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- government regulations
- government regulations


There has been an outstanding controversy over the potential adverse effects of oxybenzone on the human body. Much of the disagreement is between the Environmental Working Group and researchers who claim that that substance in question has an insignificant impact. Understanding the nature of oxybenzone is important in order to avoid confusion as it is not the same as benzophenone, nor BP-1 through BP-11. Though there is a similar structure, their properties may not all be the same, especially when involving contact with the human body. One study finds an alleged sunscreen chemical in soaps, cosmetics and body fragrances is threatening coral reefs. The study focused on benzophenone-2, a similar compound to oxybenzone and used in nearly 400 different product lines, and its devastating populations of juvenile corals at low concentrations and damaging their DNA, resulting in a potential carcinogen amongst survivors<ref>"Sunscreen Chemical In Soaps, Cosmetics And Body Fragrances Threaten Coral Reefs." Space Daily 4 Feb. 2014. General OneFile. Web. 13 Mar. 2014.</ref>. Although this may be a concerning when it comes to the use of BP-2 in everyday products, further studies with regard to its influence on the health of the community and its exact relation to oxybenzone are necessary. Humans process chemicals and their environment differently than other organisms especially in the case of coral reefs which can die with a slight change in oceanic pH and temperature. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has also made a statement against the use of cosmetics containing oxybenzone and related compounds, suggesting that it could result in abnormal uterine growth known as endometriosis and to infertility. They also pressed that benzophenone-1 was likely the cause, which is broken down from oxybenzone absorbed in the human body, finding correlations between certain populations who express higher levels of the chemical during the hotter months. <ref>Meyer, Erin. "Study Finds a Link between Sunscreen Ingredient and Endometriosis - See More At: Http://blog.womenshealth.northwestern.edu/2012/07/study-finds-a-link-between-sunscreen-ingredient-and-endometriosis/#sthash.ZRK9liao.dpuf." Womens Health Research Institute. NorthWestern University, 20 July 2012. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. <http://blog.womenshealth.northwestern.edu/2012/07/study-finds-a-link-between-sunscreen-ingredient-and-endometriosis/></ref>
There has been an outstanding controversy over the potential adverse effects of oxybenzone on the human body. Much of the disagreement is between the Environmental Working Group and researchers who claim that that substance in question has an insignificant impact. According to EWG research, 84% of over 900 sunscreen products brands ineffectively protect against harmful rays or contain chemicals like oxybenzone<ref>Center for Disease Control. CDC: Americans Carry Body Burden of Toxic Sunscreen Chemical. Environmental Working Group. EWG, 25 Mar. 2008. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. <http://www.ewg.org/news/testimony-official-correspondence/cdc-americans-carry-body-burden-toxic-sunscreen-chemical></ref>. Not all chemicals are bad and understanding the nature of oxybenzone is important in order to avoid confusion as it is not the same as benzophenone, nor BP-1 through BP-11. Though there is a similar structure, their properties may not all be the same, especially when involving contact with the human body. One study finds an alleged sunscreen chemical in soaps, cosmetics and body fragrances is threatening coral reefs. The study focused on benzophenone-2, a similar compound to oxybenzone and used in nearly 400 different product lines, and its devastating populations of juvenile corals at low concentrations and damaging their DNA, resulting in a potential carcinogen amongst survivors<ref>"Sunscreen Chemical In Soaps, Cosmetics And Body Fragrances Threaten Coral Reefs." Space Daily 4 Feb. 2014. General OneFile. Web. 13 Mar. 2014.</ref>. Although this may be a concerning when it comes to the use of BP-2 in everyday products, further studies with regard to its influence on the health of the community and its exact relation to oxybenzone are necessary. Humans process chemicals and their environment differently than other organisms especially in the case of coral reefs which can die with a slight change in oceanic pH and temperature. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has also made a statement against the use of cosmetics containing oxybenzone and related compounds, suggesting that it could result in abnormal uterine growth known as endometriosis and to infertility. They also pressed that benzophenone-1 was likely the cause, which is broken down from oxybenzone absorbed in the human body, finding correlations between certain populations who express higher levels of the chemical during the hotter months. <ref>Meyer, Erin. "Study Finds a Link between Sunscreen Ingredient and Endometriosis - See More At: Http://blog.womenshealth.northwestern.edu/2012/07/study-finds-a-link-between-sunscreen-ingredient-and-endometriosis/#sthash.ZRK9liao.dpuf." Womens Health Research Institute. NorthWestern University, 20 July 2012. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. <http://blog.womenshealth.northwestern.edu/2012/07/study-finds-a-link-between-sunscreen-ingredient-and-endometriosis/></ref>


The chair of the Sunscreen Committee, Ahmed Farah, made a statement regarding oxybenzone, saying that is was a safe ingredient and not an endorine disrupting chemical, listing medical organizations in the U.S. and around the world that agree with his assessment <ref>Ahmed, Farah. "Statement: Personal Care Products Council Regarding the Safety of Sunscreen Ingredient Oxybenzone." The Dr. Oz Show. The Dr. Oz Show, 15 Mar. 2012. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. <http://www.doctoroz.com/statement-personal-care-products-council-regarding-safety-sunscreen-ingredient-oxybenzone></ref>. The U.S. National Toxicology Program (NTP), the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR), the European Union Cosmetic Ingredient Authority, Health Canada, All South East Asian Nations governments, and the American Academy of Dermatology (AAD) permit and support the use of oxybenzone, finding no basis to label it an endocrine disruptor <ref>"2-Hydroxy-4-Methoxybenzophenone (CAS No. 131-57-7): Reproductive Toxicity in CD-1 Swiss Mice; Dose 1.25, 2.5 & 5% in Feed." NTP RSS News. National Toxicology Program, Dec. 1990. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. <http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/?objectid=071CEFFD-E2C3-E8A8-786A3758F293EFBD></ref><ref>"Labeling and Effectiveness Testing: Sunscreen Drug Products for Over-The-Counter Human Use — Small Entity Compliance Guide." U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA, Dec. 2012. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. <http://www.fda.gov/drugs/guidancecomplianceregulatoryinformation/guidances/ucm330694.htm></ref><ref>"Annual Review of Cosmetic Ingredient Safety Assessments-2002/2003." International Journal of Toxicology 24 (2005): 1-102. Cosmetic Ingredient Review. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. <http://online.personalcarecouncil.org/jsp/IngredInfoSearchResultPage.jsp?searchLetter=B&CIRR=WO98JR3></ref><ref>"European CommissionScientific Committees." Opinion on the Evaluation of Potentially Estrogenic Effects of UV-filters Adopted by the SCCNFP during the 17th Plenary Meeting of 12 June 2001. SCCNFP, n.d. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. <http://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/consumer_safety/opinions/sccnfp_opinions_97_04/sccp_out145_en.htm></ref><ref>"Draft Guidance Document: Sunscreen Monograph." Health Canada. Health Canada, 28 Mar. 2007. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. <http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/consultation/natur/sunscreen-ecransolaire-eng.php></ref><ref>Schaumburg, Ill. "Sunscreen Remains a Safe, Effective Form of Sun Protection." American Academy of Dermatology. AAD, 16 May 2012. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. <http://www.aad.org/stories-and-news/news-releases/sunscreen-remains-a-safe-effective-form-of-sun-protection></ref><ref>Ahmed, Farah. "Statement: Personal Care Products Council Regarding the Safety of Sunscreen Ingredient Oxybenzone." The Dr. Oz Show. The Dr. Oz Show, 15 Mar. 2012. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. <http://www.doctoroz.com/statement-personal-care-products-council-regarding-safety-sunscreen-ingredient-oxybenzone></ref>.The Skin Cancer Foundation also noted that oxybenzone could under certain conditions give rise to free radicals that in theory could lead to skin cancer, but that not enough evidence supports that theory amongst other claiming that oxybenzone is also an endocrine disruptor<ref>"When Sunscreen Safety Is Called Into Question." Skin Cancer Foundation. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. <http://www.skincancer.org/news/sunscreen/sunscreen-safety-is-called-into-question></ref>
The chair of the Sunscreen Committee, Ahmed Farah, made a statement regarding oxybenzone, saying that is was a safe ingredient and not an endorine disrupting chemical, listing medical organizations in the U.S. and around the world that agree with his assessment <ref>Ahmed, Farah. "Statement: Personal Care Products Council Regarding the Safety of Sunscreen Ingredient Oxybenzone." The Dr. Oz Show. The Dr. Oz Show, 15 Mar. 2012. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. <http://www.doctoroz.com/statement-personal-care-products-council-regarding-safety-sunscreen-ingredient-oxybenzone></ref>. The U.S. National Toxicology Program (NTP), the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR), the European Union Cosmetic Ingredient Authority, Health Canada, All South East Asian Nations governments, and the American Academy of Dermatology (AAD) permit and support the use of oxybenzone, finding no basis to label it an endocrine disruptor <ref>"2-Hydroxy-4-Methoxybenzophenone (CAS No. 131-57-7): Reproductive Toxicity in CD-1 Swiss Mice; Dose 1.25, 2.5 & 5% in Feed." NTP RSS News. National Toxicology Program, Dec. 1990. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. <http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/?objectid=071CEFFD-E2C3-E8A8-786A3758F293EFBD></ref><ref>"Labeling and Effectiveness Testing: Sunscreen Drug Products for Over-The-Counter Human Use — Small Entity Compliance Guide." U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA, Dec. 2012. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. <http://www.fda.gov/drugs/guidancecomplianceregulatoryinformation/guidances/ucm330694.htm></ref><ref>"Annual Review of Cosmetic Ingredient Safety Assessments-2002/2003." International Journal of Toxicology 24 (2005): 1-102. Cosmetic Ingredient Review. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. <http://online.personalcarecouncil.org/jsp/IngredInfoSearchResultPage.jsp?searchLetter=B&CIRR=WO98JR3></ref><ref>"European CommissionScientific Committees." Opinion on the Evaluation of Potentially Estrogenic Effects of UV-filters Adopted by the SCCNFP during the 17th Plenary Meeting of 12 June 2001. SCCNFP, n.d. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. <http://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/consumer_safety/opinions/sccnfp_opinions_97_04/sccp_out145_en.htm></ref><ref>"Draft Guidance Document: Sunscreen Monograph." Health Canada. Health Canada, 28 Mar. 2007. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. <http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/consultation/natur/sunscreen-ecransolaire-eng.php></ref><ref>Schaumburg, Ill. "Sunscreen Remains a Safe, Effective Form of Sun Protection." American Academy of Dermatology. AAD, 16 May 2012. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. <http://www.aad.org/stories-and-news/news-releases/sunscreen-remains-a-safe-effective-form-of-sun-protection></ref><ref>Ahmed, Farah. "Statement: Personal Care Products Council Regarding the Safety of Sunscreen Ingredient Oxybenzone." The Dr. Oz Show. The Dr. Oz Show, 15 Mar. 2012. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. <http://www.doctoroz.com/statement-personal-care-products-council-regarding-safety-sunscreen-ingredient-oxybenzone></ref>.The Skin Cancer Foundation also noted that oxybenzone could under certain conditions give rise to free radicals that in theory could lead to skin cancer, but that not enough evidence supports that theory amongst other claiming that oxybenzone is also an endocrine disruptor<ref>"When Sunscreen Safety Is Called Into Question." Skin Cancer Foundation. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. <http://www.skincancer.org/news/sunscreen/sunscreen-safety-is-called-into-question></ref>


Genes coding steroidogenesis and hormonal pathways were altered in the zebra fish during their developmental stages in a low concentration BP-3 study in 2012. That same study found that adult zebra fish, unlike embryos, had a similar capacity to metabolize BP-3 to BP-1 as humans<ref>Nancy Blüthgen, Sara Zucchi, Karl Fent. "Effects of UV filter benzophenone-3 (pxybenzone) at low concentrations in zebrafish (Danio rerio)." Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology.Volume 263, Issue 2, 1 September 2012, Pages 184–194. Science Direct. 13 March 2014.</ref>. Negative effects on the endocrine system in zebra fish occurred regardless of age, possibly revealing that the transformation of BP-3 in adult zebra fish and humans may not be enough to combat dangerous dosages or that the metabolite BP-1 also has an effect. In any case, it could suppose that children may be more vulnerable and lack the ability to process certain chemicals during development as did the zebra fish embryos. A quote from the FDA recommended avoiding sunscreen with babies :“Babies' skin is less mature compared to adults, and infants have a higher surface-area to body-weight ratio compared to older children and adults....Both these factors mean that an infant's exposure to the chemicals in sunscreens may be much greater, increasing the risk of side effects from the sunscreen.”<ref>"Should You Put Sunscreen on Infants? Not Usually." U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10 Feb. 2014. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. <http://www.fda.gov/forconsumers/consumerupdates/ucm309136.htm></ref><ref>Aguirre, Claudia, Dr. "Shedding Light on Sun Safety - Part Two." International Dermal Institute. International Dermal Institute, n.d. Web. 14 Mar. 2014.<http://dermalinstitute.com/us/library/66_article_Shedding_Light_on_Sun_Safety_Part_Two.html></ref>. Regardless of whether of not oxybenzone is secretly harmful or perfectly safe to use, it should be made well aware that many people react differently to exposure to certain chemicals. Allergic reactions have been recorded in people with sensitive skin, yet most may find there to be no issue with sunscreen and other cosmetics containing the chemical<ref>Cook N, Freeman S. Report of 19 cases of photoallergic contact dermatitis to sunscreens seen at the Skin and Cancer Foundation. Australas J Dermatol. 2001 Nov;42(4):257-9 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11903157></ref>.
Genes coding steroidogenesis and hormonal pathways were altered in the zebra fish during their developmental stages in a low concentration BP-3 study in 2012. That same study found that adult zebra fish, unlike embryos, had a similar capacity to metabolize BP-3 to BP-1 as humans<ref>Nancy Blüthgen, Sara Zucchi, Karl Fent. "Effects of UV filter benzophenone-3 (pxybenzone) at low concentrations in zebrafish (Danio rerio)." Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology.Volume 263, Issue 2, 1 September 2012, Pages 184–194. Science Direct. 13 March 2014.</ref>. Negative effects on the endocrine system in zebra fish occurred regardless of age, possibly revealing that the transformation of BP-3 in adult zebra fish and humans may not be enough to combat dangerous dosages or that the metabolite BP-1 also has an effect. In any case, it could suppose that children may be more vulnerable and lack the ability to process certain chemicals during development as did the zebra fish embryos. A quote from the FDA recommended avoiding sunscreen with babies :“Babies' skin is less mature compared to adults, and infants have a higher surface-area to body-weight ratio compared to older children and adults....Both these factors mean that an infant's exposure to the chemicals in sunscreens may be much greater, increasing the risk of side effects from the sunscreen.”<ref>"Should You Put Sunscreen on Infants? Not Usually." U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10 Feb. 2014. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. <http://www.fda.gov/forconsumers/consumerupdates/ucm309136.htm></ref><ref>Aguirre, Claudia, Dr. "Shedding Light on Sun Safety - Part Two." International Dermal Institute. International Dermal Institute, n.d. Web. 14 Mar. 2014.<http://dermalinstitute.com/us/library/66_article_Shedding_Light_on_Sun_Safety_Part_Two.html></ref>. Regardless of whether of not oxybenzone is secretly harmful or perfectly safe to use, it should be made well aware that many people react differently to exposure to certain chemicals. Allergic reactions have been recorded in people with sensitive skin, yet most may find there to be no issue with sunscreen and other cosmetics containing the chemical<ref>Cook N, Freeman S. Report of 19 cases of photoallergic contact dermatitis to sunscreens seen at the Skin and Cancer Foundation. Australas J Dermatol. 2001 Nov;42(4):257-9. <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11903157></ref>.


A New York Times article tried to address the claim against normal use of oxybenzone containing sunscreens for protection against UVA and UVB radiation. It recognized two studies, one where rats were fed high doses of oxybenzone and experienced abnormal uterine growth amongst other side effects, and one with humans who did show evidence of absorbing the compound through normal topical use contrary to consuming it, but gave no hints of toxicity<ref>O'Connor, Anahad. "THE CLAIM: A sunscreen chemical can have toxic side effects." New York Times 14 June 2011: D5(L). Academic OneFile. Web. 13 Mar. 2014./ref>. At some point the level of oxybenzone absorbed through the skin could match harmful dosages in rat food comparatively if one were to speculate. Further studies are also needed to understand the level at which oxybenzone can accumulate in the body and the rate at which is can be cleansed out.
A New York Times article tried to address the claim against normal use of oxybenzone containing sunscreens for protection against UV-A and UV-B radiation. It recognized two studies, one where rats were fed high doses of oxybenzone and experienced abnormal uterine growth amongst other side effects, and one with humans who did show evidence of absorbing the compound through normal topical use contrary to consuming it, but gave no hints of toxicity <ref>O'Connor, Anahad. "THE CLAIM: A sunscreen chemical can have toxic side effects." New York Times 14 June 2011: D5(L). Academic OneFile. Web. 13 Mar. 2014./ref>. If oxybenzone is indeed safe to use, as many credible orgnizations and scientists have postulated, then it is necessary to address its ability to enhance skin permeation and absorption of other compounds such as concluded in a study of DEET insect repellent when used concurrently with oxybenzone. A skin topical application found that when BP-3 and DEET were used together, although they were succesfully metabolized and eliminated from the body, they had been absorbed much faster in the first place. <ref>Fediuk, D. J., Wang, T., Chen, Y., Parkinson, F. E., Namaka, M. P., Simons, K. J., Burczynski, F. J. and Gu, X. (2011), Tissue disposition of the insect repellent DEET and the sunscreen oxybenzone following intravenous and topical administration in rats. Biopharm. Drug Dispos., 32: 369–379. <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23064701></ref>. This could be concerning as far as an accumulation effect of these compounds during months when bug spray and sunscreen are used in tandem, achieving higher concentrations than normal. At some point the level of oxybenzone absorbed through the skin could match harmful dosages in rat food comparatively. Further studies are also needed to understand the level at which oxybenzone can accumulate in the body and the rate at which is can be cleansed out.
Although many disagree with the EWG bold claims about oxybenzone being hazardous and an endocrine disrupter, these plant and animal models hint at the possibility of health issues when mothers and their offspring are exposed to copious amounts of oxybenzone. In any case, it is up to the discretion of the consumer who buys products containing oxybenzone to weigh both sides. The SCCP confirms that a 1-6% oxybenzone content in products applied topically do not demonstrate a noticeable increases in sensitization potential or toxicity in skin cells, aside from rare possible allergic reactions<ref>Aguirre, Claudia, Dr. "Shedding Light on Sun Safety - Part Two." International Dermal Institute. International Dermal Institute, n.d. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. <http://dermalinstitute.com/us/library/66_article_Shedding_Light_on_Sun_Safety_Part_Two.html></ref>.
Although many disagree with the EWG bold claims about oxybenzone being hazardous and an endocrine disrupter, these plant and animal models hint at the possibility of health issues when mothers and their offspring are exposed to copious amounts of oxybenzone. In any case, it is up to the discretion of the consumer who buys products containing oxybenzone to weigh both sides. The SCCP confirms that a 1-6% oxybenzone content in products applied topically do not demonstrate a noticeable increases in sensitization potential or toxicity in skin cells, aside from rare possible allergic reactions<ref>Aguirre, Claudia, Dr. "Shedding Light on Sun Safety - Part Two." International Dermal Institute. International Dermal Institute, n.d. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. <http://dermalinstitute.com/us/library/66_article_Shedding_Light_on_Sun_Safety_Part_Two.html></ref>.




Line 52: Line 52:
11. "Draft Guidance Document: Sunscreen Monograph." Health Canada. Health Canada, 28 Mar. 2007. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. <http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/consultation/natur/sunscreen-ecransolaire-eng.php>.
11. "Draft Guidance Document: Sunscreen Monograph." Health Canada. Health Canada, 28 Mar. 2007. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. <http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/consultation/natur/sunscreen-ecransolaire-eng.php>.
12. Meyer, Erin. "Study Finds a Link between Sunscreen Ingredient and Endometriosis - See More At: Http://blog.womenshealth.northwestern.edu/2012/07/study-finds-a-link-between-sunscreen-ingredient-and-endometriosis/#sthash.ZRK9liao.dpuf." Womens Health Research Institute. NorthWestern University, 20 July 2012. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. <http://blog.womenshealth.northwestern.edu/2012/07/study-finds-a-link-between-sunscreen-ingredient-and-endometriosis/>.
12. Meyer, Erin. "Study Finds a Link between Sunscreen Ingredient and Endometriosis - See More At: Http://blog.womenshealth.northwestern.edu/2012/07/study-finds-a-link-between-sunscreen-ingredient-and-endometriosis/#sthash.ZRK9liao.dpuf." Womens Health Research Institute. NorthWestern University, 20 July 2012. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. <http://blog.womenshealth.northwestern.edu/2012/07/study-finds-a-link-between-sunscreen-ingredient-and-endometriosis/>.
13. Cook N, Freeman S. Report of 19 cases of photoallergic contact dermatitis to sunscreens seen at the Skin and Cancer Foundation. Australas J Dermatol. 2001 Nov;42(4):257-9 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11903157>
13. Cook N, Freeman S. Report of 19 cases of photoallergic contact dermatitis to sunscreens seen at the Skin and Cancer Foundation. Australas J Dermatol. 2001 Nov;42(4):257-9. <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11903157>
14. "Should You Put Sunscreen on Infants? Not Usually." U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10 Feb. 2014. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. <http://www.fda.gov/forconsumers/consumerupdates/ucm309136.htm>.
14. "Should You Put Sunscreen on Infants? Not Usually." U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10 Feb. 2014. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. <http://www.fda.gov/forconsumers/consumerupdates/ucm309136.htm>.
15. Aguirre, Claudia, Dr. "Shedding Light on Sun Safety - Part Two." International Dermal Institute. International Dermal Institute, n.d. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. <http://dermalinstitute.com/us/library/66_article_Shedding_Light_on_Sun_Safety_Part_Two.html>.
15. Aguirre, Claudia, Dr. "Shedding Light on Sun Safety - Part Two." International Dermal Institute. International Dermal Institute, n.d. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. <http://dermalinstitute.com/us/library/66_article_Shedding_Light_on_Sun_Safety_Part_Two.html>.
16. Fediuk, D. J., Wang, T., Chen, Y., Parkinson, F. E., Namaka, M. P., Simons, K. J., Burczynski, F. J. and Gu, X. (2011), Tissue disposition of the insect repellent DEET and the sunscreen oxybenzone following intravenous and topical administration in rats. Biopharm. Drug Dispos., 32: 369–379. <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23064701>.
16.
17. Center for Disease Control. CDC: Americans Carry Body Burden of Toxic Sunscreen Chemical. Environmental Working Group. EWG, 25 Mar. 2008. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. <http://www.ewg.org/news/testimony-official-correspondence/cdc-americans-carry-body-burden-toxic-sunscreen-chemical>.

Revision as of 20:39, 14 March 2014

I am a student working on the Oxybenzone page the Spring of 2014 and I am often hungry.

sandbox. breakdown: - chemical background

- history

- use:

- common products

- how it’s used

- substitute chemicals

- in vivo, in vitro, human studies

- either organized by year or by effect

- potential harmful effects

- controversy

- government regulations

There has been an outstanding controversy over the potential adverse effects of oxybenzone on the human body. Much of the disagreement is between the Environmental Working Group and researchers who claim that that substance in question has an insignificant impact. According to EWG research, 84% of over 900 sunscreen products brands ineffectively protect against harmful rays or contain chemicals like oxybenzone[1]. Not all chemicals are bad and understanding the nature of oxybenzone is important in order to avoid confusion as it is not the same as benzophenone, nor BP-1 through BP-11. Though there is a similar structure, their properties may not all be the same, especially when involving contact with the human body. One study finds an alleged sunscreen chemical in soaps, cosmetics and body fragrances is threatening coral reefs. The study focused on benzophenone-2, a similar compound to oxybenzone and used in nearly 400 different product lines, and its devastating populations of juvenile corals at low concentrations and damaging their DNA, resulting in a potential carcinogen amongst survivors[2]. Although this may be a concerning when it comes to the use of BP-2 in everyday products, further studies with regard to its influence on the health of the community and its exact relation to oxybenzone are necessary. Humans process chemicals and their environment differently than other organisms especially in the case of coral reefs which can die with a slight change in oceanic pH and temperature. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has also made a statement against the use of cosmetics containing oxybenzone and related compounds, suggesting that it could result in abnormal uterine growth known as endometriosis and to infertility. They also pressed that benzophenone-1 was likely the cause, which is broken down from oxybenzone absorbed in the human body, finding correlations between certain populations who express higher levels of the chemical during the hotter months. [3]

The chair of the Sunscreen Committee, Ahmed Farah, made a statement regarding oxybenzone, saying that is was a safe ingredient and not an endorine disrupting chemical, listing medical organizations in the U.S. and around the world that agree with his assessment [4]. The U.S. National Toxicology Program (NTP), the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR), the European Union Cosmetic Ingredient Authority, Health Canada, All South East Asian Nations governments, and the American Academy of Dermatology (AAD) permit and support the use of oxybenzone, finding no basis to label it an endocrine disruptor [5][6][7][8][9][10][11].The Skin Cancer Foundation also noted that oxybenzone could under certain conditions give rise to free radicals that in theory could lead to skin cancer, but that not enough evidence supports that theory amongst other claiming that oxybenzone is also an endocrine disruptor[12]

Genes coding steroidogenesis and hormonal pathways were altered in the zebra fish during their developmental stages in a low concentration BP-3 study in 2012. That same study found that adult zebra fish, unlike embryos, had a similar capacity to metabolize BP-3 to BP-1 as humans[13]. Negative effects on the endocrine system in zebra fish occurred regardless of age, possibly revealing that the transformation of BP-3 in adult zebra fish and humans may not be enough to combat dangerous dosages or that the metabolite BP-1 also has an effect. In any case, it could suppose that children may be more vulnerable and lack the ability to process certain chemicals during development as did the zebra fish embryos. A quote from the FDA recommended avoiding sunscreen with babies :“Babies' skin is less mature compared to adults, and infants have a higher surface-area to body-weight ratio compared to older children and adults....Both these factors mean that an infant's exposure to the chemicals in sunscreens may be much greater, increasing the risk of side effects from the sunscreen.”[14][15]. Regardless of whether of not oxybenzone is secretly harmful or perfectly safe to use, it should be made well aware that many people react differently to exposure to certain chemicals. Allergic reactions have been recorded in people with sensitive skin, yet most may find there to be no issue with sunscreen and other cosmetics containing the chemical[16].

A New York Times article tried to address the claim against normal use of oxybenzone containing sunscreens for protection against UV-A and UV-B radiation. It recognized two studies, one where rats were fed high doses of oxybenzone and experienced abnormal uterine growth amongst other side effects, and one with humans who did show evidence of absorbing the compound through normal topical use contrary to consuming it, but gave no hints of toxicity Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page).. This could be concerning as far as an accumulation effect of these compounds during months when bug spray and sunscreen are used in tandem, achieving higher concentrations than normal. At some point the level of oxybenzone absorbed through the skin could match harmful dosages in rat food comparatively. Further studies are also needed to understand the level at which oxybenzone can accumulate in the body and the rate at which is can be cleansed out. Although many disagree with the EWG bold claims about oxybenzone being hazardous and an endocrine disrupter, these plant and animal models hint at the possibility of health issues when mothers and their offspring are exposed to copious amounts of oxybenzone. In any case, it is up to the discretion of the consumer who buys products containing oxybenzone to weigh both sides. The SCCP confirms that a 1-6% oxybenzone content in products applied topically do not demonstrate a noticeable increases in sensitization potential or toxicity in skin cells, aside from rare possible allergic reactions[17].


Notes

  1. ^ Center for Disease Control. CDC: Americans Carry Body Burden of Toxic Sunscreen Chemical. Environmental Working Group. EWG, 25 Mar. 2008. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. <http://www.ewg.org/news/testimony-official-correspondence/cdc-americans-carry-body-burden-toxic-sunscreen-chemical>
  2. ^ "Sunscreen Chemical In Soaps, Cosmetics And Body Fragrances Threaten Coral Reefs." Space Daily 4 Feb. 2014. General OneFile. Web. 13 Mar. 2014.
  3. ^ Meyer, Erin. "Study Finds a Link between Sunscreen Ingredient and Endometriosis - See More At: Http://blog.womenshealth.northwestern.edu/2012/07/study-finds-a-link-between-sunscreen-ingredient-and-endometriosis/#sthash.ZRK9liao.dpuf." Womens Health Research Institute. NorthWestern University, 20 July 2012. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. <http://blog.womenshealth.northwestern.edu/2012/07/study-finds-a-link-between-sunscreen-ingredient-and-endometriosis/>
  4. ^ Ahmed, Farah. "Statement: Personal Care Products Council Regarding the Safety of Sunscreen Ingredient Oxybenzone." The Dr. Oz Show. The Dr. Oz Show, 15 Mar. 2012. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. <http://www.doctoroz.com/statement-personal-care-products-council-regarding-safety-sunscreen-ingredient-oxybenzone>
  5. ^ "2-Hydroxy-4-Methoxybenzophenone (CAS No. 131-57-7): Reproductive Toxicity in CD-1 Swiss Mice; Dose 1.25, 2.5 & 5% in Feed." NTP RSS News. National Toxicology Program, Dec. 1990. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. <http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/?objectid=071CEFFD-E2C3-E8A8-786A3758F293EFBD>
  6. ^ "Labeling and Effectiveness Testing: Sunscreen Drug Products for Over-The-Counter Human Use — Small Entity Compliance Guide." U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA, Dec. 2012. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. <http://www.fda.gov/drugs/guidancecomplianceregulatoryinformation/guidances/ucm330694.htm>
  7. ^ "Annual Review of Cosmetic Ingredient Safety Assessments-2002/2003." International Journal of Toxicology 24 (2005): 1-102. Cosmetic Ingredient Review. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. <http://online.personalcarecouncil.org/jsp/IngredInfoSearchResultPage.jsp?searchLetter=B&CIRR=WO98JR3>
  8. ^ "European CommissionScientific Committees." Opinion on the Evaluation of Potentially Estrogenic Effects of UV-filters Adopted by the SCCNFP during the 17th Plenary Meeting of 12 June 2001. SCCNFP, n.d. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. <http://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/consumer_safety/opinions/sccnfp_opinions_97_04/sccp_out145_en.htm>
  9. ^ "Draft Guidance Document: Sunscreen Monograph." Health Canada. Health Canada, 28 Mar. 2007. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. <http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/consultation/natur/sunscreen-ecransolaire-eng.php>
  10. ^ Schaumburg, Ill. "Sunscreen Remains a Safe, Effective Form of Sun Protection." American Academy of Dermatology. AAD, 16 May 2012. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. <http://www.aad.org/stories-and-news/news-releases/sunscreen-remains-a-safe-effective-form-of-sun-protection>
  11. ^ Ahmed, Farah. "Statement: Personal Care Products Council Regarding the Safety of Sunscreen Ingredient Oxybenzone." The Dr. Oz Show. The Dr. Oz Show, 15 Mar. 2012. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. <http://www.doctoroz.com/statement-personal-care-products-council-regarding-safety-sunscreen-ingredient-oxybenzone>
  12. ^ "When Sunscreen Safety Is Called Into Question." Skin Cancer Foundation. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. <http://www.skincancer.org/news/sunscreen/sunscreen-safety-is-called-into-question>
  13. ^ Nancy Blüthgen, Sara Zucchi, Karl Fent. "Effects of UV filter benzophenone-3 (pxybenzone) at low concentrations in zebrafish (Danio rerio)." Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology.Volume 263, Issue 2, 1 September 2012, Pages 184–194. Science Direct. 13 March 2014.
  14. ^ "Should You Put Sunscreen on Infants? Not Usually." U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10 Feb. 2014. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. <http://www.fda.gov/forconsumers/consumerupdates/ucm309136.htm>
  15. ^ Aguirre, Claudia, Dr. "Shedding Light on Sun Safety - Part Two." International Dermal Institute. International Dermal Institute, n.d. Web. 14 Mar. 2014.<http://dermalinstitute.com/us/library/66_article_Shedding_Light_on_Sun_Safety_Part_Two.html>
  16. ^ Cook N, Freeman S. Report of 19 cases of photoallergic contact dermatitis to sunscreens seen at the Skin and Cancer Foundation. Australas J Dermatol. 2001 Nov;42(4):257-9. <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11903157>
  17. ^ Aguirre, Claudia, Dr. "Shedding Light on Sun Safety - Part Two." International Dermal Institute. International Dermal Institute, n.d. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. <http://dermalinstitute.com/us/library/66_article_Shedding_Light_on_Sun_Safety_Part_Two.html>

List of Sources 1. "Sunscreen Chemical In Soaps, Cosmetics And Body Fragrances Threaten Coral Reefs." Space Daily 4 Feb. 2014. General OneFile. Web. 13 Mar. 2014. 2. O'Connor, Anahad. THE CLAIM: A sunscreen chemical can have toxic side effects." New York Times 14 June 2011: D5(L). Academic OneFile. Web. 13 Mar. 2014. 3. Nancy Blüthgen, Sara Zucchi, Karl Fent. "Effects of UV filter benzophenone-3 (pxybenzone) at low concentrations in zebrafish (Danio rerio)." Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology.Volume 263, Issue 2, 1 September 2012, Pages 184–194. Science Direct. 13 March 2014. 4. Ahmed, Farah. "Statement: Personal Care Products Council Regarding the Safety of Sunscreen Ingredient Oxybenzone." The Dr. Oz Show. The Dr. Oz Show, 15 Mar. 2012. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. <http://www.doctoroz.com/statement-personal-care-products-council-regarding-safety-sunscreen-ingredient-oxybenzone>. 5. "2-Hydroxy-4-Methoxybenzophenone (CAS No. 131-57-7): Reproductive Toxicity in CD-1 Swiss Mice; Dose 1.25, 2.5 & 5% in Feed." NTP RSS News. National Toxicology Program, Dec. 1990. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. <http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/?objectid=071CEFFD-E2C3-E8A8-786A3758F293EFBD>. 6. "European CommissionScientific Committees." Opinion on the Evaluation of Potentially Estrogenic Effects of UV-filters Adopted by the SCCNFP during the 17th Plenary Meeting of 12 June 2001. SCCNFP, n.d. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. <http://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/consumer_safety/opinions/sccnfp_opinions_97_04/sccp_out145_en.htm>. 7. Schaumburg, Ill. "Sunscreen Remains a Safe, Effective Form of Sun Protection." American Academy of Dermatology. AAD, 16 May 2012. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. <http://www.aad.org/stories-and-news/news-releases/sunscreen-remains-a-safe-effective-form-of-sun-protection>. 8. "Labeling and Effectiveness Testing: Sunscreen Drug Products for Over-The-Counter Human Use — Small Entity Compliance Guide." U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA, Dec. 2012. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. <http://www.fda.gov/drugs/guidancecomplianceregulatoryinformation/guidances/ucm330694.htm>. 9. "When Sunscreen Safety Is Called Into Question." Skin Cancer Foundation. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. <http://www.skincancer.org/news/sunscreen/sunscreen-safety-is-called-into-question>. 10. "Annual Review of Cosmetic Ingredient Safety Assessments-2002/2003." International Journal of Toxicology 24 (2005): 1-102. Cosmetic Ingredient Review. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. <http://online.personalcarecouncil.org/jsp/IngredInfoSearchResultPage.jsp?searchLetter=B&CIRR=WO98JR3>. 11. "Draft Guidance Document: Sunscreen Monograph." Health Canada. Health Canada, 28 Mar. 2007. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. <http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/consultation/natur/sunscreen-ecransolaire-eng.php>. 12. Meyer, Erin. "Study Finds a Link between Sunscreen Ingredient and Endometriosis - See More At: Http://blog.womenshealth.northwestern.edu/2012/07/study-finds-a-link-between-sunscreen-ingredient-and-endometriosis/#sthash.ZRK9liao.dpuf." Womens Health Research Institute. NorthWestern University, 20 July 2012. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. <http://blog.womenshealth.northwestern.edu/2012/07/study-finds-a-link-between-sunscreen-ingredient-and-endometriosis/>. 13. Cook N, Freeman S. Report of 19 cases of photoallergic contact dermatitis to sunscreens seen at the Skin and Cancer Foundation. Australas J Dermatol. 2001 Nov;42(4):257-9. <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11903157> 14. "Should You Put Sunscreen on Infants? Not Usually." U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10 Feb. 2014. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. <http://www.fda.gov/forconsumers/consumerupdates/ucm309136.htm>. 15. Aguirre, Claudia, Dr. "Shedding Light on Sun Safety - Part Two." International Dermal Institute. International Dermal Institute, n.d. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. <http://dermalinstitute.com/us/library/66_article_Shedding_Light_on_Sun_Safety_Part_Two.html>. 16. Fediuk, D. J., Wang, T., Chen, Y., Parkinson, F. E., Namaka, M. P., Simons, K. J., Burczynski, F. J. and Gu, X. (2011), Tissue disposition of the insect repellent DEET and the sunscreen oxybenzone following intravenous and topical administration in rats. Biopharm. Drug Dispos., 32: 369–379. <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23064701>. 17. Center for Disease Control. CDC: Americans Carry Body Burden of Toxic Sunscreen Chemical. Environmental Working Group. EWG, 25 Mar. 2008. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. <http://www.ewg.org/news/testimony-official-correspondence/cdc-americans-carry-body-burden-toxic-sunscreen-chemical>.

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