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The '''water monitor''' (''Varanus salvator'') is a large lizard native to Southern [[Asia]]. Water monitors are one of the most common monitor lizards found throughout Asia, and range from [[Sri Lanka]], [[India]], Indochina, the [[Malay Peninsula]] and various islands of [[Indonesia]], living in areas close to water.
The '''water monitor''' (''Varanus salvator'') is a large lizard native to [[South Asia]]. Water monitors are one of the most common monitor lizards found throughout Asia, and range from [[Sri Lanka]] and [[India]] to Indochina, the [[Malay Peninsula]], and various islands of [[Indonesia]], living in areas close to water.


== Description ==
== Description ==
The water monitor is a large species of [[monitor lizard]]. Breeding maturity is attained for males when they are a relatively modest {{convert|40|cm|in|abbr=on}} and weigh {{convert|1|kg|lb|abbr=on}} and for females at {{convert|50|cm|in|abbr=on}}. However, they grow much larger throughout life, with males being larger than females.<ref name="Shine_1996">{{cite journal
The water monitor is a large species of [[monitor lizard]]s. Breeding maturity is attained for males when they are a relatively modest {{convert|40|cm|in|abbr=on}} long and weigh {{convert|1|kg|lb|abbr=on}} and for females at {{convert|50|cm|in|abbr=on}}. However, they grow much larger throughout life, with males being larger than females.<ref name="Shine_1996">{{cite journal
| last = Shine | first = R. | coauthors = Harlow, P. S.; Keogh, J. S.
| last = Shine | first = R. | coauthors = Harlow, P. S.; Keogh, J. S.
| title = Commercial harvesting of giant lizards: The biology of water monitors ''Varanus salvator'' in southern Sumatra
| title = Commercial harvesting of giant lizards: The biology of water monitors ''Varanus salvator'' in southern Sumatra
Line 28: Line 28:
| volume = 77 | issue = 2-3 | pages = 125–134 | year = 1996
| volume = 77 | issue = 2-3 | pages = 125–134 | year = 1996
| url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0006320796000080
| url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0006320796000080
| doi = 10.1016/0006-3207(96)00008-0 | accessdate = 2013-06-09}}</ref> Most adult specimens will not exceed {{convert|1.5|-|2|m|ft|abbr=on}} in length.<ref>Pianka, King & king. Varanoid lizards of the world. 2004</ref> However, the species can attain a maximum size of {{convert|3|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.ecologyasia.com/verts/lizards/malayan_water_monitor.htm Malayan Water Monitor – Varanus salvator]. Ecologyasia.com. Retrieved on 2012-08-22.</ref> The largest specimen on record was an animal measuring 321&nbsp;cm from Ceylon (Sri Lanka). A common mature weight of ''Varanus salvator'' can be {{convert|19.5|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Shine_1996"/><ref>[http://www.wildlife.gov.my/index.php/en/media-centre/archives/202-biawak-air-varanus-salvator-di-rumah-pak-lah Water Monitor Lizard (Varanus salvator) at Pak Lah’s House | Mutakhir]. Wildlife.gov.my (2012-02-23). Retrieved on 2012-08-22.</ref> The maximum weight of the species is over {{convert|50|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.waza.org/en/zoo/choose-a-species/reptiles/lizards-and-tuatara/varanus-salvator Water Monitor – Varanus salvator : WAZA : World Association of Zoos and Aquariums]. WAZA. Retrieved on 2012-08-22.</ref> In exceptional cases, the species has been reported to attain {{convert|75|to|90|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, though most such reports are unverified and may be unreliable. They are the world's second heaviest lizard, after the [[Komodo dragon]].<ref name = "Wood">{{cite book | author = Wood, Gerald | title =The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats| year = 1983 | isbn = 978-0-85112-235-9}}</ref> Their body is muscular with a long, powerful, laterally compressed tail.
| doi = 10.1016/0006-3207(96)00008-0 | accessdate = 2013-06-09}}</ref> Most adult specimens will not exceed {{convert|1.5|-|2|m|ft|abbr=on}} in length.<ref>Pianka, King & king. Varanoid lizards of the world. 2004</ref> However, the species can attain a maximum size of {{convert|3|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.ecologyasia.com/verts/lizards/malayan_water_monitor.htm Malayan Water Monitor – Varanus salvator]. Ecologyasia.com. Retrieved on 2012-08-22.</ref> The largest specimen on record was an animal measuring 321&nbsp;cm from Ceylon (Sri Lanka). A common mature weight of ''V. salvator'' can be {{convert|19.5|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Shine_1996"/><ref>[http://www.wildlife.gov.my/index.php/en/media-centre/archives/202-biawak-air-varanus-salvator-di-rumah-pak-lah Water Monitor Lizard (Varanus salvator) at Pak Lah’s House | Mutakhir]. Wildlife.gov.my (2012-02-23). Retrieved on 2012-08-22.</ref> The maximum weight of the species is over {{convert|50|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.waza.org/en/zoo/choose-a-species/reptiles/lizards-and-tuatara/varanus-salvator Water Monitor – Varanus salvator : WAZA : World Association of Zoos and Aquariums]. WAZA. Retrieved on 2012-08-22.</ref> In exceptional cases, the species has been reported to attain {{convert|75|to|90|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, though most such reports are unverified and may be unreliable. They are the world's second-heaviest lizard, after the [[Komodo dragon]].<ref name = "Wood">{{cite book | author = Wood, Gerald | title =The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats| year = 1983 | isbn = 978-0-85112-235-9}}</ref> Their bodies are muscular, with a long, powerful, laterally compressed tails.


== Etymology ==
== Etymology ==
The [[genus|generic]] name ''Varanus'' is derived from the [[Arabic (language)|Arabic]] ''waral'' (ورل), which translates as "monitor" in English. The [[species|specific]] name is the Latin word for "Saviour" denoting a possible religious connotation.<ref name="Sprackland">{{cite book |author=Robert George Sprackland |title=Giant lizards |publisher=T.F.H. Publications |location=Neptune, NJ |year=1992 |pages= |isbn=0-86622-634-6}}</ref> The water monitor is occasionally confused with the [[Crocodile monitor]] (''V. salvadorii'') because of their similar scientific names.<ref name="badger">{{cite book |author=Netherton, John; Badger, David P. |title=Lizards: A Natural History of Some Uncommon Creatures—Extraordinary Chameleons, Iguanas, Geckos, and More |publisher=Voyageur Press |location=Stillwater, MN |year=2002 |pages=140–141 |isbn=0-7603-2579-0 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref>
The [[genus|generic]] name ''Varanus'' is derived from the [[Arabic (language)|Arabic]] ''waral'' (ورل), which translates as "monitor" in English. The [[species|specific]] name is the Latin word for "Saviour" denoting a possible religious connotation.<ref name="Sprackland">{{cite book |author=Robert George Sprackland |title=Giant lizards |publisher=T.F.H. Publications |location=Neptune, NJ |year=1992 |pages= |isbn=0-86622-634-6}}</ref> The water monitor is occasionally confused with the [[crocodile monitor]] (''V. salvadorii'') because of their similar scientific names.<ref name="badger">{{cite book |author=Netherton, John; Badger, David P. |title=Lizards: A Natural History of Some Uncommon Creatures—Extraordinary Chameleons, Iguanas, Geckos, and More |publisher=Voyageur Press |location=Stillwater, MN |year=2002 |pages=140–141 |isbn=0-7603-2579-0 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref>


In Thailand, the local word for a water monitor "hia" (Thai: เหี้ย) is used as an insulting word for bad and evil things including bad persons. The word is also thought to bring bad luck, so some people prefer to call the animals 'ตัวเงินตัวทอง' - which means 'silver and gold' in Thai - to avoid the jinx.
In Thailand, the local word for a water monitor, ''hia'' (Thai: เหี้ย), is used as an insulting word for bad and evil things, including bad persons. The word is also thought to bring bad luck, so some people prefer to call the animals ตัวเงินตัวทอง, which means 'silver and gold' in Thai - to avoid the jinx.


The origin of this offensive meaning can be traced back to a time when more people lived in rural areas in close proximity to monitor lizards. Traditionally, Thai villagers lived in 2-story houses, the top floor was for living while the ground floor was designed to be a space for domestic animals such as pigs, chickens, and dogs. Water monitors would enter the ground floor and eat or maim the domestic animals, also hence the other name 'ตัวกินไก่' (dtua gin gai – chicken eater).
The origin of this offensive meaning can be traced back to a time when more people lived in rural areas in close proximity to monitor lizards. Traditionally, Thai villagers lived in two-story houses; the top floor was for living, while the ground floor was designed to be a space for domestic animals such as pigs, chickens, and dogs. Water monitors would enter the ground floor and eat or maim the domestic animals, also hence the other name ตัวกินไก่ (''dtua gin gai'' – chicken eater).


In Indonesian and Malay, the water monitor is called 'biawak'.
In Indonesian and Malay, the water monitor is called ''biawak''.


[[File:Sri-Lanka water monitor.jpg|thumb|Water monitor at Kandy Lake, Sri Lanka]]
[[File:Sri-Lanka water monitor.jpg|thumb|Water monitor at Kandy Lake, Sri Lanka]]


== Subspecies of ''Varanus salvator''==
== Subspecies of ''Varanus salvator''==
* Asian water monitor, ''Varanus salvator salvator'' the [[nominate subspecies]] is now restricted to [[Sri Lanka]] where it is known as the Kabaragoya in [[Sinhalese language|Sinhala]], and Udumbu in [[Tamil language|Tamil]].
*The Asian water monitor, ''V. s. salvator'' the [[nominate subspecies]] is now restricted to [[Sri Lanka]], where it is known as the ''kabaragoya'' in [[Sinhalese language|Sinhala]], and ''udumbu'' in [[Tamil language|Tamil]].
* Andaman Islands water monitor, ''Varanus salvator andamanensis'': Andaman Islands; Type locality: Port Blair, Andaman Islands.
*The Andaman Islands water monitor, ''V. s. andamanensis''' is found on the Andaman Islands; the type locality is Port Blair, Andaman Islands.
* Two-striped water monitor, ''Varanus salvator bivittatus'': Java, Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores, Ombai (Alor), Wetar and some neighbouring islands within the Sunda arch, Indonesia; Type locality: Java (designated by Mertens 1959).
*The two-striped water monitor, ''V. s. bivittatus'', is common to Java, Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores, Ombai (Alor), Wetar, and some neighbouring islands within the Sunda arch, Indonesia;the type locality is Java (designated by Mertens 1959).
* Black water monitor, ''Varanus salvator komaini'': Thailand. Type locality: Amphoe La-ngu, Satun Prov., Thailand, and Thai-Malaysian border area. This was formerly a subspecies, but now regarded as a synonym of ''V. s. macromaculatus''.<ref name="Koch"/>
*The black water monitor, ''V. s. komaini'', from Thailand (type locality: Amphoe La-ngu, Satun Prov., Thailand, and Thai-Malaysian border area) was formerly a subspecies, but now is regarded as a synonym of ''V. s. macromaculatus''.<ref name="Koch"/>
* Southeast Asian water monitor, ''Varanus salvator macromaculatus'': Type locality: Siam (Thailand). Mainland Southeast Asia, Singapore, Sumatra, Borneo and smaller associated offshore islands.<ref name="Koch">Koch, A., M. Auliya, A. Schmitz, U. Kuch & W. Böhme. (2007). ''Morphological Studies on the Systematics of South East Asian Water Monitors (''Varanus salvator Complex''): Nominotypic Populations and Taxonomic Overview''. pp. 109–180. In Horn, H.-G., W. Böhme & U. Krebs (eds.), Advances in Monitor Research III. Mertensiella 16, Rheinbach.</ref>
*The Southeast Asian water monitor, ''Varanus salvator macromaculatus'' (type locality: Siam (Thailand), is found in mainland Southeast Asia, Singapore, Sumatra, Borneo, and smaller associated offshore islands.<ref name="Koch">Koch, A., M. Auliya, A. Schmitz, U. Kuch & W. Böhme. (2007). ''Morphological Studies on the Systematics of South East Asian Water Monitors (''Varanus salvator Complex''): Nominotypic Populations and Taxonomic Overview''. pp. 109–180. In Horn, H.-G., W. Böhme & U. Krebs (eds.), Advances in Monitor Research III. Mertensiella 16, Rheinbach.</ref>
* Ziegler's water monitor, ''Varanus salvator ziegleri'': Obi Island.
*Ziegler's water monitor, ''Varanus salvator ziegleri'', is from Obi Island.
* [[Varanus cumingi|Yellow-headed water monitor]], ''Varanus marmoratus'', and ''Varanus nuchalis'' were classified as subspecies until 2007 when they were elevated to full species.<ref name="Koch"/><ref>{{cite web | work= monitor-lizards.net | title = Soterosaurus: Mindanao Water Monitor | url= http://www.monitor-lizards.net/species/soterosaurus/cumingi.html | accessdate = 20 March 2012 }}</ref>
*The [[yellow-headed water monitor]], ''Varanus marmoratus'', and ''Varanus nuchalis'' were classified as subspecies until 2007, when they were elevated to full species.<ref name="Koch"/><ref>{{cite web | work= monitor-lizards.net | title = Soterosaurus: Mindanao Water Monitor | url= http://www.monitor-lizards.net/species/soterosaurus/cumingi.html | accessdate = 20 March 2012 }}</ref>


== Behavior and diet ==
== Behavior and diet ==
Water monitors can be defensive, using their tail, claws, and jaws when fighting. They are excellent swimmers, using the raised fin located on their tails to steer through water. Water monitors are carnivores, and have a wide range of foods. They are known to eat [[fish]], [[frog]]s, [[rodent]]s, [[bird]]s, [[crab]]s, and [[snake]]s.<ref name="Sprackland"/> They have also been known to eat [[turtle]]s, as well as young [[crocodile]]s and crocodile eggs.<ref>Whitaker, Rom (1981) "Bangladesh – Monitors and turtles". ''Hamadryad''. '''6''' (3): 7–9</ref> Like the [[Komodo Dragon]], they will often eat [[carrion]].<ref name="Sprackland"/> Water monitors have been observed eating [[catfish]] in a fashion similar to a mammalian carnivore, tearing off chunks of meat with its sharp teeth while holding it with its forelegs and then separating different parts of the fish for sequential consumption.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://varanidae.org/4-4_Stanner.pdf |journal=Biawak |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=128–131 |year=2010 |title=Mammal-like Feeding Behavior of Varanus salvator and its Conservational Implications |author=Stanner, Michael}}</ref>
Water monitors can be defensive, using their tails, claws, and jaws when fighting. They are excellent swimmers, using the raised fin on their tails to steer through water. They are carnivores, and have a wide range of foods. They are known to eat [[fish]], [[frog]]s, [[rodent]]s, [[bird]]s, [[crab]]s, and [[snake]]s.<ref name="Sprackland"/> They have also been known to eat [[turtle]]s, as well as young [[crocodile]]s and crocodile eggs.<ref>Whitaker, Rom (1981) "Bangladesh – Monitors and turtles". ''Hamadryad''. '''6''' (3): 7–9</ref> Like the Komodo dragon, they will often eat [[carrion]].<ref name="Sprackland"/> Water monitors have been observed eating [[catfish]] in a fashion similar to a mammalian carnivore, tearing off chunks of meat with their sharp teeth while holding it with their fore legs and then separating different parts of the fish for sequential consumption.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://varanidae.org/4-4_Stanner.pdf |journal=Biawak |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=128–131 |year=2010 |title=Mammal-like Feeding Behavior of Varanus salvator and its Conservational Implications |author=Stanner, Michael}}</ref>


== Conservation ==
== Conservation ==
In [[Hong Kong]], it is a [[List of protected species in Hong Kong|protected species]] under Wild Animals Protection Ordinance Cap 170. In Malaysia, this species is one of the most common wild animals around with numbers comparable to that of the population of macaques there. Although many fall prey to humans via road kill and animal cruelty, it still thrives in most states of Malaysia especially in the shrubs of the east-coast states such as [[Pahang]] and [[Terengganu]]. In the east-coast states of Malaysia, this species is very common in roadkill. In [[Thailand]], all monitor lizards are protected species.<ref name="chula">{{cite journal|coauthors=KOMSORN LAUPRASERT and KUMTHORN THIRAKHUPT|date=2001-08|title=Species Diversity, Distribution and Proposed Status of Monitor Lizards (Family Varanidae) in Southern Thailand|journal=The Natural History Journal of Chulalongkorn University|publisher=Chulalongkorn University|volume=1|issue=1|pages=39–46|url=http://www2.biology.sc.chula.ac.th/web%20of%20NHJCU%20PDF/1-1,%2039-46.pdf|accessdate=2009-06-28}}</ref>
In [[Hong Kong]], it is a [[List of protected species in Hong Kong|protected species]] under Wild Animals Protection Ordinance Cap 170. In Malaysia, this species is one of the most common wild animals around, with numbers comparable to that of the population of macaques there. Although many fall prey to humans via road kill and animal cruelty, they still thrive in most states of Malaysia, especially in the shrubs of the east-coast states such as [[Pahang]] and [[Terengganu]]. In the east-coast states of Malaysia, this species is very common in roadkill. In Thailand, all monitor lizards are protected species.<ref name="chula">{{cite journal|coauthors=KOMSORN LAUPRASERT and KUMTHORN THIRAKHUPT|date=2001-08|title=Species Diversity, Distribution and Proposed Status of Monitor Lizards (Family Varanidae) in Southern Thailand|journal=The Natural History Journal of Chulalongkorn University|publisher=Chulalongkorn University|volume=1|issue=1|pages=39–46|url=http://www2.biology.sc.chula.ac.th/web%20of%20NHJCU%20PDF/1-1,%2039-46.pdf|accessdate=2009-06-28}}</ref>


== Gallery ==
== Gallery ==

Revision as of 21:34, 29 September 2013

For large firefighting devices, see Deluge gun.
For the Australian species with a similar common names, see Mertens' water monitor and Mitchell's water monitor.

Water monitor
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Reptilia
Order:
Squamata
Suborder:
Sauria/Lacertilia
Family:
Varanidae
Genus:
Varanus
Species:
V. salvator
Binomial name
Varanus salvator
(Laurenti, 1768)

The water monitor (Varanus salvator) is a large lizard native to South Asia. Water monitors are one of the most common monitor lizards found throughout Asia, and range from Sri Lanka and India to Indochina, the Malay Peninsula, and various islands of Indonesia, living in areas close to water.

Description

The water monitor is a large species of monitor lizards. Breeding maturity is attained for males when they are a relatively modest 40 cm (16 in) long and weigh 1 kg (2.2 lb) and for females at 50 cm (20 in). However, they grow much larger throughout life, with males being larger than females.[1] Most adult specimens will not exceed 1.5–2 m (4.9–6.6 ft) in length.[2] However, the species can attain a maximum size of 3 m (9.8 ft).[3] The largest specimen on record was an animal measuring 321 cm from Ceylon (Sri Lanka). A common mature weight of V. salvator can be 19.5 kg (43 lb).[1][4] The maximum weight of the species is over 50 kg (110 lb).[5] In exceptional cases, the species has been reported to attain 75 to 90 kg (165 to 198 lb), though most such reports are unverified and may be unreliable. They are the world's second-heaviest lizard, after the Komodo dragon.[6] Their bodies are muscular, with a long, powerful, laterally compressed tails.

Etymology

The generic name Varanus is derived from the Arabic waral (ورل), which translates as "monitor" in English. The specific name is the Latin word for "Saviour" denoting a possible religious connotation.[7] The water monitor is occasionally confused with the crocodile monitor (V. salvadorii) because of their similar scientific names.[8]

In Thailand, the local word for a water monitor, hia (Thai: เหี้ย), is used as an insulting word for bad and evil things, including bad persons. The word is also thought to bring bad luck, so some people prefer to call the animals ตัวเงินตัวทอง, which means 'silver and gold' in Thai - to avoid the jinx.

The origin of this offensive meaning can be traced back to a time when more people lived in rural areas in close proximity to monitor lizards. Traditionally, Thai villagers lived in two-story houses; the top floor was for living, while the ground floor was designed to be a space for domestic animals such as pigs, chickens, and dogs. Water monitors would enter the ground floor and eat or maim the domestic animals, also hence the other name ตัวกินไก่ (dtua gin gai – chicken eater).

In Indonesian and Malay, the water monitor is called biawak.

Water monitor at Kandy Lake, Sri Lanka

Subspecies of Varanus salvator

  • The Asian water monitor, V. s. salvator the nominate subspecies is now restricted to Sri Lanka, where it is known as the kabaragoya in Sinhala, and udumbu in Tamil.
  • The Andaman Islands water monitor, V. s. andamanensis' is found on the Andaman Islands; the type locality is Port Blair, Andaman Islands.
  • The two-striped water monitor, V. s. bivittatus, is common to Java, Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores, Ombai (Alor), Wetar, and some neighbouring islands within the Sunda arch, Indonesia;the type locality is Java (designated by Mertens 1959).
  • The black water monitor, V. s. komaini, from Thailand (type locality: Amphoe La-ngu, Satun Prov., Thailand, and Thai-Malaysian border area) was formerly a subspecies, but now is regarded as a synonym of V. s. macromaculatus.[9]
  • The Southeast Asian water monitor, Varanus salvator macromaculatus (type locality: Siam (Thailand), is found in mainland Southeast Asia, Singapore, Sumatra, Borneo, and smaller associated offshore islands.[9]
  • Ziegler's water monitor, Varanus salvator ziegleri, is from Obi Island.
  • The yellow-headed water monitor, Varanus marmoratus, and Varanus nuchalis were classified as subspecies until 2007, when they were elevated to full species.[9][10]

Behavior and diet

Water monitors can be defensive, using their tails, claws, and jaws when fighting. They are excellent swimmers, using the raised fin on their tails to steer through water. They are carnivores, and have a wide range of foods. They are known to eat fish, frogs, rodents, birds, crabs, and snakes.[7] They have also been known to eat turtles, as well as young crocodiles and crocodile eggs.[11] Like the Komodo dragon, they will often eat carrion.[7] Water monitors have been observed eating catfish in a fashion similar to a mammalian carnivore, tearing off chunks of meat with their sharp teeth while holding it with their fore legs and then separating different parts of the fish for sequential consumption.[12]

Conservation

In Hong Kong, it is a protected species under Wild Animals Protection Ordinance Cap 170. In Malaysia, this species is one of the most common wild animals around, with numbers comparable to that of the population of macaques there. Although many fall prey to humans via road kill and animal cruelty, they still thrive in most states of Malaysia, especially in the shrubs of the east-coast states such as Pahang and Terengganu. In the east-coast states of Malaysia, this species is very common in roadkill. In Thailand, all monitor lizards are protected species.[13]

Closeup of the head
Closeup of split tongue
Resting on tree limb in Bangkok, Thailand
A hatchling

References

  1. ^ a b Shine, R. (1996). "Commercial harvesting of giant lizards: The biology of water monitors Varanus salvator in southern Sumatra". Biological Conservation. 77 (2–3): 125–134. doi:10.1016/0006-3207(96)00008-0. Retrieved 2013-06-09. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ Pianka, King & king. Varanoid lizards of the world. 2004
  3. ^ Malayan Water Monitor – Varanus salvator. Ecologyasia.com. Retrieved on 2012-08-22.
  4. ^ Water Monitor Lizard (Varanus salvator) at Pak Lah’s House | Mutakhir. Wildlife.gov.my (2012-02-23). Retrieved on 2012-08-22.
  5. ^ Water Monitor – Varanus salvator : WAZA : World Association of Zoos and Aquariums. WAZA. Retrieved on 2012-08-22.
  6. ^ Wood, Gerald (1983). The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. ISBN 978-0-85112-235-9.
  7. ^ a b c Robert George Sprackland (1992). Giant lizards. Neptune, NJ: T.F.H. Publications. ISBN 0-86622-634-6.
  8. ^ Netherton, John; Badger, David P. (2002). Lizards: A Natural History of Some Uncommon Creatures—Extraordinary Chameleons, Iguanas, Geckos, and More. Stillwater, MN: Voyageur Press. pp. 140–141. ISBN 0-7603-2579-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ a b c Koch, A., M. Auliya, A. Schmitz, U. Kuch & W. Böhme. (2007). Morphological Studies on the Systematics of South East Asian Water Monitors (Varanus salvator Complex): Nominotypic Populations and Taxonomic Overview. pp. 109–180. In Horn, H.-G., W. Böhme & U. Krebs (eds.), Advances in Monitor Research III. Mertensiella 16, Rheinbach.
  10. ^ "Soterosaurus: Mindanao Water Monitor". monitor-lizards.net. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
  11. ^ Whitaker, Rom (1981) "Bangladesh – Monitors and turtles". Hamadryad. 6 (3): 7–9
  12. ^ Stanner, Michael (2010). "Mammal-like Feeding Behavior of Varanus salvator and its Conservational Implications" (PDF). Biawak. 4 (4): 128–131.
  13. ^ "Species Diversity, Distribution and Proposed Status of Monitor Lizards (Family Varanidae) in Southern Thailand" (PDF). The Natural History Journal of Chulalongkorn University. 1 (1). Chulalongkorn University: 39–46. 2001-08. Retrieved 2009-06-28. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

Further reading

  • Bennett, Daniel 1995 The water monitor Varanus salvator Reptilian 3 (8): 15–21
  • Das, Indraneil 1988 New evidence of the occurrence of water monitor (Varanus salvator) in Meghalaya J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 86: 253–255
  • Deraniyagala, P. E. P. 1944 Four New Races of the Kabaragoya Lizard Varanus salvator. Spolia Zeylanica 24: 59–62
  • Pandav, Bivash 1993 A preliminary survey of the water monitor (Varanus salvator) in Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary, Orissa Hamadryad 18: 49–51

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