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m I DELETED THELAST TWO SECTIONS WHICH DID NOT MAKE SENSE AT ALL - WOULD NEED TO START AGAIN ON THOSE SECTIONS - i CONCENTRATED ON MAKING SENSE ,,GRAMMAR, REDUCING REPETITION, BUT DID NOT CHECK ACCURACY.
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{{expert|date=May 2013|reason=Needs to be based on secondary sources (think [[review article]]s) not primary sources}}
{{expert|date=May 2013|reason=Needs to be based on secondary sources (think [[review article]]s) not primary sources}} I DID LIMITED EDITING - THE WHOLE ARTICLE IS A MESS AND NEEDS REWRITING


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{{Multiple issues|{{copy edit|date=May 2013|for=Grammar}}{{dead end|date=May 2013}}{{orphan|date=May 2013}}{{citation style|date=May 2013}}{{essay-like|date=May 2013}}}}




Lung cancer susceptibility, concern the probability of contracting lung cancer. Lung cancer is the disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung, the susceptibility is the high risk of getting the cancer. This cancer has the susceptibility in some special locus, such as chromosomes like 5p15 or 15q25. The receptors of nicotine and acetylcholine, are also involved in the risk because smoking is one of the causes of the lung cancer. The risk of lung cancer also can be affected by external elements like pollution, the genetics in lung cancer is very important to understand the way of it is involved in the lungs.
Lung cancer susceptibility concerns the probability of contracting lung cancer. Lung cancer is the disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung, and the susceptibility is the risk of getting the cancer. This cancer can be related to genetic changes in some special loci, such as chromosomes 5p15 or 15q25. The receptors of nicotine and acetyl-choline are also involved in the risk of smoking related lung cancer. The risk of lung cancer also can be affected by external elements like pollution. It is very important to understand the mechanism of genetic change in the development of this disease.


== Lung Cancer and Genetics==
== Lung Cancer and Genetics==


Lung cancer is the most common cancer around the worldwide. Tumors in the lungs that affect the cells are one of the most lethal cancers because the treatment also eliminates good cells such as neumocites. Pollution, radiation, asbestos are risk factors for lung cancer. The symptoms are a cough for all day and get worse day by day, chest pain, coughing up with blood, fatigue, swelling of the neck and face, in the world there are a various tips of lung cancers, which also can produce metastasis. Treatments include chemotherapy, surgery and radiation. <ref name=Qing> {{cite journal |last1=Qing |first1=Lan|year= 2011 |title= Nature Genetics |journal= Genetics|volume=1|issue=|pages=12|publisher=|url=http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v44/n12/full/ng.2456.html |accessdate=23 April 2013}} </ref>
Lung cancer is the most common cancer worldwide and is one of the most lethal. Pollution, smoking (active or passive), radiation and asbestos are risk factors for lung cancer. Symptoms may include a persistent cough, chest pain, coughing up blood, fatigue and swelling of the neck and face. There are a various types of lung cancers, which also can metastasize. Treatments include chemotherapy, surgery and radiation. <ref name=Qing> {{cite journal |last1=Qing |first1=Lan|year= 2011 |title= Nature Genetics |journal= Genetics|volume=1|issue=|pages=12|publisher=|url=http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v44/n12/full/ng.2456.html |accessdate=23 April 2013}} </ref>. The treatment aimed at killing the cancer can also eliminate functional lung cells (pneumocytes).
Specific genetic factors are involved in the risk of lung cancer. A region in the chromosomes, which are highly susceptible for mutation, and present a high risk for producing lung cancer. These are called locus, a specific location of a gen or DNA sequence on a chromosome. Several loci represent the susceptibility to lung cancer. <ref name=Qing> {{cite journal |last1=Qing |first1=Lan|year= 2011 |title= Nature Genetics |journal= Genetics|volume=1|issue=|pages=12|publisher=|url=http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v44/n12/full/ng.2456.html |accessdate=23 April 2013}} </ref>
Specific genetic factors are involved in the risk of lung cancer. There are regions in chromosomes which are highly susceptible for mutation, and if present, increase the risk of lung cancer. These are called loci, specific locations of a gene or a DNA sequence on a chromosome. Several loci are associated with an increased risk of lung cancer. <ref name=Qing> {{cite journal |last1=Qing |first1=Lan|year= 2011 |title= Nature Genetics |journal= Genetics|volume=1|issue=|pages=12|publisher=|url=http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v44/n12/full/ng.2456.html |accessdate=23 April 2013}} </ref>
Approximately 26 different genes can mutate with the presence of lung adenocarcinoma, the specific number of genes implicated to the lung cancer. An example is the MAPK pathway, inhibited by MEK (lung cancer treatment). The most important are the hereditary genes, it transmits vulnerability from parents to children. <ref name=Qing> {{cite journal |last1=Qing |first1=Lan|year= 2011 |title= Nature Genetics |journal= Genetics|volume=1|issue=|pages=12|publisher=|url=http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v44/n12/full/ng.2456.html |accessdate=23 April 2013}} </ref>
Approximately 26 different genes can mutate in one type of lung cancer known as adenocarcinoma. An example is the MAPK pathway, inhibited by MEK (lung cancer treatment). The risk of lung cancer is increased in those with a family history. <ref name=Qing> {{cite journal |last1=Qing |first1=Lan|year= 2011 |title= Nature Genetics |journal= Genetics|volume=1|issue=|pages=12|publisher=|url=http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v44/n12/full/ng.2456.html |accessdate=23 April 2013}} </ref>


== Chromosomes Involved in Lung Cancer==
== Chromosomes Involved in Lung Cancer==
The chromosomes that are involved in lung cancer are many, but the most important, or the most susceptibility are the 15q25, 5p15 and 6p21. Chromosome 5p15, one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in human, spans about 181 million base pairs, also is the largest human chromosome. It has a degree of non-coding and syntenic conservation with non-mammalian vertebrates. A failure on this chromosome elevates lung cancer risk. Chromosome 15q25 has genetic variants such as CHRNA5-CHRNA3 locus, lung cancer risk susceptibility, however variants have a direct carcinogenic effect on lung cancer risk or a directly impact. Smoke is one of these variants; rs12914385 and rs8042374 are treat4ed in smoking cases. <ref name=Fehringer> {{cite journal |last1=Fehringer |first1=|year= 2011 |title= Association of the 15q25 and 5p15 lung cancer susceptibility regions with gene expression in lung tumor tissue |journal= Genetics|volume=1|issue=|pages=10|publisher=|url=https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/ContentPlayerCtrl/doPlayContent/2-s2.0-22539604/%7B%22scope%22:%22all%22,%22query%22:%22Lung%20cancer%20susceptibility%20locus%20at%205p15.33.%22%7D |accessdate=16 April 2013}} </ref> <ref name=Truong> {{cite journal |last1=Truong |first1=|year= 2010 |title= A Replication of lung cancer susceptibility loci at chromosomes 15q25, 5p15, and 6p21: a pooled analysis from the International Lung Cancer Consortium |journal= Genetics|volume=36|issue=6|pages=10|publisher=|url=https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/ContentPlayerCtrl/doPlayContent/2-s2.0-20548021/%7B%22scope%22:%22all%22,%22query%22:%22Lung%20cancer%20susceptibility%20locus%20at%205p15.33.%22%7D|accessdate=16 April 2013}} </ref>
Many chromosomes are involved in lung cancer, but those that highly increase susceptibility are loci 15q25, 5p15 and 6p21. The locus 5p15 spans about 181 million base pairs on the short arm of chromosome 5, which is the largest chromosome. The locus 15q25 on chromosome 15 has genetic variants such as the CHRNA5-CHRNA3 locus which also increase lung cancer risk susceptibility as do other variants. Smoke is one of these risk factors; rs12914385 and rs8042374 are treated in smoking cases. <ref name=Fehringer> {{cite journal |last1=Fehringer |first1=|year= 2011 |title= Association of the 15q25 and 5p15 lung cancer susceptibility regions with gene expression in lung tumor tissue |journal= Genetics|volume=1|issue=|pages=10|publisher=|url=https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/ContentPlayerCtrl/doPlayContent/2-s2.0-22539604/%7B%22scope%22:%22all%22,%22query%22:%22Lung%20cancer%20susceptibility%20locus%20at%205p15.33.%22%7D |accessdate=16 April 2013}} </ref> <ref name=Truong> {{cite journal |last1=Truong |first1=|year= 2010 |title= A Replication of lung cancer susceptibility loci at chromosomes 15q25, 5p15, and 6p21: a pooled analysis from the International Lung Cancer Consortium |journal= Genetics|volume=36|issue=6|pages=10|publisher=|url=https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/ContentPlayerCtrl/doPlayContent/2-s2.0-20548021/%7B%22scope%22:%22all%22,%22query%22:%22Lung%20cancer%20susceptibility%20locus%20at%205p15.33.%22%7D|accessdate=16 April 2013}} </ref>


== Gene Expression in Lung Tumor Tissue, carcinogenic mechanisms, susceptibility chromosomes==
== Gene Expression in Lung Tumor Tissue, carcinogenic mechanisms, susceptibility chromosomes==
A failure in the gene expression in special chromosomes like 5p15 and 15q25 that are strongly linked with the susceptibility risk for a lung cancer. Gene expression is the one which can affect directly the chromosome by changing the code system. The creation of lung cancer process, in which good cells are transformed into cancer cells, can caused metastasis, involving different parts of the body. <ref name=Fehringer> {{cite journal |last1=Fehringer |first1=|year= 2011 |title= Association of the 15q25 and 5p15 lung cancer susceptibility regions with gene expression in lung tumor tissue |journal= Genetics|volume=1|issue=|pages=10|publisher=|url=https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/ContentPlayerCtrl/doPlayContent/2-s2.0-22539604/%7B%22scope%22:%22all%22,%22query%22:%22Lung%20cancer%20susceptibility%20locus%20at%205p15.33.%22%7D |accessdate=16 April 2013}} </ref>
Abnormal gene expression in certain chromosome loci like 5p15 and 15q25 are strongly linked with the susceptibility risk for a lung cancer. Gene expression or turning on the function of the gene can affect directly the chromosome by changing the code system. The lung cancer process transforms good cells into cancer cells, which can also metastasize to different parts of the body. <ref name=Fehringer> {{cite journal |last1=Fehringer |first1=|year= 2011 |title= Association of the 15q25 and 5p15 lung cancer susceptibility regions with gene expression in lung tumor tissue |journal= Genetics|volume=1|issue=|pages=10|publisher=|url=https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/ContentPlayerCtrl/doPlayContent/2-s2.0-22539604/%7B%22scope%22:%22all%22,%22query%22:%22Lung%20cancer%20susceptibility%20locus%20at%205p15.33.%22%7D |accessdate=16 April 2013}} </ref>


== Susceptibility Loci at Chromosomes, Disease markers and Genes==
== Susceptibility Loci at Chromosomes, Disease markers and Genes==
The locus in chromosome region 15q25 strongly associated with lung cancer was found to account for 14% (attributable risk) of lung cancer cases in a large number of cases. Statistically similar risks were observed irrespective of smoking status or propensity to smoke tobacco. The association region contains several genes, including three that encode nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits (CHRNA5, CHRNA3 and CHRNB4). Such subunits are expressed in neurons and other tissues, in particular alveolar epithelial cells, pulmonary neuroendocrine cells and lung cancer cell lines, and they bind to N'-nitrosonornicotine and potential lung carcinogens. A non-synonymous variant of CHRNA5 that induces an amino acid substitution (D398N) at a highly conserved site in the second intracellular loop of the protein is among the markers with the strongest disease associations.
Disease Marker 5p15.33 has two genes TERT and CLPTM1L which are involved in lung cancer etiology. Disease Marker rs2736100has two genes the TERT and rs2736100, which are related to polymorphism and lung cancer risk. Genetic model involved with polymorphism and cancer are strongly connected because these combine with an ambient factor could elevate the risk of the lung cancer. Susceptibility regions that contain two genes TERT and CLPTM1L. These two genes are located in chromosomes like15q25 or 5p15. These two genes are affected by a bad gene expression. Lung Cancer Susceptibility locus 15q25.1. These susceptibility is similar to the disease marker rs2736100, with the polymorphism and the risk to get cancer. <ref name=McKay> {{cite journal |last1=McKay |first1=J.D.|year= 2008 |title= Lung Cancer susceptibility Locus at 5p15.33 |journal= Genetics|volume=1|issue=|pages=10|publisher=|url=https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/ContentPlayerCtrl/doPlayContent/2-s2.0-18978790/%7B%22scope%22:%22all%22,%22query%22:%22Lung%20cancer%20susceptibility%20locus%20at%205p15.33.%22%7D |accessdate=19 April 2013}} </ref> <ref name=Broderick> {{cite journal |last1=Broderick|first1=P.|year= 2009 |title= genomewide association scan of tag SNPs identifies a susceptibility locus for lung cancer at 15q25.1|journal= Genetics|volume=1|issue=|pages=10|publisher=|https://www.clinicalkey.com%7c#!%7cContentPlayerCtrl%7cdoPlayContent%7c2-s2.0-18385676%7c%7B%22scope%22:%22all%22,%22query%22:%22Lung%20cancer%20susceptibility%20locus%20at%205p15.33.%22%7D |accessdate=19 April 2013}} </ref>
ref name=McKay> {{cite journal |last1=McKay |first1=J.D.|year= 2008 |title= Lung Cancer susceptibility Locus at 5p15.33 |journal= Genetics|volume=1|issue=|pages=10|publisher=|url=https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/ContentPlayerCtrl/doPlayContent/2-s2.0-18978790/%7B%22scope%22:%22all%22,%22query%22:%22Lung%20cancer%20susceptibility%20locus%20at%205p15.33.%22%7D |accessdate=19 April 2013}} </ref> <ref name=Broderick> {{cite journal |last1=Broderick|first1=P.|year= 2009 |title= genomewide association scan of tag SNPs identifies a susceptibility locus for lung cancer at 15q25.1|journal= Genetics|volume=1|issue=|pages=10|publisher=|https://www.clinicalkey.com%7c#!%7cContentPlayerCtrl%7cdoPlayContent%7c2-s2.0-18385676%7c%7B%22scope%22:%22all%22,%22query%22:%22Lung%20cancer%20susceptibility%20locus%20at%205p15.33.%22%7D |accessdate=19 April 2013}} </ref>


=
== Nicotinic Receptor/Acetylcholine Receptor==
===Nicotinic and Acetylcholine Receptor Subunits===
Cholinergic receptors that form a ligand-gated ion channels in the plasma membranes of certain neurons and on the postsynaptic side of the neuromuscular junction, as inotropic receptors. nAChRs are linked to ion channel and do not use second messengers. They activate the proliferation, apoptosis and tumor invasion, single nucleotide polymorphisms spanning the nAChRs encoding genes cluster CHRNA3/A5/B4 with both nicotine dependence and lung cancer incidence and susceptibility. Prolonged or repeated exposure to stimulus often results in decrease responsiveness of that receptor toward a stimulus, termed desensitization. nAChR function can be modulated by phosphorylation, the activation of second messengers dependent protein kinases. Cholinergic receptor CHRNA3 is also known as nicotinic, alpha 3 (neuronal) gene with a protein product. Cholinergic receptor CHRNA5 Is also known as nicotinic, alpha 5 (neuronal) gene with a protein product, located also in the chromosome 15q24. Both subunits are related to lung cancer.<ref name=McKay> {{cite journal |last1=McKay |first1=J.D.|year= 2008 |title= Lung Cancer susceptibility Locus at 5p15.33 |journal= Genetics|volume=1|issue=|pages=10|publisher=|url=https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/ContentPlayerCtrl/doPlayContent/2-s2.0-18978790/%7B%22scope%22:%22all%22,%22query%22:%22Lung%20cancer%20susceptibility%20locus%20at%205p15.33.%22%7D |accessdate=19 April 2013}} </ref>

===Smoking Cases===
The smoking cases are related to the nicotinic and acetylcholine receptor receives the nicotinic from the cigarettes, and stimulates the neurons. These affect the gene expression when it codes wrong, it releases genes and increase the risk of lung cancer. <ref name=Hung> {{cite journal |last1=Hung |first1=R.J.|year= 2008|title= L susceptibility locus for lung cancer maps to nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit genes on 15q25|journal= Genetics|volume=1|issue=|pages=10|publisher=|url=hurl=https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/ContentPlayerCtrl/doPlayContent/2-s2.0-18385738/%7B%22scope%22:%22all%22,%22query%22:%22Lung%20cancer%20susceptibility%20locus%20at%205p15.33.%22%7D |accessdate=19 April 2013}} </ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Lung cancer]]

Revision as of 01:39, 20 May 2013

I DID LIMITED EDITING - THE WHOLE ARTICLE IS A MESS AND NEEDS REWRITING


Lung cancer susceptibility concerns the probability of contracting lung cancer. Lung cancer is the disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung, and the susceptibility is the risk of getting the cancer. This cancer can be related to genetic changes in some special loci, such as chromosomes 5p15 or 15q25. The receptors of nicotine and acetyl-choline are also involved in the risk of smoking related lung cancer. The risk of lung cancer also can be affected by external elements like pollution. It is very important to understand the mechanism of genetic change in the development of this disease.

Lung Cancer and Genetics

Lung cancer is the most common cancer worldwide and is one of the most lethal. Pollution, smoking (active or passive), radiation and asbestos are risk factors for lung cancer. Symptoms may include a persistent cough, chest pain, coughing up blood, fatigue and swelling of the neck and face. There are a various types of lung cancers, which also can metastasize. Treatments include chemotherapy, surgery and radiation. [1]. The treatment aimed at killing the cancer can also eliminate functional lung cells (pneumocytes). Specific genetic factors are involved in the risk of lung cancer. There are regions in chromosomes which are highly susceptible for mutation, and if present, increase the risk of lung cancer. These are called loci, specific locations of a gene or a DNA sequence on a chromosome. Several loci are associated with an increased risk of lung cancer. [1] Approximately 26 different genes can mutate in one type of lung cancer known as adenocarcinoma. An example is the MAPK pathway, inhibited by MEK (lung cancer treatment). The risk of lung cancer is increased in those with a family history. [1]

Chromosomes Involved in Lung Cancer

Many chromosomes are involved in lung cancer, but those that highly increase susceptibility are loci 15q25, 5p15 and 6p21. The locus 5p15 spans about 181 million base pairs on the short arm of chromosome 5, which is the largest chromosome. The locus 15q25 on chromosome 15 has genetic variants such as the CHRNA5-CHRNA3 locus which also increase lung cancer risk susceptibility as do other variants. Smoke is one of these risk factors; rs12914385 and rs8042374 are treated in smoking cases. [2] [3]

Gene Expression in Lung Tumor Tissue, carcinogenic mechanisms, susceptibility chromosomes

Abnormal gene expression in certain chromosome loci like 5p15 and 15q25 are strongly linked with the susceptibility risk for a lung cancer. Gene expression or turning on the function of the gene can affect directly the chromosome by changing the code system. The lung cancer process transforms good cells into cancer cells, which can also metastasize to different parts of the body. [2]

Susceptibility Loci at Chromosomes, Disease markers and Genes

The locus in chromosome region 15q25 strongly associated with lung cancer was found to account for 14% (attributable risk) of lung cancer cases in a large number of cases. Statistically similar risks were observed irrespective of smoking status or propensity to smoke tobacco. The association region contains several genes, including three that encode nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits (CHRNA5, CHRNA3 and CHRNB4). Such subunits are expressed in neurons and other tissues, in particular alveolar epithelial cells, pulmonary neuroendocrine cells and lung cancer cell lines, and they bind to N'-nitrosonornicotine and potential lung carcinogens. A non-synonymous variant of CHRNA5 that induces an amino acid substitution (D398N) at a highly conserved site in the second intracellular loop of the protein is among the markers with the strongest disease associations. ref name=McKay> McKay, J.D. (2008). "Lung Cancer susceptibility Locus at 5p15.33". Genetics. 1: 10. Retrieved 19 April 2013. </ref> [4]

=

  1. ^ a b c Qing, Lan (2011). "Nature Genetics". Genetics. 1: 12. Retrieved 23 April 2013.
  2. ^ a b Fehringer (2011). "Association of the 15q25 and 5p15 lung cancer susceptibility regions with gene expression in lung tumor tissue". Genetics. 1: 10. Retrieved 16 April 2013.
  3. ^ Truong (2010). "A Replication of lung cancer susceptibility loci at chromosomes 15q25, 5p15, and 6p21: a pooled analysis from the International Lung Cancer Consortium". Genetics. 36 (6): 10. Retrieved 16 April 2013.
  4. ^ Broderick, P. (2009). "genomewide association scan of tag SNPs identifies a susceptibility locus for lung cancer at 15q25.1". Genetics. 1: 10. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Text "https://www.clinicalkey.com%7c#!%7cContentPlayerCtrl%7cdoPlayContent%7c2-s2.0-18385676%7c%7B%22scope%22:%22all%22,%22query%22:%22Lung%20cancer%20susceptibility%20locus%20at%205p15.33.%22%7D" ignored (help)
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