital switchover]] for the Sandy transmitter took place in two phases over March/April 2011.


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Milton Keynes has two free-to-residents local newspapers, the [[Milton Keynes Citizen]], which is twice-weekly in some areas, and the [[MK News]], a weekly.


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In the early days of land-line broadband, parts of Milton Keynes were so far from the BT exchanges as to have a poor or no service.<ref>[http://www.adamchapman.com/mkbag/issue/default.html What's the issue in MK?]{{ndash}} Milton Keynes Broadband Action Group</ref> Recent work by BT to enhance its network (including [[FTTC]] and [[FTTP]]{{ndash}} BT Infinity) should see the issue resolved for up to 33% of customers before end of 2012<ref>[https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=explorer&chrome=true&srcid=0B6c0ot0WzBovMzRiZmY5MjItYjBjMy00ODJjLWJkZjYtYzFlYTQxOTE1ZDhi&hl=en_US]{{ndash}} Analysis Mason report March 2010, pages 3 and 33, archived in the MK BAG Document Library</ref> – but the Eastern & Western Expansion Areas, plus rural exchanges such as Woburn Sands are in the "final third of roll-outs", meaning upgrades there won't occur until the 2017 time frame at the earliest.<ref>[http://www.thinkbroadband.com/news/4177-broadband-campaign-final-third-first-launched.html]{{ndash}} Think Broadband</ref>
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A survey in spring 2011 reported that the performance of the broadband-over-3G service provided to customers in Milton Keynes was the slowest of the towns/cities surveyed.<ref>[http://top10.com/company/press/uk_s_worst_3g_locations_milton_keynes_in_broadband_slow_lane/ UK's worst towns and cities: Milton Keynes in the slow lane for mobile broadband speeds]{{ndash}} TOP10.COM (A price-comparison and click-thru site. The size of the sample is no given).</ref>


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==Sport==
{{imagestack|
[[Image:MiltonKeynesXScape01.jpg|thumb|right|The Milton Keynes [[Xscape (building)|Xscape]] seen from across Secklow Gate]]
[[Image:StadiumMKEnglandU21.jpg|thumb|View towards the North Stand as of 9 June 2009 in an England U21 international at [[stadium mk]]]]
}}
{{Main|Sport in Milton Keynes}}
Milton Keynes has professional teams in [[Association Football|football]] ([[Milton Keynes Dons F.C.]]), [[ice hockey]] ([[Milton Keynes Lightning]]), and in basketball ([[Milton Keynes Lions]]), and the [[Formula One]] motor-racing team ([[Red Bull Racing]]) is based in the town. It is represented at amateur level in many sports, some at national level. For details see [[Sport in Milton Keynes]]. Milton Keynes is also home to the [[Xscape (building)|Xscape]] indoor ski slope.


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Advice to editors: this article is already too long. If you want to
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Senior football is a new arrival in Milton Keynes. There had been several [[non-League football|non-League]] teams based in the area over the years, but these proved unpopular and it was not until the late 1990s that it looked as though Milton Keynes would have a senior side. Local businessman [[Pete Winkelman]] approached several senior clubs in and near London about a move to Milton Keynes as part of the proposed construction of a new retail development. He got his wish in May 2002 when [[Wimbledon F.C.|Wimbledon FC]] were given permission an independent commission ,appointed by the [[Football Association]], to [[Relocation of Wimbledon F.C. to Milton Keynes|relocate to Milton Keynes]]{{ndash}} {{convert|56|mi|km}} away from their home borough of [[London Borough of Merton|Merton]]. Wimbledon moved into the [[National Hockey Stadium]] in September 2003 as a temporary home until a new, larger stadium could be built. A year later, Wimbledon FC became Milton Keynes Dons, and three years after that they moved into a new 22,000-seat stadium known as [[stadium mk]] in the [[Denbigh (Milton Keynes)|Denbigh]] district of south Milton Keynes.


In December 2009, the English FA awarded 'Candidate Host City' status to Milton Keynes, as part of the English 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bid. Had England been selected for the tournament, stadium MK would have hosted some games. For this to have happened, the stadium capacity would need to be have been increased to 44,000.<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/football/international/article6960241.ece Milton Keynes in dreamland after being selected for World Cup bid] [[The Times]], 17 December 2009</ref> The right to host the FIFA World Cup 2018 was won by Russia.
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==Centre==
[[Image:Miltonkeynespoint.jpg|thumb|right|[[The Point, Milton Keynes|The Point]] in CMK]]
{{Main|Central Milton Keynes|Milton Keynes Shopping Centre|Milton Keynes Central railway station}}
As a key element of the New Town vision, Milton Keynes has a purpose built centre, with a very large "covered high street" shopping centre, theatre, [[art gallery]], two multiplex cinemas, hotels, business district, ecumenical church, [[Milton Keynes (borough)|Borough Council offices]] and [[Milton Keynes Central railway station|central railway station]].


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==Other amenities==
[[Image:Gnarled Tree.jpg|thumb|right|Part of the Blue Lagoon]]
*Milton Keynes has a 125-mile (200-km) network of [[segregated cycle facilities|cycleways/footpaths]] for pedestrians and cyclists called [[Milton Keynes redway system|the Redway system]], generally surfaced with red tarmac, which criss-cross most of town. The national [[Sustrans]]<ref>[http://www.sustrans.org Sustrans.org]</ref> cycle network runs to and through the town. The [[Swan's Way (footpath)|Swan's Way]] [[Long-distance trail|long distance path]] does the same.
*Central Milton Keynes is home to the National Badminton Centre and was formerly home to the [[National Hockey Stadium]]. There is a [[Stadium:mk|new football stadium]] in the [[Denbigh (Milton Keynes)|Denbigh district]] near Bletchley, home of [[Milton Keynes Dons F.C.]]
*Near the station, the "Planet Ice" [[ice rink]] is used for professional and amateur [[ice hockey]] plus leisure skating and amateur [[figure skating]]. See [[Sport in Milton Keynes#:Ice hockey|Sport in Milton Keynes Ice hockey]].
*Also near the station there is a covered "urban [[skateboard]]ing" arena known as the Buszy, but the wide expanses and slopes of the station plaza remain very popular among skaters.
*There is a high security prison, [[Woodhill (HM Prison)|HMP Woodhill]], on the western boundary of the town.
*[[Willen#Willen Lake|Willen Lakeside Park]] hosts [[watersports]], and the [[Willen#Willen Lake|North Lake]] is a [[bird sanctuary]].
*The [[Blue Lagoon Local Nature Reserve]] in Bletchley.
*Milton Keynes is covered by a high speed [[WiMax]] network; which allows access to the internet from anywhere with signal coverage in Milton Keynes.<ref name="wimax1">{{cite news |title=Milton Keynes to get blanket WiMax coverage |url=http://www.pocket-lint.co.uk/news.php?newsId=4384 WiMax in MK |accessdate=3 April 2007 |date=18 August 2006 |work=Pocket-lint.co.uk |first=Stuart |last=Miles}}</ref> and the central area additionally has a free [[WiFi]].<ref name="wimax2">{{cite news |title=Milton Keynes sets Wi-Fi free |url=http://www.vnunet.com/vnunet/news/2166772/free-wi-milton-keynes |date=19 October 2006 |accessdate=3 April 2007 |work=vnunet.com |first=Will |last=Head}}</ref>


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==Original towns and villages==
{{imagestack|
[[Image:Bletchley Park.jpg|thumb|During World War II, British, Polish and American cryptographers at [[Bletchley Park]] broke a large number of [[Axis Powers|Axis]] codes and ciphers, including the German [[Enigma machine]].]]
[[Image:Bradwell-windmill.JPG|thumb|right|The 1815 windmill near [[New Bradwell]] village, beside the playing fields]]
[[Image:StonyStratford HighStreet01.jpg|thumb|right|Stony Stratford high street in festive mood]]
[[Image:MiltonKeynesPeacePagoda01.JPG|thumb|right|The [[Peace Pagoda]]]]}}
The remainder of the designated area outside the four main towns (Bletchley, Newport Pagnell, Stony Stratford, Wolverton) was largely rural farmland but included many picturesque North Buckinghamshire villages and hamlets: [[Bradwell, Milton Keynes|Bradwell]] village and [[Bradwell Abbey|its Abbey]], [[Broughton, Milton Keynes|Broughton]], [[Caldecotte, Milton Keynes|Caldecotte]], [[Fenny Stratford]], [[Great Linford]], [[Loughton, Milton Keynes|Loughton]], [[Middleton, Milton Keynes|Milton Keynes Village]], [[New Bradwell]], [[Shenley Brook End]], [[Shenley Church End]], [[Simpson, Milton Keynes|Simpson]], [[Stantonbury]], [[Tattenhoe]], [[Tongwell]], [[Walton, Milton Keynes|Walton]], [[Water Eaton, Milton Keynes|Water Eaton]], [[Wavendon]], [[Willen]], [[Woolstone, Milton Keynes|Great and Little Woolstone]], [[Woughton on the Green]]. The historical settlements have been focal points for the modern development of the new town. Every grid square has historical antecedents, if only in the field names. The more obvious ones are listed below and most have more detailed articles.


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'''[[Bletchley]]''' was first recorded in the 12th century as ''Blechelai''. [[Bletchley railway station|Its station]] was a major [[Victorian era|Victorian]] junction (the [[London and North Western Railway]] with the Oxford-Cambridge [[Varsity Line]]), leading to the substantial urban growth in the town in that period. It expanded to absorb the villages of [[Water Eaton (Milton Keynes)|Water Eaton]] and [[Fenny Stratford]].
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[[Bletchley Park]] was home to the [[Government Code and Cypher School]] during the Second World War. The famous [[Enigma code]] was cracked here, and the building housed what was arguably the world's first programmable computer, [[History of computing hardware|Colossus]]. The house is now a museum of war memorabilia, cryptography and computing.


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The [[Benedictine]] [[Priory]] of [[Bradwell Abbey]] at '''[[Bradwell (Milton Keynes)|Bradwell]]''' was of major economic importance in this area of north Buckinghamshire before the [[Dissolution of the Monasteries]]. The routes of the medieval trackways (many of which are now Redways or bridleways) converge on the site from some distance. Nowadays there is only a small medieval chapel and a manor house occupying the site.


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'''[[New Bradwell]]''', to the north of the medieval Bradwell (Abbey) and just across the canal and the railway to the east of Wolverton, was built specifically for railway workers. It has a working [[windmill]], although technically this lies just a few yards outside of the parish boundary. The level bed of the old [[Wolverton to Newport Pagnell Line]] ends here and has been converted to a Redway, making it a favourite route for cycling.
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'''[[Great Linford]]''' appears in the [[Domesday Book]] as ''Linforde'', and features a church dedicated to [[Saint Andrew]], dating from 1215. Today, the outer buildings of the 17th century [[manor house]] form an [[Arts centre|Arts Centre]], and [[Linford Manor]] is a prestigious recording studio.


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'''[[Middleton, Milton Keynes|Milton Keynes Village]]''' is the original village to which the New Town owes its name. The original village is still evident, with a pleasant [[thatch]]ed [[pub]], [[village hall]], church and traditional housing. The area around the village has reverted to its original name of '''[[Middleton (Milton Keynes Village)|Middleton]]''', as shown on old maps of the 1700s. The oldest<ref name="pastpresentfuture">[http://www.mkweb.co.uk/statistics/DisplayArticle.asp?ID=11415 MKweb.co.uk] Accessed 11 March 2006</ref> surviving domestic building in the area, a 14th century manor house, is here.


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There has been a market in '''[[Stony Stratford]]''' since 1194 (by charter of [[Richard I of England|King Richard I]]). The ''Rose and Crown Inn'' at Stratford is reputedly the last place the [[Princes in the Tower]] were seen alive.
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The manor house of '''[[Walton, Milton Keynes|Walton]]''' village, '''[[Walton Hall, Milton Keynes|Walton Hall]]''', is the headquarters of the [[Open University]] and the tiny [[parish church]] (deconsecrated) is in its grounds.


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The tiny Parish Church (1680) at '''[[Willen]]''' contains the only unaltered building by the architect and physicist [[Robert Hooke]]. Nearby, there is a [[Buddhist]] Temple and a [[Peace Pagoda]]. The district borders the [[River Ouzel]]: there is a large [[balancing lake]] here, to capture [[flash flood]]s before they cause problems downstream on the [[River Great Ouse]]. The north basin is a wildlife sanctuary and a favourite of migrating aquatic birds. The south basin is for leisure use, favoured by wind surfers and dinghy sailors. The circuit of the lakes is a favoured "fun run". <!-- This is just a summary. Please add any new content to the main Willen article -->


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The original '''[[Wolverton]]''' was a medieval settlement just north and west of today's town. The [[Ridge and Furrow]] pattern of agriculture can still be seen in the nearby fields and the Saxon (rebuilt in 1819) '''Church of the Holy Trinity''' still stands next to the Norman [[Motte and Bailey]] site. Modern Wolverton was a 19th century New Town built to house the workers at the [[Wolverton railway works]] (which built engines and carriages for the [[London and North Western Railway]]).
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==Economy, demographics, geography and politics==


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{{Main|Milton Keynes (borough)}}
Data on the economy, demographics and politics of Milton Keynes are collected at the Borough level and are detailed at [[Milton Keynes (borough)#Economy|Economy of the Borough]] and [[Milton Keynes (borough)#Demographics|Demographics of the Borough]]. However, since the urban area is predominant in the Borough, it is reasonable to assume that, other than for agriculture, the figures are broadly the same. For the borough as a whole, the service sector (including energy and construction) is the largest, followed by manufacturing (which includes hunting and forestry).


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Milton Keynes is one of the more successful (per capita) economies in the South East, with a [[gross value added]] per capita index that was 47% higher than the national average (2005 data).<ref>[http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_economy/RegionalGVA.pdf Regional Gross Value Added] pp&nbsp;240–253 pub. Office of National Statistics</ref> Service industries dominate the economy, making it susceptible to economic downturn.
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The population is significantly younger than the national averages. According to 2005 estimates, the ethnic makeup of the Borough is 88.0% [[White people|White]], 4.7% [[British Asian|South Asian]], 3.5% [[Black British|Black]], 2.1% [[British Mixed|Mixed Race]], 1.7% [[Chinese British|Chinese]] or [[Other ethnic group (United Kingdom Census)|other]].<ref> However they are significantly different in 2011.[http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=276853&c=milton+keynes&d=13&e=13&g=409642&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1207137512799&enc=1&dsFamilyId=1812 Milton Keynes Ethnicity]</ref>


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[[Marshall Amplification|Marshall]] [[vacuum tube|valve]] amplifiers and some [[Guitar speaker|speaker cabinets]] are hand-built in [[Bletchley, Milton Keynes]].


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===Modern parishes and districts===
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The Borough of Milton Keynes is fully [[civil parish|parished]]. These are the parishes, and the districts they contain, within Milton Keynes itself. For a list of parishes in the Borough, see [[Milton Keynes (borough)#Rest of the borough|Borough of Milton Keynes (Rest of the borough)]]
* [[Bletchley and Fenny Stratford]]: Brick fields, Central [[Bletchley]], [[Denbigh North]], Denbigh East, Denbigh West, Fenny Lock, [[Fenny Stratford]], Granby, Mount Farm, [[Water Eaton, Milton Keynes|Water Eaton]]
* [[Bradwell, Milton Keynes|Bradwell]]: Bradwell, Bradwell Common, Bradwell village, Heelands, Rooksley
* [[Bradwell Abbey]]: Bradwell Abbey, Kiln Farm, Stacey Bushes, [[Two Mile Ash]], Wymbush
* [[Broughton, Milton Keynes|Broughton]] and [[Milton Keynes (civil parish)|Milton Keynes]] (shared parish council): Atterbury, Brook Furlong, [[Broughton, Milton Keynes|Broughton]], Fox Milne, [[Middleton, Milton Keynes|Middleton]] (including Milton Keynes Village), Northfield, Oakgrove, Pineham
* [[Campbell Park]]: Campbell Park, Fishermead, Newlands, Oldbrook, Springfield, [[Willen|Willen and Willen Lake]], Winterhill, [[Woolstone, Milton Keynes|Woolstone]]
* [[Central Milton Keynes]]
* [[Great Linford]]: Blakelands, Bolbeck Park, Conniburrow, Downs Barn, Downhead Park, Great Linford, Giffard Park, Neath Hill, Pennyland, Tongwell, Willen Park
* [[Kents Hill, Monkston and Brinklow]]: Brinklow, [[Kents Hill, Milton Keynes|Kents Hill]], Kingston, Monkston
* [[Loughton, Milton Keynes|Loughton]]: Loughton, Loughton Lodge, Great Holm, [[Knowlhill]] (including [[National Bowl|the Bowl]])
* [[New Bradwell]]
* [[Shenley Brook End]]: Emerson Valley, Furzton, Kingsmead, Shenley Brook End, Snelshall, [[Tattenhoe]], Tattenhoe Park, [[Westcroft]]
* [[Shenley Church End]]: Crownhill, Grange Farm, Hazeley, Medbourne, Oakhill, Oxley, Shenley Church End, Woodhill
* [[Simpson, Milton Keynes|Simpson]]: Ashland, Simpson, West Ashland
* [[Stantonbury]]: [[Bancroft, Milton Keynes|Bancroft/Bancroft Park]], [[Stantonbury#Blue Bridge|Blue Bridge]], Bradville, Linford Wood, Stantonbury, Stantonbury Fields
* [[Stony Stratford]]: Fullers Slade, Galley Hill, Stony Stratford
* [[Walton, Milton Keynes|Walton]]: Brown's Wood, [[Caldecotte, Milton Keynes|Caldecotte]], Old Farm Park, Tilbrook, Tower Gate, Walnut Tree, Walton, [[Walton Hall, Milton Keynes|Walton Hall]], Walton Park, Wavendon Gate
* [[West Bletchley]]: Far Bletchley, Old Bletchley, West Bletchley, [[Denbigh, Milton Keynes#Denbigh Hall|Denbigh Hall]]
* [[Wolverton and Greenleys]]: Greenleys, Hodge Lea, Stonebridge, [[Wolverton]], [[Wolverton#Old Wolverton|Old Wolverton]]
* [[Woughton]]: Beanhill, Bleak Hall, Coffee Hall, Eaglestone, [[National Bowl#Elfield Park|Elfield Park]], Leadenhall, Netherfield, Peartree Bridge, Redmoor, Tinkers Bridge, [[Woughton on the Green]], Woughton Park, Woughton village.


==Closest cities, towns and villages==
{{Geographic location
|title = '''Destinations from Milton Keynes'''
|Northwest = [[Deanshanger]], [[Towcester]], [[Daventry]], '''[[Coventry]]''' <br> [[Roade]], '''[[Northampton]]'''
|North = [[Newport Pagnell]], [[Olney, Buckinghamshire|Olney]], '''[[Wellingborough]]'''
|Northeast = [[Cranfield]], [[Bedford]], '''[[Cambridge]]'''
|West = [[Buckingham]], [[Brackley]], '''[[Banbury]]'''
|Centre = Milton Keynes
|East = [[Woburn Sands]], [[Ridgmont]], '''[[Ampthill]]'''
|Southwest = [[Bicester]], '''[[Oxford]]'''
|South = [[Leighton Buzzard]] or [[Winslow, Buckinghamshire|Winslow]], '''[[Aylesbury]]'''
|Southeast = [[Toddington, Bedfordshire|Toddington]], [[Dunstable]], [[Luton]], '''[[London]]'''
}}


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==Notable people==
<!-- PLEASE DON'T ADD PEOPLE TO THIS LIST UNLESS THERE IS AN ARTICLE ABOUT THEM AND YOU CAN PROVIDE A REFERENCE
NB Names should be alphabetical by surname -->
<!-- * [[Charles Ademeno (footballer)|Charles Ademeno]], professional footballer for [[Crawley Town F.C.|Crawley Town]]. Not notable yet. Convention is that non-League players are not notable. Put him back when he gets a League contract. -->
* [[Andrew Baggaley]], English table tennis champion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.andrewbaggaley.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3&Itemid=7|title=Andrew Baggaley Biography|accessdate=2012-02-11}}</ref>
* [[Sam Baldock]], professional footballer for {{fc|West Ham United}}, who began his football career at MK Dons.<ref>{{cite web|http://www.mkdons.com/page/ProfilesDetail/0,,10420~36062,00.html|title=Sam Baldock Biography|accessdate=2012-02-11}}</ref>
* [[Errol Barnett]], an anchor and correspondent for [[CNN]] is from Milton Keynes. He lived in Crownhill and attended Holmwood First School and Two Mile Ash [[Middle school|Middle School]] before moving to the U.S.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/CNN/anchors_reporters/barnett.errol.html|title=Errol Barnett profile at CNN.com|accessdate=2012-02-11}}</ref>
* [[Christopher Clarke (athlete)|Chris Clarke]], English sprinter.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.miltonkeynes.co.uk/sport/other-sport/chris_clarke_set_for_worlds_final_update_gb_finish_7th_1_3020712|title=Chris Clarke set for Worlds final – Update GB finish 7th|date=2 September 2011|publisher=[[Milton Keynes Citizen]]|accessdate=2012-02-11}}</ref>
* [[Adam Ficek]], drummer of London band [[Babyshambles]].<ref>{{cite web|http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/artists/8d1f22da-dd1c-4c17-9b3c-3ed9fcd2997c|title=Adam Ficek profile|publisher=[[BBC]]|accessdate=2012-02-11}}</ref>
* [[Lee Hasdell]], professional Mixed martial artist and Kickboxer, and Pioneer of [[Mixed martial arts]] in the UK.<ref name=totalfighter>{{Citation |last=Lewis |first=Peter |title=A Total Fighter |newspaper=Fighters - Kickboxing news |page=45 |date=April 2004 }}</ref>
* [[James Hildreth]], cricketer who plays for [[Somerset]] and has played for England.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.somersetcountycc.co.uk/player/james-hildreth/|title=James Hildreth - profile|publisher=Somerset County Cricket Club|accessdate=2012-02-11}}</ref>
* [[Liam Kelly (footballer born 1990)|Liam Kelly]], professional footballer for [[Kilmarnock F.C.]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.transfermarkt.co.uk/en/liam-kelly/profil/spieler_106643.html|title=Liam Kelly - Player profile|work=transfermarkt.com|accessdate=2012-02-12}}</ref>
* [[Shelly McErlaine]] and [[Karen Poole]] of [[Alisha's Attic]] lived in Milton Keynes, and their parents still live in Neath Hill.{{citation needed|date=February 2012}}
* [[Gordon Moakes]], the bassist for the London-based rock band [[Bloc Party]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2007/jan/07/popandrock.features1|title=21st-century boy|date=7 January 2007|last=McLean|first=Craig|publisher=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=2012-02-12}}</ref>
* [[Clare Nasir]], the meteorologist, TV and radio personality, was born in Milton Keynes in 1970.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.miltonkeynes.nhs.uk/default.asp?ContentID=142|title=TV's Clare says Wrap Up for Winter|publisher=NHS Milton Keynes|accessdate=2012-02-12}}</ref>
* [[Craig Pickering]], English sprinter.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.miltonkeynes.co.uk/sport/other-sport/campbell_backs_pickering_to_come_good_again_in_2012_1_3453556|title=Campbell backs Pickering to come good again in 2012|date=25 January 2012|publisher=[[Milton Keynes Citizen]]|accessdate=2012-02-12}}</ref>
* [[Sarah Pinborough]], English horror writer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.omegasapple.com/site/2010/03/21/sarah-pinborough-interview/|title=Sarah Pinborough Interview|work=omegasapple.com|accessdate=2012-02-12}}</ref>
* [[Ian Poulter]], PGA & European Tour golf professional. Member of the 2010 European Ryder Cup Team.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.miltonkeynes.co.uk/sport/poulter_s_back_in_the_swing_at_woburn_1_866648|title=Poulter's back in the swing at Woburn|date=29 July 2008|publisher=[[Milton Keynes Citizen]]|accessdate=2012-02-12}}</ref>
* [[Mark Randall (footballer)|Mark Randall]], professional footballer for [[Chesterfield F.C.|Chesterfield]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/football/mark-randall.html|title=Mark Randall, Midfielder|work=eurosport.com|accessdate=2012-02-12}}</ref>
* [[Greg Rutherford]], English long jumper.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buckssport.org/en/twentytwelve/sporting_legacy/bucks_athletes_to_follow_up_to_2012/greg_rutherford/|title=Greg Rutherford - Long Jumper|work=Bucks Sport|accessdate=2012-02-12}}</ref>
* [[Jack Trevor Story]], novelist, was a long-term resident of Milton Keynes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jacktrevorstory.co.uk/independent_obituary.htm|title=Independent Obituary - Jack Trevor Story|work=jacktrevorstory.co.uk|accessdate=2012-02-12}}</ref>
* [[Sam Tomkins]], [[Wigan Warriors]] and [[England national rugby league team|England]] international [[rugby league]] player, was born in Milton Keynes.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/rugby-league/16775814|title=Sam Tomkins targets more trophies with Wigan|date=3 February 2012|last=Hudson|first=Elizabeth|publisher=[[BBC]]|accessdate=2012-02-12}}</ref>
* [[Alan Turing]], played a significant role in the creation of the modern computer. He lodged at the Crown Inn, [[Shenley Brook End]], while working at [[Bletchley Park]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/google/8683638/Google-backs-Bletchley-Park-restoration-project.html|title=Google backs Bletchley Park restoration project|date=5 August 2011|last=Douglas|first=Ian|publisher=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|accessdate=2012-02-12}}</ref>
<!-- Kevin Whately lives in Woburn Sands, not Milton Keynes -->
* [[Dan Wheldon]], Indy car driver.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-beds-bucks-herts-16031002|title=Stars race to honour Dan Wheldon in Milton Keynes|date=5 December 2011|publisher=[[BBC]]|accessdate=2012-02-12}}</ref>
<!-- Jo Whiley lives in rural Northamptonshire near Milton Keynes, not in Milton Keynes itself -->
<!-- * [[George Williams (footballer born 1995)|George Williams]], professional footballer for {{fc|Milton Keynes Dons}}, who lives and goes to school in Milton Keynes. Not notable yet. Convention is that non-League players are not notable. Put him back when he gets a League contract. -->
* [[Pete Winkelman]], Chairman of [[Milton Keynes Dons F.C.|Milton Keynes Dons]] Football Club, owner of [[Great Linford#Linford Manor|Linford Manor]] recording studios, long term resident.<ref>{{cite web|last=Jackson|first=Jamie|title=From Wimbledon to Winkelman, a crazy new journey|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2008/mar/30/football.newsstory2|work=The Observer|accessdate=9 January 2012|date=30 March 2008}}</ref>


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===Bands===
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* [[Capdown]], the [[ska punk]] band, come from and formed in Milton Keynes in 1997.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.capdown.co.uk/|title=The Capdown Fansite|accessdate=2012-02-12}}</ref>
* [[Fellsilent]], the metal band, come from and formed in Milton Keynes in 2003.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://miltonkeynes.com/fell-silent-milton-keynes-metal-heros.html|title=Fell Silent Milton Keynes Metal Heros|work=miltonkeynes.com|accessdate=2012-02-12}}</ref>


==Transport==
{{anchor|Magna Park, Milton Keynes}}
[[Image:BradwellAqueduct-GUC.JPG|thumb|the [[Grand Union Canal]] passes over Grafton Street at Bradwell via the modern Bradwell Aqueduct]]
The [[Grand Union Canal]] between London and Birmingham provides a major axis in the design of Milton Keynes.


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Milton Keynes is served by five [[railway stations]], of which [[Milton Keynes Central]] is the one served by inter-city services. [[Wolverton railway station|Wolverton]], Milton Keynes Central and [[Bletchley railway station|Bletchley]] stations are on the [[West Coast Main Line]], whilst [[Fenny Stratford railway station|Fenny Stratford]] and [[Bow Brickhill railway station|Bow Brickhill]] are on the [[Marston Vale Line]]. [[Woburn Sands railway station]], also on the Marston Vale line, is just outside the urban area in the small town of [[Woburn Sands]], but is still within the Borough of Milton Keynes.


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The [[M1 motorway]] runs to the east of the town, and is served by junctions 13, 14, and 15A. The [[A5 road (Great Britain)|A5 road]] runs through the west of the town. Other main roads include the [[A509 road|A509]], which links Milton Keynes with Wellingborough and Kettering, and the [[A421 road|A421]] which goes west to [[Buckingham]] and east to [[Bedford]]. Proximity to the M1 has lead to a [[distribution center]], ''[[Magna Park, Milton Keynes|Magna Park]]'' being established at the A421/A5130 junction.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.gazeley.com/Our_Site/Details/52| title = MAGNA PARK MILTON KEYNES| work = www.gazeley.com| publisher = [[Gazeley Limited]]| accessdate = 15 Jan 2012}}</ref>
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Many long-distance coaches stop at the [[Milton Keynes coachway]],<ref>[http://www.nationalexpress.com/coach_ims/pdf/destination_guides/Milton%20Keynes%20AtoZ%202010.pdf Services to and from Milton Keynes Coachway, Park & Ride]{{ndash}} [[National Express Coaches]]</ref> (beside M1 Junction 14), some {{convert|3.3|mi|km}} from the centre (or {{convert|4|mi|km}} from Milton Keynes Central station).<ref>[http://maps.google.co.uk/maps?hl=en&tab=nl Google Maps] then 'Get directions'.</ref> There is also a [[park and ride]] car park on the site. Regional coaches stop at Milton Keynes Central.


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The main bus operator is [[MK Metro]], providing a number of routes which mainly pass through or serve [[Central Milton Keynes]]. Milton Keynes is also served by [[Arriva]] (which owns MK Metro but runs Arriva-branded services from [[Aylesbury]]) and [[Stagecoach Group]] which operates routes to [[Oxford]], [[Cambridge]] and [[Peterborough]]. See [[Buses in Milton Keynes]] for more information.


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Milton Keynes [[Milton Keynes redway system#National Cycle Network|is served by]] routes 6 and 51 on the [[National Cycle Network]].
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The nearest [[international airport]] is [[London Luton Airport]] which is accessible by route VT99 from MK Central station, this service runs with wheelchair accessible coaches. There is a direct rail connection to [[Birmingham International Airport (UK)|Birmingham International Airport]]. There is [[Cranfield Airport|an aerodrome at Cranfield]], {{convert|6|mi|km|0}} from the centre. Although Milton Keynes is allocated an [[International Air Transport Association airport code]] of '''KYN''',<ref>[http://www.world-airport-codes.com/alphabetical/airport-code/k.html Airport codes starting with K]{{ndash}} World-airport-codes.com</ref> it does not actually have an airport. (There were proposals in 1971 for a third London airport at nearby [[Cublington]].<ref>{{cite hansard | house=House of Commons | url=http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1971/mar/04/third-london-airport-roskill-commission | date = 4 March 1971 }}</ref> Parliament rejected the recommendation in favour of a site at [[Maplin Sands]], [[Foulness]]).<ref>[http://www.waltpatterson.org/airptcncrd.pdf Patterson, Walt (1973) ''Airports, Concorde in trouble'' Environment: London Report] Retrieved 19 May 2011</ref>


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==Twin towns==
*[[Image:Flag of Germany.svg|20px]] [[Bernkastel-Kues]], Germany<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.milton-keynes.gov.uk/council-democracy/DisplayArticle.asp?ID=25870 |title=Town twinning |publisher=Milton-Keynes.gov.uk |author=Milton Keynes Council}} Retrieved on 29&nbsp;October 2008.</ref>
*[[Image:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|20px]] [[Almere]], Netherlands<ref>http://cordis.europa.eu/fetch?CALLER=FP6_PROJ&ACTION=D&DOC=608&CAT=PROJ&QUERY=0124f6c835a9:79bd:137665bc&RCN=85715</ref>


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==Climate==
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Milton Keynes experiences an [[oceanic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Cfb'') similar to almost all of the United Kingdom. Recorded temperature extremes range from {{convert|34.6|°C|°F}}<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/interesting/july2006/MaxTemp1907Points_jpeg.JPG
|title=2006 Maximum
|accessdate=3 March 2011}}</ref> during July 2006, to as low as {{convert|−20.6|°C|°F}}<ref>{{cite journal
|doi=10.1002/wea.66|title=1947 minimum}}</ref> on 25 February 1947. More recently the temperature fell to {{convert|−16.3|°C|°F}}<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/datablog/2010/dec/20/winter-weather-coldest-places-britain
|title=2010 minimum
|accessdate=3 March 2011
| location=London
|work=The Guardian
|first=Simon
|last=Rogers
|date=21 December 2010}}</ref> on 20 December 2010


The nearest [[Met Office]] weather station is in [[Woburn]],<ref>[http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/networks/images/map6.gif Synoptic and climate stations, July 2011]{{ndash}}[[Met Office]]</ref> located just outside the south eastern fringe of the Milton Keynes urban area.


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{{Weather box
|location = Milton Keynes
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan high C = 7
|Feb high C = 8
|Mar high C = 11
|Apr high C = 13
|May high C = 17
|Jun high C = 19
|Jul high C = 22
|Aug high C = 23
|Sep high C = 19
|Oct high C = 14
|Nov high C = 10
|Dec high C = 7
|year high C = 14
|Jan low C = 2
|Feb low C = 2
|Mar low C = 4
|Apr low C = 4
|May low C = 7
|Jun low C = 10
|Jul low C = 12
|Aug low C = 12
|Sep low C = 10
|Oct low C = 8
|Nov low C = 5
|Dec low C = 3
|year low C = 7
|Jan precipitation mm = 45.1
|Feb precipitation mm = 33.9
|Mar precipitation mm = 28.7
|Apr precipitation mm = 43.9
|May precipitation mm = 34.9
|Jun precipitation mm = 46.6
|Jul precipitation mm = 42.1
|Aug precipitation mm = 46.9
|Sep precipitation mm = 54.9
|Oct precipitation mm = 56.8
|Nov precipitation mm = 48.0
|Dec precipitation mm = 49.8
|year precipitation mm = 531.6
|source 1 = MSN.com<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://weather.msn.com/monthly_averages.aspx?&wealocations=wc%3aUKXX0268&q=Milton+Keynes%2c+GBR&setunit=C | title = Averages for Milton Keynes |date=August 2011}}</ref>
|date=August 2010
}}


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==See also==
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* [[:Category:Milton Keynes]]
* [[Central Milton Keynes]]
* [[Middleton (Milton Keynes Village)]]


==References==
{{Reflist|2}}


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==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{dmoz|Regional/Europe/United_Kingdom/England/Buckinghamshire/Milton_Keynes/|Milton Keynes}}
* [http://www.destinationmiltonkeynes.co.uk/ The Official Visitor Website for Milton Keynes]
* [http://www.miltonkeynes.gov.uk/ Milton Keynes Council]
* [http://www.mkcdc.org.uk/ City Discovery Centre (MK urban studies centre)]
* [http://www.leegarlandphotography.co.uk/Architecture/112%20Architecture.pdf Milton Keynes Article] ''Concept For Living'' Magazine, March 2008{{Dead link|date=August 2011}}
* [http://www.udg.org.uk/?document_id=648 ''Urban Design'' magazine{{ndash}} "Milton Keynes at 40"]
* [http://www.bb4mk.com/ Milton Keynes Broadband Action Group]


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<!-- Advice to editors: links here should be about MK in general, that could provide useful 'further reading' to outsiders. Advertising will be deleted. -->
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<!-- -------Categories and interwikis below this line -------- -->
{{Buckinghamshire}}
{{River Great Ouse}}
{{London commuter belt}}


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[[Category:Populated places on the River Great Ouse]]
[[Category:Towns in Buckinghamshire]]
[[Category:Milton Keynes| ]]
[[Category:New towns in England]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1967]]
[[Category:Planned cities in England]]
[[Category:Articles including recorded pronunciations (UK English)]]


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{{Link GA|no}}
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Revision as of 22:01, 4 March 2012

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