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[[File:DNA to protein or ncRNA.svg|thumb|300px|Protein coding genes are transcribed to an [[mRNA]] intermediate, then translated to a functional [[protein]]. RNA-coding genes are transcribed to a functional [[non-coding RNA]]. ({{PDB|3BSE}}, {{PDB2|1OBB}}, {{PDB2|3TRA}})|alt=A protein-coding gene in DNA being transcribed and translated to a functional protein or a non-protein-coding gene being transcribed to a functional RNA]] |
[[File:DNA to protein or ncRNA.svg|thumb|300px|Protein coding genes are transcribed to an [[mRNA]] intermediate, then translated to a functional [[protein]]. RNA-coding genes are transcribed to a functional [[non-coding RNA]]. ({{PDB|3BSE}}, {{PDB2|1OBB}}, {{PDB2|3TRA}})|alt=A protein-coding gene in DNA being transcribed and translated to a functional protein or a non-protein-coding gene being transcribed to a functional RNA]] |
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A typical protein-coding genes is first copied into [[RNA]] as an intermediate in the manufacture of the final protein product.<ref name = "MBOC">{{cite book | first1 = Bruce | last1 = Alberts | first2 = Alexander | last2 = Johnson | first3 = Julian | last3 = Lewis | first4 = Martin | last4 = Raff | first5 = Keith | last5 = Roberts | first6 = Peter | last6 = Walter | name-list-format = vanc | author1-link = Bruce Alberts | author3-link = Julian Lewis (biologist) | author4-link = Martin Raff | author6-link = Peter Walter | title = Molecular Biology of the Cell | edition = Fourth | publisher = Garland Science | location = New York | year = 2002 | isbn = 978-0-8153-3218-3 | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21054/ }}</ref>{{efn|[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26887/#A977 Portions of DNA Sequence Are Transcribed into RNA]}} In other cases, the RNA molecules are the actual functional products, as in the synthesis of [[ribosomal RNA]] and [[transfer RNA]]. Some RNAs known as [[ribozyme]]s are capable of [[enzyme|enzymatic function]], and [[microRNA]] has a regulatory role. The [[DNA]] sequences from which such RNAs are transcribed are known as [[RNA gene]]s. |
A typical protein-coding genes is first copied into [[RNA]] as an intermediate in the manufacture of the final protein product.<ref name = "MBOC">{{cite book | first1 = Bruce | last1 = Alberts | first2 = Alexander | last2 = Johnson | first3 = Julian | last3 = Lewis | first4 = Martin | last4 = Raff | first5 = Keith | last5 = Roberts | first6 = Peter | last6 = Walter | name-list-format = vanc | author1-link = Bruce Alberts | author3-link = Julian Lewis (biologist) | author4-link = Martin Raff | author6-link = Peter Walter | title = Molecular Biology of the Cell | edition = Fourth | publisher = Garland Science | location = New York | year = 2002 | isbn = 978-0-8153-3218-3 | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21054/ }}</ref>{{efn|[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26887/#A977 Portions of DNA Sequence Are Transcribed into RNA]}}[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26887 {{rp|6.1}}] In other cases, the RNA molecules are the actual functional products, as in the synthesis of [[ribosomal RNA]] and [[transfer RNA]]. Some RNAs known as [[ribozyme]]s are capable of [[enzyme|enzymatic function]], and [[microRNA]] has a regulatory role. The [[DNA]] sequences from which such RNAs are transcribed are known as [[RNA gene]]s. |
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Some [[virus]]es store their entire genomes in the form of [[RNA]], and contain no DNA at all. Because they use RNA to store genes, their [[cell (biology)|cellular]] [[host (biology)|hosts]] may synthesize their proteins as soon as they are [[infection|infected]] and without the delay in waiting for transcription. On the other hand, RNA [[retrovirus]]es, such as [[HIV]], require the [[reverse transcription]] of their [[genome]] from RNA into DNA before their proteins can be synthesized. RNA-mediated [[epigenetic]] inheritance has also been observed in plants and very rarely in animals.<ref name=morris>{{cite journal|last1=Morris|first1=KV|last2=Mattick|first2=JS|title=The rise of regulatory RNA.|journal=Nature reviews. Genetics|date=June 2014|volume=15|issue=6|pages=423–37|pmid=24776770}}</ref> |
Some [[virus]]es store their entire genomes in the form of [[RNA]], and contain no DNA at all. Because they use RNA to store genes, their [[cell (biology)|cellular]] [[host (biology)|hosts]] may synthesize their proteins as soon as they are [[infection|infected]] and without the delay in waiting for transcription. On the other hand, RNA [[retrovirus]]es, such as [[HIV]], require the [[reverse transcription]] of their [[genome]] from RNA into DNA before their proteins can be synthesized. RNA-mediated [[epigenetic]] inheritance has also been observed in plants and very rarely in animals.<ref name=morris>{{cite journal|last1=Morris|first1=KV|last2=Mattick|first2=JS|title=The rise of regulatory RNA.|journal=Nature reviews. Genetics|date=June 2014|volume=15|issue=6|pages=423–37|pmid=24776770}}</ref> |
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Revision as of 18:01, 21 April 2015
RNA genes
A typical protein-coding genes is first copied into RNA as an intermediate in the manufacture of the final protein product.[1][a]: 6.1 In other cases, the RNA molecules are the actual functional products, as in the synthesis of ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA. Some RNAs known as ribozymes are capable of enzymatic function, and microRNA has a regulatory role. The DNA sequences from which such RNAs are transcribed are known as RNA genes.
Some viruses store their entire genomes in the form of RNA, and contain no DNA at all. Because they use RNA to store genes, their cellular hosts may synthesize their proteins as soon as they are infected and without the delay in waiting for transcription. On the other hand, RNA retroviruses, such as HIV, require the reverse transcription of their genome from RNA into DNA before their proteins can be synthesized. RNA-mediated epigenetic inheritance has also been observed in plants and very rarely in animals.[2]
Notes
References
- ^ Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter (2002). Molecular Biology of the Cell (Fourth ed.). New York: Garland Science. ISBN 978-0-8153-3218-3.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|name-list-format=ignored (|name-list-style=suggested) (help) - ^ Morris, KV; Mattick, JS (June 2014). "The rise of regulatory RNA". Nature reviews. Genetics. 15 (6): 423–37. PMID 24776770.
Bibliography
- Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter (2002). Molecular Biology of the Cell (Fourth ed.). New York: Garland Science. ISBN 978-0-8153-3218-3.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|name-list-format=ignored (|name-list-style=suggested) (help) - Watson, James D.; Baker, Tania A.; Bell, Stephen P.; Gann, Alexander; Levine, Michael; Losick, Richard (2013). Molecular Biology of the Gene (7th ed.). Benjamin Cummings. ISBN 978-0-321-90537-6.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|name-list-format=ignored (|name-list-style=suggested) (help)