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A '''super-Jupiter''' is an astronomical object that's more massive than the planet [[Jupiter]]. For example, [[substellar companion|companions]] at the planet–[[brown dwarf]] borderline have been called super-Jupiters, such as around the star [[Kappa Andromedae]].<ref name=kappa>{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/topics/universe/features/super-jupiter.html |title=Astronomers Directly Image Massive Star's 'Super-Jupiter' |date=19 November 2012 |publisher=NASA |accessdate=26 June 2013}}</ref> |
A '''super-Jupiter''' is an astronomical object that's more massive than the planet [[Jupiter]]. For example, [[substellar companion|companions]] at the planet–[[brown dwarf]] borderline have been called super-Jupiters, such as around the star [[Kappa Andromedae]].<ref name=kappa>{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/topics/universe/features/super-jupiter.html |title=Astronomers Directly Image Massive Star's 'Super-Jupiter' |date=19 November 2012 |publisher=NASA |accessdate=26 June 2013}}</ref> |
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By 2011 there were 180 known super-Jupiters, some [[Hot Jupiter|hot]], some cold.<ref name=kitchin>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/?id=HaM6CpDYE3oC&pg=PA168&dq=Super+jupiter#v=onepage&q=Super%20jupiter&f=false |pages=167–168 |title=Exoplanets: Finding, Exploring, and Understanding Alien Worlds |isbn=9781461406440 |author1=Kitchin |first1=Chris |year=2012}}</ref> Even though they weigh more than Jupiter, they remain the about the same size as Jupiter up to 80 Jupiter masses.<ref name=kitchin/> This means that their surface gravity and density goes up proportionally with their mass.<ref name=kitchin/> The increased mass compresses the planet due to gravity, thus keeping it from being larger.<ref name=kitchin/> <!-- Super-Jupiters can be up to three times denser than the densest known element [[osmium]], whose density is , and have surface gravity up to a hundred times stronger than Earth's.{{fact|date=November 2012}} --> |
By 2011 there were 180 known super-Jupiters, some [[Hot Jupiter|hot]], some cold.<ref name=kitchin>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/?id=HaM6CpDYE3oC&pg=PA168&dq=Super+jupiter#v=onepage&q=Super%20jupiter&f=false |pages=167–168 |title=Exoplanets: Finding, Exploring, and Understanding Alien Worlds |isbn=9781461406440 |author1=Kitchin |first1=Chris |year=2012}}</ref> Even though they weigh more than Jupiter, they remain the about the same size as Jupiter up to 80 Jupiter masses.<ref name=kitchin/> This means that their surface gravity and density goes up proportionally with their mass.<ref name=kitchin/> The increased mass compresses the planet due to gravity, thus keeping it from being larger.<ref name=kitchin/> <!-- Super-Jupiters can be up to three times denser than the densest known element [[osmium]], whose density is , and have surface gravity up to a hundred times stronger than Earth's.{{fact|date=November 2012}} --> In comparison, somewhat lighter planets than Jupiter can be larger, so-called "[[puffy planets]]" (gas giants with a large diameter but low density.<ref name=chang>{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/15/science/space/15planet.html |date=2010-11-11 |title=Puzzling Puffy Planet, Less Dense Than Cork, Is Discovered | work=The New York Times |first=Kenneth |last=Chang}}</ref> An example of this may be the exoplanet [[HAT-P-1]] with about half the mass of Jupiter but about 1.38 times larger diameter.<ref name=chang/> |
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[[COROT-3b|Corot-3b]], with a mass around 22 Jupiter masses,<ref name="Deleuil08">{{cite journal|author=Deleuil, M.|year=2008|title=Transiting exoplanets from the CoRoT space mission. VI. CoRoT-Exo-3b: the first secure inhabitant of the brown-dwarf desert|journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics|volume=491|issue=3|pages=889–897|doi=10.1051/0004-6361:200810625|bibcode=2008A&A...491..889D|last2=Deeg|first2=H. J.|last3=Alonso|first3=R.|last4=Bouchy|first4=F.|last5=Rouan|first5=D.|last6=Auvergne|first6=M.|last7=Baglin|first7=A.|last8=Aigrain|first8=S.|last9=Almenara|first9=J. M.|arxiv = 0810.0919 }}</ref> is predicted to have an average density of 26.4 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, greater than [[osmium]] (22.6 g/cm<sup>3</sup>), the densest natural element under standard conditions. Extreme compression of matter inside it causes the high density, because it is likely composed mainly of [[hydrogen]].<ref>{{cite journal|year=2003|title=Evolutionary models for cool brown dwarfs and extrasolar giant planets. The case of HD 209458|journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics|volume=402|pages=701–712|doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20030252|bibcode=2003A&A...402..701B|arxiv = astro-ph/0302293|issue=2|last2=Chabrier|first2=G.|last3=Barman|first3=T. S.|last4=Allard|first4=F.|last5=Hauschildt|first5=P. H.|last1=Baraffe|first1=I. }}</ref> The [[surface gravity]] is also high, over 50 times that of Earth.<ref name="Deleuil08" /> |
[[COROT-3b|Corot-3b]], with a mass around 22 Jupiter masses,<ref name="Deleuil08">{{cite journal|author=Deleuil, M.|year=2008|title=Transiting exoplanets from the CoRoT space mission. VI. CoRoT-Exo-3b: the first secure inhabitant of the brown-dwarf desert|journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics|volume=491|issue=3|pages=889–897|doi=10.1051/0004-6361:200810625|bibcode=2008A&A...491..889D|last2=Deeg|first2=H. J.|last3=Alonso|first3=R.|last4=Bouchy|first4=F.|last5=Rouan|first5=D.|last6=Auvergne|first6=M.|last7=Baglin|first7=A.|last8=Aigrain|first8=S.|last9=Almenara|first9=J. M.|arxiv = 0810.0919 }}</ref> is predicted to have an average density of 26.4 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, greater than [[osmium]] (22.6 g/cm<sup>3</sup>), the densest natural element under standard conditions. Extreme compression of matter inside it causes the high density, because it is likely composed mainly of [[hydrogen]].<ref>{{cite journal|year=2003|title=Evolutionary models for cool brown dwarfs and extrasolar giant planets. The case of HD 209458|journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics|volume=402|pages=701–712|doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20030252|bibcode=2003A&A...402..701B|arxiv = astro-ph/0302293|issue=2|last2=Chabrier|first2=G.|last3=Barman|first3=T. S.|last4=Allard|first4=F.|last5=Hauschildt|first5=P. H.|last1=Baraffe|first1=I. }}</ref> The [[surface gravity]] is also high, over 50 times that of Earth.<ref name="Deleuil08" /> |
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Revision as of 22:33, 18 November 2013
A super-Jupiter is an astronomical object that's more massive than the planet Jupiter. For example, companions at the planet–brown dwarf borderline have been called super-Jupiters, such as around the star Kappa Andromedae.[1]
By 2011 there were 180 known super-Jupiters, some hot, some cold.[2] Even though they weigh more than Jupiter, they remain the about the same size as Jupiter up to 80 Jupiter masses.[2] This means that their surface gravity and density goes up proportionally with their mass.[2] The increased mass compresses the planet due to gravity, thus keeping it from being larger.[2] In comparison, somewhat lighter planets than Jupiter can be larger, so-called "puffy planets" (gas giants with a large diameter but low density.[3] An example of this may be the exoplanet HAT-P-1 with about half the mass of Jupiter but about 1.38 times larger diameter.[3]
Corot-3b, with a mass around 22 Jupiter masses,[4] is predicted to have an average density of 26.4 g/cm3, greater than osmium (22.6 g/cm3), the densest natural element under standard conditions. Extreme compression of matter inside it causes the high density, because it is likely composed mainly of hydrogen.[5] The surface gravity is also high, over 50 times that of Earth.[4]
In 2012, the super-Jupiter Kappa Andromedae b was imaged around the star Kappa Andromedae,[1] orbiting it about 1.8 times the distance at which Neptune orbits the Sun.[6]
See also
References
- ^ a b "Astronomers Directly Image Massive Star's 'Super-Jupiter'". NASA. 19 November 2012. Retrieved 26 June 2013.
- ^ a b c d Kitchin, Chris (2012). Exoplanets: Finding, Exploring, and Understanding Alien Worlds. pp. 167–168. ISBN 9781461406440.
- ^ a b Chang, Kenneth (2010-11-11). "Puzzling Puffy Planet, Less Dense Than Cork, Is Discovered". The New York Times.
- ^ a b Deleuil, M.; Deeg, H. J.; Alonso, R.; Bouchy, F.; Rouan, D.; Auvergne, M.; Baglin, A.; Aigrain, S.; Almenara, J. M. (2008). "Transiting exoplanets from the CoRoT space mission. VI. CoRoT-Exo-3b: the first secure inhabitant of the brown-dwarf desert". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 491 (3): 889–897. arXiv:0810.0919. Bibcode:2008A&A...491..889D. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200810625.
- ^ Baraffe, I.; Chabrier, G.; Barman, T. S.; Allard, F.; Hauschildt, P. H. (2003). "Evolutionary models for cool brown dwarfs and extrasolar giant planets. The case of HD 209458". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 402 (2): 701–712. arXiv:astro-ph/0302293. Bibcode:2003A&A...402..701B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20030252.
- ^ "Image of the "super-Jupiter" Kappa Andromedae b". NASA/JPL. 19 November 2012. Retrieved 26 June 2013.
Further reading
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