Shift work sleep disorder: Difference between revisions
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=== Melatonin treatment === |
=== Melatonin treatment === |
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[[Melatonin]] is a hormone secreted by the [[pineal gland]] for about 12 hours at night. Taking melatonin resets the body clock in the opposite direction from light exposure; that is, taking melatonin in the afternoon or evening may cause the clock to reset to an earlier time, while taking melatonin in the morning may cause the clock to reset to a later time. Melatonin has been shown to accelerate the adaptation of the circadian system to a night work schedule.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Sack RL, Lewy AJ |title=Melatonin as a chronobiotic: treatment of circadian desynchrony in night workers and the blind |journal=J. Biol. Rhythms |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=595–603 |date=December 1997 |pmid=9406035 |doi=10.1177/074873049701200615}}</ref> Melatonin may benefit daytime sleep in night workers by an additional direct sleep promoting mechanism. In the US and Canada, melatonin is not classified as a drug; it is sold as a dietary supplement. Although it is not licensed by the FDA as a treatment for any disorder, there have been no serious side effects or complications reported to date. |
[[Melatonin]] is a hormone secreted by the [[pineal gland]] for about 12 hours at night. Light exposure at night reduces melatonin suppression of [[long interspersed nuclear element]]-induced [[genome instability]].<ref name="pmid24914052">{{cite journal | author=deHaro D, Kines KJ, Sokolowski M, Dauchy RT, Streva VA, Hill SM, Hanifin JP, Brainard GC, Blask DE, Belancio VP | title=Regulation of L1 expression and retrotransposition by melatonin and its receptor: implications for cancer risk associated with light exposure at night | journal=[[Nucleic Acids Research]] | volume=42 issue=12 | year=2014 | pages=7694-7707 | url=http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/content/42/12/7694.long | doi=10.1093/nar/gku503 |id=PMID 24914052 }}</ref>. Taking melatonin resets the body clock in the opposite direction from light exposure; that is, taking melatonin in the afternoon or evening may cause the clock to reset to an earlier time, while taking melatonin in the morning may cause the clock to reset to a later time. Melatonin has been shown to accelerate the adaptation of the circadian system to a night work schedule.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Sack RL, Lewy AJ |title=Melatonin as a chronobiotic: treatment of circadian desynchrony in night workers and the blind |journal=J. Biol. Rhythms |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=595–603 |date=December 1997 |pmid=9406035 |doi=10.1177/074873049701200615}}</ref> Melatonin may benefit daytime sleep in night workers by an additional direct sleep promoting mechanism. In the US and Canada, melatonin is not classified as a drug; it is sold as a dietary supplement. Although it is not licensed by the FDA as a treatment for any disorder, there have been no serious side effects or complications reported to date. |
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=== Medications that promote alertness === |
=== Medications that promote alertness === |
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Revision as of 21:44, 18 August 2014
| Shift work sleep disorder | |
|---|---|
| Specialty | Neurology, psychology  |
Shift work sleep disorder (SWSD) is a circadian rhythm sleep disorder characterized by insomnia and excessive sleepiness affecting people whose work hours overlap with the typical sleep period. There are numerous shift work schedules, and they may be permanent, intermittent, or rotating; consequently, the manifestations of SWSD are quite variable.
Diagnosis
The primary symptoms of SWSD are insomnia and excessive sleepiness associated with working (and sleeping) at non-standard times. Total daily sleep time is usually shortened by several hours despite attempts to optimize the sleep environment. Sleepiness is manifested as a desire to nap, unintended dozing, impaired mental acuity, irritability, reduced performance, and accident proneness. Shift work is often combined with extended hours of duty, so fatigue can be a compounding factor. The symptoms coincide with the duration of shift work and usually remit with the adoption of a conventional sleep-wake schedule. The boundary between a “normal response” to the rigors of shift work and a diagnosable disorder is not sharp.
Causes and comorbidities
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Insomnia and wake-time sleepiness are related to misalignment between the timing of the non-standard wake–sleep schedule and the endogenous circadian propensity for sleep and wake. In addition to circadian misalignment, attempted sleep at unusual times can be interrupted by noise, social obligations, and other factors. Finally, there is an inevitable degree of sleep deprivation associated with sudden transitions in sleep schedule.
Health risks
There have been many studies suggesting health risks associated with shift work. For example, a 2007 study led by the IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) showed that shiftwork has been associated with cancer.[1] Other studies have reported that night workers have an increased incidence of heart disease, digestive disorders and menstrual irregularities.[2] Because a formal diagnosis of SWSD was not typically made in these studies, it remains unclear whether the reported risks apply to the subset of shiftworkers who qualify for a diagnosis of SWSD or apply to all shiftworkers.
Treatment
Prescribed sleep/wake scheduling
Experts agree that there is no such thing as an "ideal" night work schedule, but some schedules may be better than others. For example, rotating shifts every two weeks in a forward (delaying) direction was found to be easier than rotation in a backward (advancing) direction.[3] Gradual delays (“nudging” the circadian system about an hour per day) has been shown in a laboratory setting to maintain synchrony between sleep and the endogenous circadian rhythms,[4] but this schedule is impractical for most real world settings. Some experts have advocated short runs (1 to 2 days) of night work with time for recovery; however, in the traditional heavy industries, longer (5 to 7 day) runs remain the rule. In the end, scheduling decisions usually involve maximizing leisure time, fairness in labor relations, etc. rather than chronobiological considerations.
Many night workers take naps during their breaks, and in some industries, planned napping at work (with facilities provided) is beginning to be accepted. A nap (if possible) before starting a night shift is a logical prophylactic measure. However, naps that are too long (over 20–30 minutes) may generate sleep inertia, a groggy feeling after awakening that can impair performance. Therefore brief naps (10 to 30 minutes) are preferred to longer naps (over 30 minutes). Also, long naps may also interfere with the main sleep bout[citation needed].
In the transportation industry, safety is a major concern, and mandated hours of service rules attempt to enforce rest times.
Bright light treatment
The light-dark cycle is the most important environmental time cue for entraining circadian rhythms of most species, including humans, and bright artificial light exposure has been developed as a method to improve circadian adaptation in night workers. The timing of bright light exposure is critical for its phase shifting effects. To maximize a delay of the body clock, bright light exposure should occur in the evening or first part of the night, and bright light should be avoided in the morning. Wearing dark welder's goggles (avoiding bright light) during the morning commute home from work can improve circadian adaptation,[5] although this cannot be recommended to someone who is driving. For workers who want to use bright light therapy, appropriate fixtures of the type used to treat winter depression are readily available[6] but patients need to be educated regarding their appropriate use, especially the issue of timing. Bright light treatment is not recommended for patients with light sensitivity or ocular disease.
Melatonin treatment
Melatonin is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland for about 12 hours at night. Light exposure at night reduces melatonin suppression of long interspersed nuclear element-induced genome instability.[7]. Taking melatonin resets the body clock in the opposite direction from light exposure; that is, taking melatonin in the afternoon or evening may cause the clock to reset to an earlier time, while taking melatonin in the morning may cause the clock to reset to a later time. Melatonin has been shown to accelerate the adaptation of the circadian system to a night work schedule.[8] Melatonin may benefit daytime sleep in night workers by an additional direct sleep promoting mechanism. In the US and Canada, melatonin is not classified as a drug; it is sold as a dietary supplement. Although it is not licensed by the FDA as a treatment for any disorder, there have been no serious side effects or complications reported to date.
Medications that promote alertness
Caffeine is the most widely used alerting drug in the world and has been shown to improve alertness in simulated night work.[9] Modafinil and armodafinil are non-amphetamine alerting drugs originally developed for the treatment narcolepsy that have been approved by the FDA (the US Food and Drug Administration) for excessive sleepiness associated with SWSD.[10]
Medications that promote daytime sleep
Obtaining enough sleep during the day is a major problem for many night workers. Hypnotics given in the morning can lengthen daytime sleep; however, some studies have shown that nighttime sleepiness may be unaffected.[11]
See also
References
- ^ Kurt, Straif (December 2007). "IARC Monographs Programme finds cancer hazards associated with shiftwork, painting and firefighting" (Press release). International Agency for Research on Cancer. Retrieved 2010-06-08.
- ^ Nicholson PJ, D'Auria DA (April 1999). "Shift work, health, the working time regulations and health assessments". Occup Med (Lond). 49 (3): 127–37. doi:10.1093/occmed/49.3.127. PMID 10451593.
- ^ Czeisler CA, Moore-Ede MC, Coleman RH (July 1982). "Rotating shift work schedules that disrupt sleep are improved by applying circadian principles". Science. 217 (4558): 460–3. doi:10.1126/science.7089576. PMID 7089576.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Gallo LC, Eastman CI (January 1993). "Circadian rhythms during gradually delaying and advancing sleep and light schedules". Physiol. Behav. 53 (1): 119–26. doi:10.1016/0031-9384(93)90019-C. PMID 8434051.
- ^ Eastman CI, Stewart KT, Mahoney MP, Liu L, Fogg LF (September 1994). "Dark goggles and bright light improve circadian rhythm adaptation to night-shift work". Sleep. 17 (6): 535–43. PMID 7809567.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Seasonal affective disorder treatment: Choosing a light box". MayoClinic.com. Retrieved 2010-12-30.
- ^ deHaro D, Kines KJ, Sokolowski M, Dauchy RT, Streva VA, Hill SM, Hanifin JP, Brainard GC, Blask DE, Belancio VP (2014). "Regulation of L1 expression and retrotransposition by melatonin and its receptor: implications for cancer risk associated with light exposure at night". Nucleic Acids Research. 42 issue=12: 7694–7707. doi:10.1093/nar/gku503. PMID 24914052.
{{cite journal}}: Missing pipe in:|volume=(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Sack RL, Lewy AJ (December 1997). "Melatonin as a chronobiotic: treatment of circadian desynchrony in night workers and the blind". J. Biol. Rhythms. 12 (6): 595–603. doi:10.1177/074873049701200615. PMID 9406035.
- ^ Muehlbach MJ, Walsh JK (January 1995). "The effects of caffeine on simulated night-shift work and subsequent daytime sleep". Sleep. 18 (1): 22–9. PMID 7761739.
- ^ Czeisler CA, Walsh JK, Roth T; et al. (August 2005). "Modafinil for excessive sleepiness associated with shift-work sleep disorder". N. Engl. J. Med. 353 (5): 476–86. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa041292. PMID 16079371.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Walsh JK, Schweitzer PK, Anch AM, Muehlbach MJ, Jenkins NA, Dickins QS (April 1991). "Sleepiness/alertness on a simulated night shift following sleep at home with triazolam". Sleep. 14 (2): 140–6. PMID 1866527.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)