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explanation of the symbolism of his printer's mark
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Plantin was born in [[France]], probably in [[Saint-Avertin]], near the city of [[Tours]], [[Touraine]]. He learned bookbinding and bookselling in [[Caen]]. He married someone from [[Antwerp]], and settled there in 1549 as a bookbinder.
Plantin was born in [[France]], probably in [[Saint-Avertin]], near the city of [[Tours]], [[Touraine]]. He learned bookbinding and bookselling in [[Caen]]. He married someone from [[Antwerp]], and settled there in 1549 as a bookbinder.


In 1555, he opened his own printing establishment and soon became a leader of that trade. The first book he is known to have printed was ''La Institutione di una fanciulla nata nobilmente,'' by [[Giovanni Michele Bruto]], with a French translation. This was soon followed by many other works in French and Latin, which in point of execution rivalled the best printing of his time. The art of [[engraving]] then flourished in the [[Netherlands]], and Dutch engravers illustrated many of his editions. Around 1555, an arm wound appears to have led him to apply himself to [[typography]].
In 1555, he opened his own printing establishment and soon became a leader of that trade. The first book he is known to have printed was ''La Institutione di una fanciulla nata nobilmente,'' by [[Giovanni Michele Bruto]], with a French translation. This was soon followed by many other works in French and Latin, which in point of execution rivalled the best printing of his time. The art of [[engraving]] then flourished in the [[Netherlands]], and Dutch engravers illustrated many of his editions. Around 1555, an arm wound appears to have led him to apply himself to [[typography]]. The printer's mark which Plantin adopted and applied in various forms to all his officially published materials consists of the motto ''Labore et Constantia'' ("By Labor and Constancy") and the symbol of a compass. The center point of the compass indicates constancy, the moving point which renders the circle is the labor. <ref>{http://spcoll.library.uvic.ca/Digit/physiologum/commentary/bio_plantin_mark.htm}</ref>. He holds this instrument in portraits of him, such as the one commissioned from the Flemish painter [[Peter Paul Rubens]].


In 1562, while Plantin was absent in Paris, his workmen printed a [[heresy|heretical]] pamphlet, which resulted in his goods being seized and sold. It seems, however, that he eventually recovered much of the value that was taken from him. In 1563, he associated himself with some friends to carry on his business on a larger scale. Among these friends were two grand-[[nephew]]s of [[Daniel Bomberg]], who furnished him with the fine Hebrew [[typeface]]s of that renowned [[Venice|Venetian]] printer.
In 1562, while Plantin was absent in Paris, his workmen printed a [[heresy|heretical]] pamphlet, which resulted in his goods being seized and sold. It seems, however, that he eventually recovered much of the value that was taken from him. In 1563, he associated himself with some friends to carry on his business on a larger scale. Among these friends were two grand-[[nephew]]s of [[Daniel Bomberg]], who furnished him with the fine Hebrew [[typeface]]s of that renowned [[Venice|Venetian]] printer.<ref>{http://spcoll.library.uvic.ca/Digit/physiologum/commentary/bio_plantin.htm]</ref>


In November 1576, the Spaniards [[Sack of Antwerp|plundered]] and partly burned Antwerp, and Plantin had to pay an exorbitant ransom. He established a branch of his firm in [[Paris]]. In 1583, the states of [[Holland]] sought a typographer for the newly erected university at [[Leiden]]. Plantin moved there after leaving his much reduced business in Antwerp to his sons-in-law [[Jan Moretus|John Moerentorf]] and [[Frans van Ravelingen]] (Raphelengius). Plantin left his Leiden office to Raphelengius and returned to Antwerp after it became more settled, subsequent to its conquest by the prince of [[Parma]] in 1585. Plantin laboured in Antwerp until his death.
In November 1576, the Spaniards [[Sack of Antwerp|plundered]] and partly burned Antwerp, and Plantin had to pay an exorbitant ransom. He established a branch of his firm in [[Paris]]. In 1583, the states of [[Holland]] sought a typographer for the newly erected university at [[Leiden]]. Plantin moved there after leaving his much reduced business in Antwerp to his sons-in-law [[Jan Moretus|John Moerentorf]] and [[Frans van Ravelingen]] (Raphelengius). Plantin left his Leiden office to Raphelengius and returned to Antwerp after it became more settled, subsequent to its conquest by the prince of [[Parma]] in 1585. Plantin laboured in Antwerp until his death.

Revision as of 03:01, 15 February 2014

Christophe Plantin
Portrait of Plantin by Rubens
Bornc. 1520
France
Died(1589-07-01)1 July 1589
Antwerp
Resting placeAntwerp
Years active1548–1589
Known forPlantin Press

Christophe Plantin (in Dutch Christoffel Plantijn; c. 1520 – 1 July 1589) was an influential Renaissance humanist and book printer and publisher.

Life

Plantin was born in France, probably in Saint-Avertin, near the city of Tours, Touraine. He learned bookbinding and bookselling in Caen. He married someone from Antwerp, and settled there in 1549 as a bookbinder.

In 1555, he opened his own printing establishment and soon became a leader of that trade. The first book he is known to have printed was La Institutione di una fanciulla nata nobilmente, by Giovanni Michele Bruto, with a French translation. This was soon followed by many other works in French and Latin, which in point of execution rivalled the best printing of his time. The art of engraving then flourished in the Netherlands, and Dutch engravers illustrated many of his editions. Around 1555, an arm wound appears to have led him to apply himself to typography. The printer's mark which Plantin adopted and applied in various forms to all his officially published materials consists of the motto Labore et Constantia ("By Labor and Constancy") and the symbol of a compass. The center point of the compass indicates constancy, the moving point which renders the circle is the labor. [1]. He holds this instrument in portraits of him, such as the one commissioned from the Flemish painter Peter Paul Rubens.

In 1562, while Plantin was absent in Paris, his workmen printed a heretical pamphlet, which resulted in his goods being seized and sold. It seems, however, that he eventually recovered much of the value that was taken from him. In 1563, he associated himself with some friends to carry on his business on a larger scale. Among these friends were two grand-nephews of Daniel Bomberg, who furnished him with the fine Hebrew typefaces of that renowned Venetian printer.[2]

In November 1576, the Spaniards plundered and partly burned Antwerp, and Plantin had to pay an exorbitant ransom. He established a branch of his firm in Paris. In 1583, the states of Holland sought a typographer for the newly erected university at Leiden. Plantin moved there after leaving his much reduced business in Antwerp to his sons-in-law John Moerentorf and Frans van Ravelingen (Raphelengius). Plantin left his Leiden office to Raphelengius and returned to Antwerp after it became more settled, subsequent to its conquest by the prince of Parma in 1585. Plantin laboured in Antwerp until his death.

Printing work

Christophe Plantin and the motto Labore et Constancia ("By Labor and Constancy")

His most important work is the Biblia Regia, published between 1568 and 1572. His editions of the Bible in Hebrew, Latin and Dutch, his Corpus juris, Latin and Greek classics, and many other works produced at this period are renowned for their beautiful execution and accuracy. He also planned a much greater enterprise—the publication of a Biblia polyglotta, which would fix the original text of Old and New Testaments on a scientific basis. In spite of clerical opposition, he was supported by King Philip II of Spain, who sent him the learned Benito Arias Montano to lead the editorship. With Montano's zealous help, the work was finished in five years (1569–1573, 8 vols, folio). This work earned Plantin little profit, but resulted in Philip's granting him the privilege of printing all Roman Catholic liturgical books (missals, breviaries, etc.) for the states ruled by Philip, and the office of prototypo-graphus regius.

Besides the polyglot Bible, Plantin published many other works of note, such as editions of St. Augustine and St. Jerome, the botanical works of Dodonaeus, Clusius and Lobelius, and the description of the Netherlands by Guicciardini. In 1575, his printing firm reckoned more than 20 presses and 73 workmen, in addition to a similar number that worked for him out of their homes.

Though outwardly a faithful son of the Catholic Church, he was a lifelong supporter of a mystical sect of heretics. It is now proved that many of their books published without naming the printer came from his presses.

Legacy

After Plantin's death, his firm was taken over by his son-in-law, Jan Moretus. Today, the building that housed the firm is called the Plantin-Moretus Museum. Moretus and his descendants continued to print many works of note in officina Plantiniana, but the firm began to decline in the second half of the 17th century. It remained, however, in the possession of the Moretus family, which left everything in the office untouched, and when the city of Antwerp acquired (for 1.2 million francs) the old buildings with all their contents, the authorities created, with little trouble, the Musee Plantin, which opened on 19 August 1877.

In 1968, the Christophe Plantin Prize was created in his memory, given to a Belgian civilian who resides abroad, who has made significant contributions to cultural, artistic or scientific activities.

Family tree

Plantin-Moretus family tree (successive heads of the main Plantin-Moretus firm in bold).[3]

Christophe Plantin (1520–1589) married Joanna Riviere; they had five daughters and a son

  • Margaretha Plantin married Franciscus Raphelengius, who led the Leiden branch of the house. They stayed printers in Leiden for two more generations of Van Ravelinge, until 1619. A great-granddaughter of the last Van Ravelinge printer married in 1685 Jordaen Luchtmans, founder of what would become later the still existing Brill Publishers
  • Martina Plantijn, married Jan Moretus (Johann Moerentorf) (1543–1610) in 1570; they had 10 children
    • Balthasar I Moretus (1574–1641)
    • Jan II Moretus (1576–1618) married Maria De Sweert; they had 6 children
      • Balthazar II Moretus (1615–1674) married Anna Goos; they had 12 children
        • Balthazar III Moretus (1646–1696) married Anna Maria de Neuf; they had 9 children
          • Balthazar IV Moretus (1679–1730) married Isabella Jacoba De Mont (or De Brialmont); they had 8 children
          • Joannes Jacobus Moretus (1690–1757) married Theresia Mechtildis Schilder; they had 9 children
            • Franciscus Joannes Moretus (1717–1768) married Maria Theresia Josepha Borrekens, who led the office after his death until her death in 1797. They had 13 children
              • Jacobus Paulus Josephus Moretus (1756–1808)
              • Ludovicus Franciscus Xaverius Moretus (1758–1820)
              • Josephus Hyacinthus Moretus (1762–1810) married Maria Henrica Coleta Wellens; they had 8 children
                • Albertus Franciscus Hyacinthus Fredericus Moretus (1795–1865)
                • Eduardus Josephus Hyacinthus Moretus (1804–1880). He sold the office to the city of Antwerp in 1876, after having printed the last book in 1866.
  • Magdalena Plantin married Gilles Beys, who then ran the French branch of the Plantin office. This continued for one more generation.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ {http://spcoll.library.uvic.ca/Digit/physiologum/commentary/bio_plantin_mark.htm}
  2. ^ {http://spcoll.library.uvic.ca/Digit/physiologum/commentary/bio_plantin.htm]
  3. ^ "Plantin en de Moretussen". Plantin-Moretus Museum. Retrieved 13 December 2013.

References

  • De Backer, A., and Ruelens, C., Annales plantiniennes depuis la fondation de l'imprimerie plantinienne (Brussels, 1866).
  • Clair, Colin, Christopher Plantin (London, Cassell, 1960)
  • Degeorge, Léon, La Maison Plantin à Anvers, 2nd ed. (Brussels, 1878).
  • Rooses, Max, Christophe Plantin, imprimeur anversois (Antwerp, 1882).
  • Voet, L., and Voet-Grisolle, J., The Plantin Press (1555-1589) (6 vols., Amsterdam 1980-1983).
  • Voet, Leon, The Golden Compasses : a history and evaluation of the printing and publishing activities of the Officina Plantiniana at Antwerp, in two volumes. Vol. 1, Christophe Plantin and the Moretuses. (Amsterdam and London, 1969).
Attribution

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