Titan Clydebank: Difference between revisions
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'''Titan Clydebank''' is a {{convert|150|ft|m|adj=mid|-high}} [[Hammerhead crane|cantilever crane]] at [[Clydebank]], Scotland. It was designed to be used in the lifting of heavy equipment, such as engines and boilers, during the fitting-out of battleships and ocean liners at the [[John Brown & Company]] shipyard. It was also the world's first electrically powered cantilever crane, and the largest crane of its type at the time of its completion. |
'''Titan Clydebank''' is a {{convert|150|ft|m|adj=mid|-high}} [[Hammerhead crane|cantilever crane]] at [[Clydebank]], Scotland. It was designed to be used in the lifting of heavy equipment, such as engines and boilers, during the fitting-out of battleships and ocean liners at the [[John Brown & Company]] shipyard. It was also the world's first electrically powered cantilever crane, and the largest crane of its type at the time of its completion. |
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Situated at the end of a u-shaped basin, the crane was used to construct some of the largest ships of the 20th century, including the ''[[RMS Queen Mary|Queen Mary]]'', ''[[RMS Queen Elizabeth|Queen Elizabeth]]'' and ''[[Queen Elizabeth 2]]''. The [[Category A listed|Category A]] [[Listed building|Listed historical structure]] was refurbished in 2007 as a tourist attraction and shipbuilding museum. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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The |
The [[shipyard]] at Clydebank was created in 1871 after the company [[James & George Thomson]] moved from the Graving Docks in [[Govan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.clydewaterfrontheritage.com/johnbrownsshipyard.aspx |title=John Brown's Shipyard |publisher=Clyde Waterfront |accessdate=21 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/J._and_G._Thomson |title=J. and G. Thomson |publisher=gracesguide.co.uk |accessdate=22 April 2014}}</ref> [[John Brown & Company]] purchased the yard in 1899, and in 1905, a £24,600 order for the crane was placed with [[Dalmarnock]] based engineering company [[Sir William Arrol & Co.]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cheshire.cent.gla.ac.uk/ead/search?operation=full&rsid=56376&firstrec=1&numreq=20&highlight=1&hitposition=0#rightcol |title=Records of Upper Clyde Shipbuilders Ltd |publisher=University of Glasgow |accessdate=21 March 2014}}</ref><ref name="history">{{cite web |url=http://www.titanclydebank.com/history.aspx |title=History |publisher=Clydebank Rebuilt |accessdate=21 March 2014}}</ref> Titan was completed two years later in 1907.<ref name="history" /> It was constructed by the Scottish engineer Adam Hunter, who was working as Chief Engineer for Arrol & Co., having served his apprenticeship on the construction of the [[Forth Bridge]].<ref name=asce/> [[Stothert & Pitt]] of [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]], England, fabricated and all installed the machinery except the roller paths for the Titan, including electric motors built by [[Lancashire Dynamo and Motor Co.]]<ref name=asce/><ref name=hs>{{cite web |url=http://data.historic-scotland.gov.uk/pls/htmldb/f?p=2200:15:0::::BUILDING,HL:22993,Titan%20Crane |title=Former John Brown Shipbuilding Yard, Titan Cantilever Crane, Including Former Fitting Out Dock |publisher=Historic Scotland |accessdate=22 April 2014}}</ref> |
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The dock was used for [[fitting out]] vessels, and the crane would lift engines and boilers into ships.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.clydewaterfront.com/projects/clydebank--erskine/leisure/titan_clydebank_crane |title=Titan Clydebank |publisher=clydewaterfront.com |accessdate=22 April 2014}}</ref> The lifting capacity of the Titan, and the location of the yard at the confluence of the River Clyde and [[River Cart]], contributed to the success of the yard as it could build extremely large ships.<ref name=hs/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gla.ac.uk/services/archives/exhibitions/qe2/johnbrowncompanyclydebankltd/ |title=John Brown & Company (Clydebank) Ltd |publisher=University of Glasgow |accessdate=22 April 2014}}</ref> |
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When tested on 24 April 1907, Titan was the largest cantilever crane ever built with a capacity of {{convert|160|t}} at a radius of {{convert|85|ft}}.<ref name=asce>{{cite web |url=http://www.asce.org/People-and-Projects/Projects/Landmarks/Titan-Crane/ |title=John Brown's Shipyard, Clydebank, Scotland |publisher=American Society of Civil Engineers |accessdate=21 March 2014}}</ref> The original {{convert|160|t}} lift capacity was uprated to {{convert|200|t}} in 1938, when it became apparent that the original specification would be insufficient to lift new long range gun barrels onto ships such as the ''[[HMS Duke of York (17)|Duke of York]]''.<ref name=asce/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aaes.org/news/enewsletter_fall2013_ms.htm |title=Scotland's Titan Crane dedicated by ASCE, ASME as a landmark |publisher=American Association of Engineering Societies |accessdate=21 March 2014}}</ref><ref name=et/> |
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On the nights of the 13 and 14 of March 1941, the [[Clydebank Blitz]] virtually destroyed the town. 528 civilians were killed, over 617 people were seriously injured, and 48,000 civilians lost their homes.<ref name=es>{{cite web |url=http://www.educationscotland.gov.uk/scotlandshistory/20thand21stcenturies/worldwarii/clydebankblitz/index.asp |title=Clydebank Blitz |publisher=Education Scotland |accessdate=21 March 2014}}</ref> Only seven properties in Clydebank were undamaged, in one of the worst bombing raids in Britain.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00zhzlw |title=The Clydebank Blitz |publisher=BBC |accessdate=21 March 2014}}</ref> The raids, involving 260 [[Luftwaffe]] bombers on the first night and 200 on the second, targeted the industry of [[Greater Glasgow|Clydeside]], but the Titan crane was undamaged.<ref name=es/><ref name=top>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-18720832 |title=Top engineering award for Clydebank's Titan Crane |date=5 July 2012 |work=BBC News |accessdate=22 March 2014}}</ref> |
On the nights of the 13 and 14 of March 1941, the [[Clydebank Blitz]] virtually destroyed the town. 528 civilians were killed, over 617 people were seriously injured, and 48,000 civilians lost their homes.<ref name=es>{{cite web |url=http://www.educationscotland.gov.uk/scotlandshistory/20thand21stcenturies/worldwarii/clydebankblitz/index.asp |title=Clydebank Blitz |publisher=Education Scotland |accessdate=21 March 2014}}</ref> Only seven properties in Clydebank were undamaged, in one of the worst bombing raids in Britain.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00zhzlw |title=The Clydebank Blitz |publisher=BBC |accessdate=21 March 2014}}</ref> The raids, involving 260 [[Luftwaffe]] bombers on the first night and 200 on the second, targeted the industry of [[Greater Glasgow|Clydeside]], but the Titan crane was undamaged.<ref name=es/><ref name=top>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-18720832 |title=Top engineering award for Clydebank's Titan Crane |date=5 July 2012 |work=BBC News |accessdate=22 March 2014}}</ref> |
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In |
In 1968, the yard was amalgamated into [[Upper Clyde Shipbuilders]] along with four others, in an attempt to increase competitiveness.<ref name=rad>{{cite web |url=http://gdl.cdlr.strath.ac.uk/redclyde/courad/courad21.htm |title=Upper Clyde Shipbuilders work-in 1971/72 |publisher=University of Strathclyde |accessdate=22 April 2014}}</ref> The [[United Kingdom general election, 1970|general elections in 1970]] saw a change of government, and funding for the yard was withheld, resulting in the closure of John Brown's.<ref name=rad/><ref name="history" /> It was bought from the receivers by the Marathon Manufacturing Company for oil rig construction.<ref name="history" /> In 1980 Marathon sold the yard to the French company Union Industrielle et d’Entreprise (UiE). UIE's owners, [[Bouygues]] Offshore closed the yard in 2001 and the site was earmarked for redevelopment.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.scotsman.com/business/transport-industry/curtain-goes-down-on-the-end-of-an-era-as-clydeside-yard-puts-up-for-sale-sign-1-573783 |title=Curtain goes down on the end of an era as Clydeside yard puts up For Sale sign |work= The Scotsman |date=1 August 2001 |first=Jeremy |last=Cresswell |accessdate=22 March 2014}}</ref> |
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Ships constructed by the crane include ''[[HMS Hood]]'', the ''[[RMS Queen Mary|Queen Mary]]'', ''[[RMS Queen Elizabeth|Queen Elizabeth]]'', ''[[Queen Elizabeth 2]]'', and the ''[[HMY Britannia|Royal Yacht Britannia]]''.<ref name=ibt>{{cite news |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/scotland-titan-crane-engineering-mechanical-landmark-american-500287 |title=Scotland's Titan Crane Recognised as Engineering Masterpiece With International Award |last=Osborne |first=Hannah |work=International Business Times |date=20 August 2013 |accessdate=21 March 2014}}</ref><ref name=cwf/> |
Ships constructed by the crane include ''[[HMS Hood]]'', the ''[[RMS Queen Mary|Queen Mary]]'', ''[[RMS Queen Elizabeth|Queen Elizabeth]]'', ''[[Queen Elizabeth 2]]'', and the ''[[HMY Britannia|Royal Yacht Britannia]]''.<ref name=ibt>{{cite news |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/scotland-titan-crane-engineering-mechanical-landmark-american-500287 |title=Scotland's Titan Crane Recognised as Engineering Masterpiece With International Award |last=Osborne |first=Hannah |work=International Business Times |date=20 August 2013 |accessdate=21 March 2014}}</ref><ref name=cwf/> |
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===Refurbishment=== |
===Refurbishment=== |
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[[File:Titan Clydebank office - geograph.org.uk - 757829.jpg|thumb|right|The ticket office (also known as the Pursers Office) and information centre at the Titan Crane, featuring a silhouette of the [[RMS Queen Mary]].]] |
[[File:Titan Clydebank office - geograph.org.uk - 757829.jpg|thumb|right|The ticket office (also known as the Pursers Office) and information centre at the Titan Crane, featuring a silhouette of the [[RMS Queen Mary]].]] |
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The crane fell into disuse in 1980s, and in intervening period of neglect vandalism to the wheelhouse and corrosion to the structure |
The crane fell into disuse in 1980s, and in the intervening period of neglect, the crane suffered vandalism to the wheelhouse and corrosion to the structure.<ref name=mns/> In 1988 the crane was recognised as a [[Category A listed|Category A]] [[Listed building|Listed historical structure]].<ref name="history" /> |
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The urban regeneration company Clydebank Re-Built started a £3.75m restoration project in 2005, and the crane opened to the public in August 2007.<ref name=mns>{{cite web |url=http://www.macleanandspeirs.com/media/The%20Titan%20Story.pdf |title=Titan Crane, Clydebank |publisher=MacLean and Speirs |accessdate=22 March 2014}}</ref> The structure was [[shot-blasted]] to remove old paint and rust, allowing repairs to be undertaken before repainting.<ref name=mns/> A lift for visitors to ascend to the jib and an emergency evacuation stair were installed, along with a wire mesh around the viewing area and floodlights to illuminate the crane at night.<ref name=mns/> |
The urban regeneration company Clydebank Re-Built started a £3.75m restoration project in 2005, and the crane opened to the public in August 2007.<ref name=mns>{{cite web |url=http://www.macleanandspeirs.com/media/The%20Titan%20Story.pdf |title=Titan Crane, Clydebank |publisher=MacLean and Speirs |accessdate=22 March 2014}}</ref> The structure was [[shot-blasted]] to remove old paint and rust, allowing repairs to be undertaken before repainting.<ref name=mns/> A lift for visitors to ascend to the jib and an emergency evacuation stair were installed, along with a wire mesh around the viewing area and floodlights to illuminate the crane at night.<ref name=mns/> |
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==Awards== |
==Awards== |
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The crane was awarded the 2012 [[Engineering Heritage Award]] by the [[Institution of Mechanical Engineers]], and described as "a magnificent example of mechanical engineering, which forms an integral part of the local landscape".<ref name=top/><ref name=aw/> Titan was designated as an International Historic Civil and Mechanical Engineering Landmark by the [[American Society of Civil Engineers]] in 2013, the fifth such award given to a Scottish structure.<ref name=aw>{{cite news |url=http://www.titanclydebank.com/news/scotland%E2%80%99s-%E2%80%98titan%E2%80%99-gains-eiffel-tower-status.aspx |title=Scotlands Titan gains Eiffel Tower status |date=20 August 2013 |publisher=Clydebank Re-built |accessdate=22 March 2014}}</ref> |
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For the restoration of the structure, recognition was accorded by [[International Architecture Awards|Chicago Athenaeum Award]] for Architecture in 2008 and by the Civic Trust in 2009.<ref name=aw/> |
For the restoration of the structure, recognition was accorded by [[International Architecture Awards|Chicago Athenaeum Award]] for Architecture in 2008 and by the Civic Trust in 2009.<ref name=aw/> |
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Revision as of 19:13, 22 April 2014
55°53′50″N 4°24′31″W / 55.8973°N 4.4085°W
Titan Clydebank is a 150-foot-high (46 m) cantilever crane at Clydebank, Scotland. It was designed to be used in the lifting of heavy equipment, such as engines and boilers, during the fitting-out of battleships and ocean liners at the John Brown & Company shipyard. It was also the world's first electrically powered cantilever crane, and the largest crane of its type at the time of its completion.
Situated at the end of a u-shaped basin, the crane was used to construct some of the largest ships of the 20th century, including the Queen Mary, Queen Elizabeth and Queen Elizabeth 2. The Category A Listed historical structure was refurbished in 2007 as a tourist attraction and shipbuilding museum.
History
The shipyard at Clydebank was created in 1871 after the company James & George Thomson moved from the Graving Docks in Govan.[1][2] John Brown & Company purchased the yard in 1899, and in 1905, a £24,600 order for the crane was placed with Dalmarnock based engineering company Sir William Arrol & Co.[3][4] Titan was completed two years later in 1907.[4] It was constructed by the Scottish engineer Adam Hunter, who was working as Chief Engineer for Arrol & Co., having served his apprenticeship on the construction of the Forth Bridge.[5] Stothert & Pitt of Bath, England, fabricated and all installed the machinery except the roller paths for the Titan, including electric motors built by Lancashire Dynamo and Motor Co.[5][6]
The dock was used for fitting out vessels, and the crane would lift engines and boilers into ships.[7] The lifting capacity of the Titan, and the location of the yard at the confluence of the River Clyde and River Cart, contributed to the success of the yard as it could build extremely large ships.[6][8]
When tested on 24 April 1907, Titan was the largest cantilever crane ever built with a capacity of 160 tonnes (160 long tons; 180 short tons) at a radius of 85 feet (26 m).[5] The original 160 tonnes (160 long tons; 180 short tons) lift capacity was uprated to 200 tonnes (200 long tons; 220 short tons) in 1938, when it became apparent that the original specification would be insufficient to lift new long range gun barrels onto ships such as the Duke of York.[5][9][10]
On the nights of the 13 and 14 of March 1941, the Clydebank Blitz virtually destroyed the town. 528 civilians were killed, over 617 people were seriously injured, and 48,000 civilians lost their homes.[11] Only seven properties in Clydebank were undamaged, in one of the worst bombing raids in Britain.[12] The raids, involving 260 Luftwaffe bombers on the first night and 200 on the second, targeted the industry of Clydeside, but the Titan crane was undamaged.[11][13]
In 1968, the yard was amalgamated into Upper Clyde Shipbuilders along with four others, in an attempt to increase competitiveness.[14] The general elections in 1970 saw a change of government, and funding for the yard was withheld, resulting in the closure of John Brown's.[14][4] It was bought from the receivers by the Marathon Manufacturing Company for oil rig construction.[4] In 1980 Marathon sold the yard to the French company Union Industrielle et d’Entreprise (UiE). UIE's owners, Bouygues Offshore closed the yard in 2001 and the site was earmarked for redevelopment.[15]
Ships constructed by the crane include HMS Hood, the Queen Mary, Queen Elizabeth, Queen Elizabeth 2, and the Royal Yacht Britannia.[16][17]
Refurbishment
The crane fell into disuse in 1980s, and in the intervening period of neglect, the crane suffered vandalism to the wheelhouse and corrosion to the structure.[18] In 1988 the crane was recognised as a Category A Listed historical structure.[4]
The urban regeneration company Clydebank Re-Built started a £3.75m restoration project in 2005, and the crane opened to the public in August 2007.[18] The structure was shot-blasted to remove old paint and rust, allowing repairs to be undertaken before repainting.[18] A lift for visitors to ascend to the jib and an emergency evacuation stair were installed, along with a wire mesh around the viewing area and floodlights to illuminate the crane at night.[18]
Design
The Titan used a fixed counterweight and electrically operated hoists all mounted on a rotated beam, making it faster and more responsive than its steam powered predecessors.[19] Titan is 49 metres (161 ft) high, weighs about 800 tonnes (790 long tons; 880 short tons) and sits on four concrete piles sunk to a depth of 23 metres (75 ft) deep.[10][20] The arms of the cantilever are 45.7 metres (150 ft) and 27.4 metres (90 ft) long.[10][20] The tower is 12 metres (39 ft) square, and its centre sits just 10.7 metres (35 ft) from the edge of the quay.[10]
Following the removal of the Titan crane at Govan Shipyard in 2007, there are now four giant cantilever cranes on the River Clyde.[17][21] The others are at Stobcross (Finnieston Crane), Scotstoun (Barclay Curle Crane) and Greenock (James Watt Dock).[21] Fewer than sixty giant cantilever cranes were built worldwide, six of them on the Clyde, and as of May 2011, it is believed only eleven remained, four of those on the Clyde.[10]
Awards
The crane was awarded the 2012 Engineering Heritage Award by the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, and described as "a magnificent example of mechanical engineering, which forms an integral part of the local landscape".[13][22] Titan was designated as an International Historic Civil and Mechanical Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers in 2013, the fifth such award given to a Scottish structure.[22]
For the restoration of the structure, recognition was accorded by Chicago Athenaeum Award for Architecture in 2008 and by the Civic Trust in 2009.[22]
References
- ^ "John Brown's Shipyard". Clyde Waterfront. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
- ^ "J. and G. Thomson". gracesguide.co.uk. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
- ^ "Records of Upper Clyde Shipbuilders Ltd". University of Glasgow. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
- ^ a b c d e "History". Clydebank Rebuilt. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
- ^ a b c d "John Brown's Shipyard, Clydebank, Scotland". American Society of Civil Engineers. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
- ^ a b "Former John Brown Shipbuilding Yard, Titan Cantilever Crane, Including Former Fitting Out Dock". Historic Scotland. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
- ^ "Titan Clydebank". clydewaterfront.com. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
- ^ "John Brown & Company (Clydebank) Ltd". University of Glasgow. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
- ^ "Scotland's Titan Crane dedicated by ASCE, ASME as a landmark". American Association of Engineering Societies. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
- ^ a b c d e "Titan Crane, Clydebank". engineering-timelines.com. Retrieved 22 March 2014.
- ^ a b "Clydebank Blitz". Education Scotland. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
- ^ "The Clydebank Blitz". BBC. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
- ^ a b "Top engineering award for Clydebank's Titan Crane". BBC News. 5 July 2012. Retrieved 22 March 2014.
- ^ a b "Upper Clyde Shipbuilders work-in 1971/72". University of Strathclyde. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
- ^ Cresswell, Jeremy (1 August 2001). "Curtain goes down on the end of an era as Clydeside yard puts up For Sale sign". The Scotsman. Retrieved 22 March 2014.
- ^ Osborne, Hannah (20 August 2013). "Scotland's Titan Crane Recognised as Engineering Masterpiece With International Award". International Business Times. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
- ^ a b "Titan Crane". Clyde Waterfront. Retrieved 22 March 2014.
- ^ a b c d "Titan Crane, Clydebank" (PDF). MacLean and Speirs. Retrieved 22 March 2014.
- ^ "Scotland's Titan gains Eiffel Tower status". Institution of Civil Engineers. 22 August 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
- ^ a b "Facts". Clydebank Rebuilt. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
- ^ a b "And then there were four: Titan Cranes of the Clyde". gbarr.info. 1 June 2011. Retrieved 22 March 2014.
- ^ a b c "Scotlands Titan gains Eiffel Tower status". Clydebank Re-built. 20 August 2013. Retrieved 22 March 2014.
External links
Media related to Titan Clydebank at Wikimedia Commons
- Official website
- Collective Architecture project overview
- "The Titan crane: a true giant of Clydebank shipbuilding". The Scotsman. 30 May 2011.