Footballfish: Difference between revisions
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| image = Himantolophus groenlandicus.png |
| image = Himantolophus groenlandicus.png |
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| image_width = 220px |
| image_width = 220px |
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| image_caption = [[Atlantic footballfish]]<br>(female; skeleton & body outline) |
| image_caption = [[Atlantic footballfish]]<br>''[[Himantolophus groenlandicus]]''<br>(female; skeleton & body outline) |
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| regnum = [[Animal]]ia |
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia |
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| phylum = [[Chordata]] |
| phylum = [[Chordata]] |
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| genus_authority = [[J. C. H. Reinhardt|Reinhardt]], 1837 |
| genus_authority = [[J. C. H. Reinhardt|Reinhardt]], 1837 |
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| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]] |
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]] |
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| subdivision = |
| subdivision = See text. |
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''[[Himantolophus pseudoalbinares]]''<br> |
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''[[Himantolophus sagamius]]'' |
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The '''footballfishes''' are a [[family (biology)|family]] ('''Himantolophidae''') of globose, [[deep-sea fish|deep-sea]] [[Ceratioidei|ceratioid]] [[anglerfish]]es found in tropical and subtropical waters of the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]], [[Indian Ocean|Indian]], and [[Pacific Ocean]]. The family contains ''c.'' 19 [[species]] all in a single [[genus]], '''''Himantolophus''''' (from the [[Greek language|Greek]] ''imantos'', "thong, strap", and ''lophos'', "crest"). |
The '''footballfishes''' are a [[family (biology)|family]] ('''Himantolophidae''') of globose, [[deep-sea fish|deep-sea]] [[Ceratioidei|ceratioid]] [[anglerfish]]es found in tropical and subtropical waters of the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]], [[Indian Ocean|Indian]], and [[Pacific Ocean]]. The family contains ''c.'' 19 [[species]] all in a single [[genus]], '''''Himantolophus''''' (from the [[Greek language|Greek]] ''imantos'', "thong, strap", and ''lophos'', "crest"). |
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== Physical description == |
== Physical description == |
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| ⚫ | As in other deep-sea anglerfish families, [[sexual dimorphism]] is extreme: the largest females may exceed lengths of 60 cm (two feet) and are globose in shape, whereas males do not exceed 4 cm (1.5 inches) as adults and are comparatively fusiform. Their flesh is gelatinous, but thickens in the larger females, which also possess a covering of "bucklers" — round, bony plates each with a median [[spine (biology)|spine]] — that are absent in males. Both are a reddish brown to black in life. |
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| ⚫ | As in other deep-sea anglerfish families, [[sexual dimorphism]] is extreme: the largest females may exceed lengths of 60 cm (two feet) and are globose in shape, whereas males do not exceed 4 cm (1.5 inches) as adults and are comparatively fusiform. Their flesh is gelatinous, but thickens in the larger females, which also possess a covering of "bucklers"—round, bony plates each with a median [[spine (biology)|spine]]—that are absent in males. Both are a reddish brown to black in life. |
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In females, the mouth is large and oblique. The subequal jaws are anteriorly lined with rows of numerous closely-set, depressible, and retrorse [[tooth|teeth]]; [[vomer]]ine teeth are absent. Footballfish females differ from those of other ceratioid families by their shortened, blunt snout; along with the chin, it is covered in [[sensory papilla]]e. Originating above or slightly in advance of the small [[eye]] is an [[ilicium]] (the "fishing rod") and at its end a [[bioluminescence|bioluminescent]], bulbous [[esca]] (the "fishing lure", its light owing to [[symbiosis|symbiotic]] [[bacterium|bacteria]]). Escal morphology varies between species, and it may or may not possess [[denticle]]s or accessory appendages, the latter either branched or unbranched. The [[pterygiophore]] of the ilicium does not protrude from the snout, and there is no [[hyoid]] [[Barbel (anatomy)|barbel]]. |
In females, the mouth is large and oblique. The subequal jaws are anteriorly lined with rows of numerous closely-set, depressible, and retrorse [[tooth|teeth]]; [[vomer]]ine teeth are absent. Footballfish females differ from those of other ceratioid families by their shortened, blunt snout; along with the chin, it is covered in [[sensory papilla]]e. Originating above or slightly in advance of the small [[eye]] is an [[ilicium]] (the "fishing rod") and at its end a [[bioluminescence|bioluminescent]], bulbous [[esca]] (the "fishing lure", its light owing to [[symbiosis|symbiotic]] [[bacterium|bacteria]]). Escal morphology varies between species, and it may or may not possess [[denticle]]s or accessory appendages, the latter either branched or unbranched. The [[pterygiophore]] of the ilicium does not protrude from the snout, and there is no [[hyoid]] [[Barbel (anatomy)|barbel]]. |
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At maturity, the streamlined males have an enlarged posterior [[nostril]] (with 10–17 lamellae); slightly ovoid eye with an enlarged [[pupil]] creating a narrow anterior [[aphakia|aphakic]] space; no ilicium or esca; and the head and body is covered in dermal spinules, those along the snout midline being enlarged. The jaw lacks teeth, whereas those of the denticular bone have fused into a larger mass; the upper denticular bone possesses 10–17 hooked denticles. |
At maturity, the streamlined males have an enlarged posterior [[nostril]] (with 10 – 17 lamellae); slightly ovoid eye with an enlarged [[pupil]] creating a narrow anterior [[aphakia|aphakic]] space; no ilicium or esca; and the head and body is covered in dermal spinules, those along the snout midline being enlarged. The jaw lacks teeth, whereas those of the denticular bone have fused into a larger mass; the upper denticular bone possesses 10 – 17 hooked denticles. |
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In both sexes, the fins are spineless: the single [[dorsal fin]] with 5–6 soft rays, the [[pectoral fin]]s with 14–18, the [[anal fin]] with four, and the [[caudal fin]] with 19. There are six [[branchiostegal ray]]s and 19 [[vertebra]]e; the [[parietal]] is lacking throughout life, there are no [[epural]]s, and the [[pelvic bone]] is triradiate. |
In both sexes, the fins are spineless: the single [[dorsal fin]] with 5 – 6 soft rays, the [[pectoral fin]]s with 14 – 18, the [[anal fin]] with four, and the [[caudal fin]] with 19. There are six [[branchiostegal ray]]s and 19 [[vertebra]]e; the [[parietal]] is lacking throughout life, there are no [[epural]]s, and the [[pelvic bone]] is triradiate. |
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== Life history == |
== Life history == |
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Their poor musculature and cumbersome morphology indicate that, at least with respect to females, footballfishes are likely poor swimmers and largely sedentary, lie-in-wait [[predator]]s. They are primarily [[pelagic zone|mesopelagic]], living in open water, with very few caught below 1,000 m (3,280 ft). Females are [[carnivore|carnivorous]] and feed upon other pelagic fish (such as [[lanternfish]]es and [[ridgehead]]s) and [[cephalopod]]s, as well as [[shrimp]] and [[euphausiid]]s that are presumably attracted to within striking distance by the footballfishes' luminous lure. |
Their poor musculature and cumbersome morphology indicate that, at least with respect to females, footballfishes are likely poor swimmers and largely sedentary, lie-in-wait [[predator]]s. They are primarily [[pelagic zone|mesopelagic]], living in open water, with very few caught below 1,000 m (3,280 ft). Females are [[carnivore|carnivorous]] and feed upon other pelagic fish (such as [[lanternfish]]es and [[ridgehead]]s) and [[cephalopod]]s, as well as [[shrimp]] and [[euphausiid]]s that are presumably attracted to within striking distance by the footballfishes' luminous lure. |
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Upon maturity, the tiny males of most species [[metamorphosis (biology)|metamorphose]] into a [[parasite|parasitic]] form, which lacks both a lure and true teeth and is presumed not to feed. The parasitic males use their enlarged [[olfactory bulb]]s (as indicated by their enlarged nostrils) and sensitive eyes to home in on the [[pheromone]]s and possibly the species-specific lures of mature females, as is the case in other ceratioid anglerfish families. With the exception of a few species—''e.g.'', the [[Atlantic footballfish]] |
Upon maturity, the tiny males of most species [[metamorphosis (biology)|metamorphose]] into a [[parasite|parasitic]] form, which lacks both a lure and true teeth and is presumed not to feed. The parasitic males use their enlarged [[olfactory bulb]]s (as indicated by their enlarged nostrils) and sensitive eyes to home in on the [[pheromone]]s and possibly the species-specific lures of mature females, as is the case in other ceratioid anglerfish families. With the exception of a few species — ''e.g.'', the [[Atlantic footballfish]], ''Himantolophus groenlandicus'', whose males are entirely free-living — the metamorphosed males attach themselves to the body of the female using their denticular hooks; at which point the male's tissues begin to coalesce with the female's, and the former's [[gonad]]s begin to develop while all other organs degenerate. The male thus becomes inseparable from the female, deriving nourishment directly from her [[blood]]. |
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| ⚫ | Footballfishes are presumed to be non-guarders and to [[spawn]] [[pelagic]]ally. Their [[larva]]e are [[epipelagic]] (occurring in the well-lit 200 m of the water column), indicating they probably undergo an [[ontogeny|ontogenetic]] descent into deeper waters as the larvae mature. Predators of footballfishes include [[Sperm Whale]]s and other footballfishes. |
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==Species== |
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| ⚫ | Footballfishes are presumed to be non-guarders and to [[spawn]] |
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* ''[[Himantolophus pseudalbinares]]'' <small>Bertelsen & Krefft, 1988</small> |
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* [[Pacific footballfish]], ''[[Himantolophus sagamius]]'' <small>(Tanaka, 1918)</small> |
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== References == |
== References == |
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Revision as of 06:44, 20 August 2006
| Footballfishes | |
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| Atlantic footballfish Himantolophus groenlandicus (female; skeleton & body outline) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | |
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| Family: | Himantolophidae
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| Genus: | Himantolophus Reinhardt, 1837
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| Species | |
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See text. | |
The footballfishes are a family (Himantolophidae) of globose, deep-sea ceratioid anglerfishes found in tropical and subtropical waters of the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Ocean. The family contains c. 19 species all in a single genus, Himantolophus (from the Greek imantos, "thong, strap", and lophos, "crest").
Physical description
As in other deep-sea anglerfish families, sexual dimorphism is extreme: the largest females may exceed lengths of 60 cm (two feet) and are globose in shape, whereas males do not exceed 4 cm (1.5 inches) as adults and are comparatively fusiform. Their flesh is gelatinous, but thickens in the larger females, which also possess a covering of "bucklers" — round, bony plates each with a median spine — that are absent in males. Both are a reddish brown to black in life.
In females, the mouth is large and oblique. The subequal jaws are anteriorly lined with rows of numerous closely-set, depressible, and retrorse teeth; vomerine teeth are absent. Footballfish females differ from those of other ceratioid families by their shortened, blunt snout; along with the chin, it is covered in sensory papillae. Originating above or slightly in advance of the small eye is an ilicium (the "fishing rod") and at its end a bioluminescent, bulbous esca (the "fishing lure", its light owing to symbiotic bacteria). Escal morphology varies between species, and it may or may not possess denticles or accessory appendages, the latter either branched or unbranched. The pterygiophore of the ilicium does not protrude from the snout, and there is no hyoid barbel.
At maturity, the streamlined males have an enlarged posterior nostril (with 10 – 17 lamellae); slightly ovoid eye with an enlarged pupil creating a narrow anterior aphakic space; no ilicium or esca; and the head and body is covered in dermal spinules, those along the snout midline being enlarged. The jaw lacks teeth, whereas those of the denticular bone have fused into a larger mass; the upper denticular bone possesses 10 – 17 hooked denticles.
In both sexes, the fins are spineless: the single dorsal fin with 5 – 6 soft rays, the pectoral fins with 14 – 18, the anal fin with four, and the caudal fin with 19. There are six branchiostegal rays and 19 vertebrae; the parietal is lacking throughout life, there are no epurals, and the pelvic bone is triradiate.
Life history
Their poor musculature and cumbersome morphology indicate that, at least with respect to females, footballfishes are likely poor swimmers and largely sedentary, lie-in-wait predators. They are primarily mesopelagic, living in open water, with very few caught below 1,000 m (3,280 ft). Females are carnivorous and feed upon other pelagic fish (such as lanternfishes and ridgeheads) and cephalopods, as well as shrimp and euphausiids that are presumably attracted to within striking distance by the footballfishes' luminous lure.
Upon maturity, the tiny males of most species metamorphose into a parasitic form, which lacks both a lure and true teeth and is presumed not to feed. The parasitic males use their enlarged olfactory bulbs (as indicated by their enlarged nostrils) and sensitive eyes to home in on the pheromones and possibly the species-specific lures of mature females, as is the case in other ceratioid anglerfish families. With the exception of a few species — e.g., the Atlantic footballfish, Himantolophus groenlandicus, whose males are entirely free-living — the metamorphosed males attach themselves to the body of the female using their denticular hooks; at which point the male's tissues begin to coalesce with the female's, and the former's gonads begin to develop while all other organs degenerate. The male thus becomes inseparable from the female, deriving nourishment directly from her blood.
Footballfishes are presumed to be non-guarders and to spawn pelagically. Their larvae are epipelagic (occurring in the well-lit 200 m of the water column), indicating they probably undergo an ontogenetic descent into deeper waters as the larvae mature. Predators of footballfishes include Sperm Whales and other footballfishes.
Species
- Himantolophus albinares Maul, 1961
- Himantolophus appelii (Clarke, 1878)
- Himantolophus azurlucens Beebe & Crane, 1947
- Himantolophus borealis Kharin, 1984
- Himantolophus brevirostris (Regan, 1925)
- Himantolophus compressus (Osório, 1912)
- Himantolophus cornifer Bertelsen & Krefft, 1988
- Himantolophus crinitus Bertelsen & Krefft, 1988
- Himantolophus danae Regan & Trewavas, 1932
- Atlantic footballfish, Himantolophus groenlandicus Reinhardt, 1837
- Himantolophus macroceras Bertelsen & Krefft, 1988
- Himantolophus macroceratoides Bertelsen & Krefft, 1988
- Himantolophus mauli Bertelsen & Krefft, 1988
- Himantolophus melanolophus Bertelsen & Krefft, 1988
- Himantolophus multifurcatus Bertelsen & Krefft, 1988
- Himantolophus nigricornis Bertelsen & Krefft, 1988
- Himantolophus paucifilosus Bertelsen & Krefft, 1988
- Himantolophus pseudalbinares Bertelsen & Krefft, 1988
- Pacific footballfish, Himantolophus sagamius (Tanaka, 1918)
References
- Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2005). "Himantolophidae" in FishBase. October 2005 version.
- Anderson, M. Eric and Leslie, Robin W. (2001). "Review of the deep-sea anglerfishes (Lophiiformes: Ceratioidei) of southern Africa". Ichthyological Bulletin. J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology. ISSN: 0073-4381. Retrieved October 31, 2005.
- Munk, Ole. (1999). "The escal photophore of ceratioids (Pisces; Ceratioidei) — a review of structure and function". Acta Zoologica, Vol 80., Issue 4, pp. 265–284. Retrieved October 31, 2005.