Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia: Difference between revisions
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!Historian |
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!Volhyn |
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!All Ukraine |
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|- |
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|[[Norman Davies]] |
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|60,000 |
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|500,000 |
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|- |
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|[[Jan T. Gross]] |
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|60-80,000 |
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| |
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|- |
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|[[Ewa Siemaszko|Ewa]] and [[Władysław Siemaszko]] |
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|50-60,000 |
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|100,000 |
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|- |
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|[[Wiktor Poliszczuk]] |
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|50-60,000 |
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|120,000 |
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|- |
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|[[Ryszard Torzecki]] |
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|40,000 |
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|100,000 |
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|- |
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|[[Michał Fijałka]] |
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|40,000 |
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| |
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|- |
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|[[Józef Turowski]] |
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|60,000 |
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|300,000 |
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|- |
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|[[Grzegorz Motyka]] |
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|35-60,000 |
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| |
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|- |
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|[[Antoni Szczęśniak]], [[Wiesław Szota]] |
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| |
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|100,000 |
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|- |
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|[[Bogumiła Berdychowska]] |
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|34,647-60,000 |
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| |
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|- |
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|[[Mykhaylo Koval]] |
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|40,000 + |
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| |
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|- |
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|[[Orest Subtelny]] |
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|60-80,000 |
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| |
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The '''Massacre of Poles in Volhyn''' was an [[ethnic cleansing]] conducted in [[Volhyn]] ({{lang-pl|Wołyń}}) during [[World War II]]. In the course of it, up to 80,000 Poles are thought to have been [[massacres|massacred]] by the nationalist [[Ukrainian Insurgent Army]] (''Ukrainska Povstanska Armiya'', or ''UPA''). This took place in [[1943]] and [[1944]], with the bulk of victims reported for summer and autumn [[1944]]. |
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==Background== |
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Volhyn was the main ethnically Ukrainian region that during the [[Interbellum]] was under Polish administration. After [[World War I]], when Poland regained independence, the Polish government had strongly supported the idea of an independent Ukraine ([[Ukrainian People's Republic]]). At the end of the [[Polish-Soviet War]] of [[1919]]-[[1921]], under the [[Peace of Riga]] accords, overt Polish support for Ukraine's independence was ruled out. Poland initially promised local autonomy to her predominantly Ukrainian-populated territories. With, however, the demise of [[Józef Piłsudski]]'s [[Międzymorze]] [[Federation]] and the rise of Polish [[nationalism]] fanned by [[Roman Dmowski]]'s political adherents, Polish policy did an about-face and proceeded to suppress the [[Ukrainian language]] and culture. Between 100,000 and 300,000 Polish colonists were settled in these Ukrainian lands, and although the majority of the population were Ukrainian, virtually all of the officials (including local police) were Poles. One hundred ninety Orthodox churches were destroyed and 150 were forcibly transformed into Roman Catholic (not [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Ukrainian Catholic]]) churches, and Ukrainian libraries and reading rooms were burned down by Polish mobs who went unpunished by the Polish police forces. Local Polish youths organized into armed paramilitary ''strzelcy'' and further terrorized the Ukrainian population, under the pretext of maintaining law and order. <ref name=Subtelny>{{cite book| author=Subtelny, O. | title=Ukraine: A History| location= Toronto | publisher= University of Toronto Press | year = 1988| }}</ref> In committing these acts the Poles did not, however, actually kill large numbers of civilians. |
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In September [[1939]], following the outbreak of [[World War II]] and pursuant to the [[Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact]], Poland was occupied in the west by [[Nazi Germany]] and in the east by the [[Soviet Union]]. Volhyn fell within the [[Soviet]] zone of occupation. Within two years, in June [[1941]], with [[Adolf Hitler]]'s [[Operation Barbarossa]] invasion of the Soviet Union, Volhyn was occupied by [[Nazi Germany]]. Each successive change of authorities brought political upheavals and arrests. Local Ukrainians, to protect themselves, began forming resistance groups that grew into a full-fledged guerrilla army. |
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==Massacres== |
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[[Image:Wolyn1943.jpg|thumb|right|Four children affixed with nails and bound to a tree with [[barbed wire]] at the village of Łobozowa ([[Tarnopol Voivodship]]), part of large-scale [[massacres of Poles in Volhynia]] (in prewar southeastern Poland) in [[1943]].]] |
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It is claimed that in February [[1944]] local elements of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army began attacking the Polish minority population, killing many in an effort to drive the Poles out of Volhyn. These actions were conducted by many units and seemed well-coordinated. A delegates of the [[Polish government-in-exile]] J.Z.Rumel and K.Markiewicz, together with a group of representatives from the Polish [[Armia Krajowa|Home Army]], attempted to negotiate with UPA leaders, but soon they were found murdered (on [[July 8]], [[1943]]). Within three days, on [[July 11]], a round of massacres began, with many reports of UPA units marching from village to village, killing Polish civilians. The massacres lasted 5 days, until [[July 16]]. It is also asserted that the UPA continued the [[ethnic cleansing]], particularly in rural areas, until most Poles had been deported, killed or expelled. After 1944, the scale of such actions was limited. |
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[[Wehrmacht|German army]] and police forces largely ignored the ethnic conflicts, though there are reports of Germans supplying weapons to both Ukrainians and Poles. These reports are not based on reliable evidence, however. Special German units formed from collaborationist Ukrainian or Polish police were also involved, and some of their crimes have been attributed to either the Polish [[Armia Krajowa|Home Army]] or the Ukrainian [[UPA]]. |
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It has been questioned whether these actions were ordered by UPA authorities or resulted from independent decisions by local commanders. No evidence of such UPA orders has been found. Documents discovered by Polish historians have been shown to be fabrications{{fact}}. Recently, however, documents found in KGB archives by the rector of the Ukrainian University in Moscow show that the [[NKVD]] was also actively involved in the massacres, sending specially trained troops into the area to discredit the UPA[http://www.hro.org/editions/karta/nr2/upa.htm]. |
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The Soviet and Nazi invasions of pre-war eastern Poland, the UPA massacres of Poles, and postwar Soviet expulsions all contributed to the virtual elimination of a Polish presence in the region. |
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==Casualties== |
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Exact numbers of civilian victims remain unknown. Various historians estimate the number at between 35,000 and 60,000 in Volhyn alone, while estimates of all Polish victims of [[ethnic cleansing]] in Ukraine run as high as 100,000 or even 500,000. |
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Retaliation by Polish [[Armia Krajowa|Home Army]] forces resulted in the deaths of 10-60,000 Ukrainian civilians in the region; the exact number is not documented. |
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The numbers cited possibly include victims of [[Germany|German]] ''[[Schutzmannschaft]]'' and [[Soviet partisans]]. |
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Efforts are ongoing to bring about reconciliation between [[Poles]] and [[Ukrainians]] over these tragic events. The Polish [[Institute of National Remembrance]], which is conducting an extensive investigation of them, has so far collected over 10,000 pages of documents and protocols. |
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== References == |
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::'''Inline:''' |
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<references/> |
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::'''General:''' |
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* Filip Ożarowski ''Wolyn Aflame'', Publishing House WICI, 1977, ISBN 0965548813. |
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* {{en icon}} [[Wiktor Poliszczuk]] "Bitter truth": The criminality of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA), the testimony of a Ukrainian, ISBN 0969944497 |
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* Tadeusz Piotrowski: ''Genocide and Rescue in Wolyn: Recollections of the Ukrainian Nationalist Ethnic Cleansing Campaign Against the Poles During World War II'', McFarland & Company, 2000, ISBN 0786407735. |
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* Tadeusz Piotrowski: ''Vengeance of the Swallows: Memoir of a Polish Family's Ordeal Under Soviet Aggression, Ukrainian Ethnic Cleansing and Nazi Enslavement, and Their Emigration to America'', McFarland & Company, 1995, ISBN 0786400013. |
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* Mikolaj Teres: ''Ethnic Cleansing of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia'', Alliance of the Polish Eastern Provinces, 1993, ISBN 0969802005. |
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* {{ru icon}}/{{uk icon}} ''[[Zerkalo Nedeli]]'' (the Mirror Weekly), Feb. 15-21, 2003, the issue devoted to the 60th anniversary of the events. Available online [http://www.zerkalo-nedeli.com/ie/razdel/431/1030/ in Russian] and [http://www.zn.kiev.ua/ie/razdel/431/1030/ in Ukrainian]. |
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* {{pl icon}} Andrzej L. Sowa, ''Stosunki polsko-ukraińskie 1939-1947'', Kraków 1998, ISBN 839093158 |
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==See also== |
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* [[14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS Galizien (1st Ukrainian)]] |
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* [[27th Polish Home Army Infantry Division]] |
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* [[Action Vistula]] |
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* [[Anti-Polonism]] |
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* [[Nachtigall]] |
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* [[Operation Tempest]] |
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* [[Pawłokoma massacre]] |
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== External links == |
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*[http://www.archives.gov.ua/Sections/Wolyn Volhynia and Eastern Galicia 1943–1944. Documents of State Committee on Archives of Ukraine] |
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*[http://www.archives.gov.ua/Sections/Wolyn/docs.php Tragedy of Volhynia 1943–1944. Documents of State Committee on Archives of Ukraine] |
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*[http://web.mit.edu/cis/www/migration/pubs/rrwp/9_resolve.html To resolve the Ukrainian Question Once and for all: the ethnic cleansing of Ukrainians in Poland 1943-1947, written by Yale historian Timothy Snyder] |
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[[Category:History of Ukraine]] |
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[[Category:World War II crimes in Poland]] |
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[[de:Massaker von Wolyn]] |
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[[pl:Rzeź wołyńska]] |
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Revision as of 14:02, 21 July 2006
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