Wikipedia talk:Articles for creation/Robert Shapley: Difference between revisions
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Other findings that have elucidated the workings of V1 include the following: V1 cells are tuned for color and for spatial pattern<ref>Johnson EA Hawken MJ and Shapley RM (2001) The Spatial Transformation of Color in the Primary Visual Cortex of the Macaque Monkey, Nature Neuroscience 4: 409-16.</ref><ref>Johnson EN, Hawken MJ, Shapley R. (2004) Cone Inputs in Macaque Primary Visual Cortex. |
Other findings that have elucidated the workings of V1 include the following: V1 cells are tuned for color and for spatial pattern<ref>Johnson EA Hawken MJ and Shapley RM (2001) The Spatial Transformation of Color in the Primary Visual Cortex of the Macaque Monkey, Nature Neuroscience 4: 409-16.</ref><ref>Johnson EN, Hawken MJ, Shapley R. (2004) Cone Inputs in Macaque Primary Visual Cortex. |
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J Neurophysiol. 91:2501-14.</ref><ref>Johnson EN, Hawken MJ, Shapley R. (2008) The orientation selectivity of color-responsive neurons in macaque V1. J Neurosci. 28:8096-8106.</ref>; fluctuations in the local field potential in V1 appear to be caused by noise and have no autocoherence or phase-memory over time<ref>Burns SP, Xing D, Shelley MJ, Shapley RM (2010) Searching for autocoherence in the cortical network with a time-frequency analysis of the local field potential. J Neurosci. 30:4033-47.</ref><ref>Burns SP, Xing D, Shapley RM. (2011) Is gamma-band activity in the local field potential of V1 cortex a "clock" or filtered noise? J Neurosci. 31:9658-64.</ref>; and there is not a single fixed cortical receptive field for each neuron.<ref>Yeh CI, Xing D, Williams PE, Shapley RM. (2009) Stimulus ensemble and cortical layer determine V1 spatial receptive fields. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 106:14652-7.</ref> |
J Neurophysiol. 91:2501-14.</ref><ref>Johnson EN, Hawken MJ, Shapley R. (2008) The orientation selectivity of color-responsive neurons in macaque V1. J Neurosci. 28:8096-8106.</ref>; fluctuations in the local field potential in V1 appear to be caused by noise and have no autocoherence or phase-memory over time<ref>Burns SP, Xing D, Shelley MJ, Shapley RM (2010) Searching for autocoherence in the cortical network with a time-frequency analysis of the local field potential. J Neurosci. 30:4033-47.</ref><ref>Burns SP, Xing D, Shapley RM. (2011) Is gamma-band activity in the local field potential of V1 cortex a "clock" or filtered noise? J Neurosci. 31:9658-64.</ref>; and there is not a single fixed cortical receptive field for each neuron.<ref>Yeh CI, Xing D, Williams PE, Shapley RM. (2009) Stimulus ensemble and cortical layer determine V1 spatial receptive fields. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 106:14652-7.</ref> |
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More recently, Shapley has been studying how color is represented in the visual cortex, as a follow-up to his earlier work on parallel pathways for color and brightness contrast in the retina. He is also examining visual perception and the art of painting--he wrote an editorial in the journal Perception about the work of the American artist Ellsworth Kelly.<ref>Shapley, R. (1996) Guest editorial: Art and the perception of nature: Illusory contours in the paintings of |
More recently, Shapley has been studying how color is represented in the visual cortex, as a follow-up to his earlier work on parallel pathways for color and brightness contrast in the retina. He is also examining visual perception and the art of painting--he wrote an editorial in the journal Perception about the work of the American artist Ellsworth Kelly.<ref>Shapley, R. (1996) Guest editorial: Art and the perception of nature: Illusory contours in the paintings of |
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Ellsworth Kelly, Perception, 25, 1259-1261.</ref> |
Ellsworth Kelly, Perception, 25, 1259-1261.</ref> |
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Revision as of 06:17, 3 December 2013
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Robert Shapley
Robert Shapley is an American neuroscientist whose research links neuronal activity in the visual cortex to visual perception. In his studies, he uses the visual cortex as a model system that reveals fundamental mechanisms of cerebral cortical activity.
Shapley, the Natalie Clews Spencer Professor of the Sciences at New York University, is a professor in the Center for Neural Science and an associate member of the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences.
Among Shapley’s more prominent findings were results on X and Y retinal ganglion cells in the cat retina. He discovered that the Y cell collected excitatory signals from many small spatial mechanisms called “nonlinear subunits”[1] and that there was a contrast gain control, a nonlinear feedback within the retina that adjusted the signal-transfer properties of the retina contingent on the space-averaged stimulus contrast.[2] In addition, he has made numerous discoveries shedding light on the visual system of macaque monkeys. These include: its parallel processing of visual signals[3]; the nature of retinal computation of color[4][5]; and that the orientation-selectivity of neurons in the primary visual cortex, or V1, of evolves with time.[6] Other findings that have elucidated the workings of V1 include the following: V1 cells are tuned for color and for spatial pattern[7][8][9]; fluctuations in the local field potential in V1 appear to be caused by noise and have no autocoherence or phase-memory over time[10][11]; and there is not a single fixed cortical receptive field for each neuron.[12] More recently, Shapley has been studying how color is represented in the visual cortex, as a follow-up to his earlier work on parallel pathways for color and brightness contrast in the retina. He is also examining visual perception and the art of painting--he wrote an editorial in the journal Perception about the work of the American artist Ellsworth Kelly.[13]
Shapley, who received a MacArthur Foundation Prize Fellowship in 1986[14], received an A.B. Degree from Harvard College (1965) and a Ph.D. from Rockefeller University (1970). With a Helen Hay Whitney Postdoctoral Fellowship, he went to Northwestern University and the University of Cambridge. He served on the US National Research Council’s Committee on Vision.
References
- ^ Hochstein, S. and Shapley, R. (1976) Linear and nonlinear spatial subunits in Y cat retinal ganglion cells. J.Physiol., 262, 265-284.
- ^ Shapley, R. and Victor, J.D. (1978) The effect of contrast on the transfer properties of cat retinal ganglion cells, J.Physiol., 285, 275-298.
- ^ Shapley R Kaplan E Soodak R. (1981) Spatial summation and contrast sensitivity of X and Y cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the macaque Nature 292, 543-545.
- ^ Reid, R.C. and Shapley, R. (1992) Spatial structure of cone inputs to receptive fields in primate lateral geniculate nucleus, Nature, 356, 716-718.
- ^ Reid RC and Shapley RM (2002) Space and time maps of cone photoreceptor signals in macaque lateral geniculate nucleus. J. Neurosci. 22:6158-6175.
- ^ Ringach, D., Hawken, M. and Shapley, R. (1997) The dynamics of orientation tuning in the macaque monkey striate cortex, Nature, 387, 281-284.
- ^ Johnson EA Hawken MJ and Shapley RM (2001) The Spatial Transformation of Color in the Primary Visual Cortex of the Macaque Monkey, Nature Neuroscience 4: 409-16.
- ^ Johnson EN, Hawken MJ, Shapley R. (2004) Cone Inputs in Macaque Primary Visual Cortex. J Neurophysiol. 91:2501-14.
- ^ Johnson EN, Hawken MJ, Shapley R. (2008) The orientation selectivity of color-responsive neurons in macaque V1. J Neurosci. 28:8096-8106.
- ^ Burns SP, Xing D, Shelley MJ, Shapley RM (2010) Searching for autocoherence in the cortical network with a time-frequency analysis of the local field potential. J Neurosci. 30:4033-47.
- ^ Burns SP, Xing D, Shapley RM. (2011) Is gamma-band activity in the local field potential of V1 cortex a "clock" or filtered noise? J Neurosci. 31:9658-64.
- ^ Yeh CI, Xing D, Williams PE, Shapley RM. (2009) Stimulus ensemble and cortical layer determine V1 spatial receptive fields. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 106:14652-7.
- ^ Shapley, R. (1996) Guest editorial: Art and the perception of nature: Illusory contours in the paintings of Ellsworth Kelly, Perception, 25, 1259-1261.
- ^ http://www.macfound.org/fellows/class/august-1986/