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'''Qaraimits''' ({{lang-ru|''Караимиты''}}) is a Russian missioner publications term for [[Subbotniks]] <ref>[http://www.vehi.net/brokgauz/index.html Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary] |
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'''Qaraimits''' ({{lang-ru|Караимиты}}) also called '''Qaraimizers''' ({{lang-ru|Караимствующие}}); '''Bezshapochniki''' ({{lang-ru|Бесшапочники}}); '''Sabbatarians-Karaims''' ({{lang-ru|Субботников-Караимов}}); '''Russian Qaraims''' ({{lang-ru|Русские Караимы}}) '''Russian Karaites''' ({{lang-ru|Русские Караиты}}); '''Qaraimit-Sabbatarians''' ({{lang-ru|Субботники-Караимиты}}) and '''Karaite-Subbotniks/Subbotnik-Karaites''' are one of the three sects of [[Molokans|Molokan]]-[[Sabbatarians]] ({{lang-ru|Молокане-Субботники}}) including Talmudist-[[Subbotniks]] ({{lang-ru|Субботники-Талмудисты}} also called Gers {{lang-ru|Геры}}) and other Sabbatarians which comprised the so-called "Judaizers" ({{lang-ru|Жидовствующие}}) among [[Tambov Oblast]]'s [[Spiritual Christians]] ({{lang-ru|Духовные Христиане}}).<ref>"Overview of Russian sects and persuasions" by T.J. Boutkevitch pages 382-384</ref> |
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Qaraimits are normally described as a modern sect of Judaizers distinguished by their interest in Qaraimizm ({{lang-ru|Караимство}} the ways of the Qara'im) and the Pentateuch studying the Old Jewish religion, like Karaite Jews, through a plain reading of the Bible rather than just trusting Talmudic Judaism blindly. It is important to note that although interested in the methods of the Qara'im they did not actually adopt [[Karaite Judaism]]. Unlike Karaite Jews, common Qaraimits are not circumcised and otherwise resemble other Sabbatarian Judaizers.<ref>S.V. Bulgakov "Handbook of heresies, sects and schisms" under Qaraimits</ref> Nevertheless, the term Qaraimits was applied to them by Jewish missionaries.<ref>[http://www.vehi.net/brokgauz/index.html Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary] |
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''Жидовствующие:'' |
''Жидовствующие:'' |
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* Субботники (в миссионерской литературе — субботники-'''караимиты''')(''Qaraimits'' is |
* Субботники (в миссионерской литературе — субботники-'''караимиты''')(''Qaraimits'' is Missioner name for [[Subbotniks]]); в Тамбовской губ. их называют староиудеями или бесшапочными. Бесшапочные не признают Талмуда, а считают единственным источником веры Ветхий Завет.</ref><ref>[http://azbyka.ru/otechnik/Spravochniki/spravochnik-po-eresjam-sektam-i-raskolam/92 S.V. Bulgakov "Handbook of heresies, sects and schisms" under Qaraimits]</ref> |
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==Distribution== |
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Besides Tambov they also lived in [[Saratov Oblast]], [[Astrakhan Oblast]], [[Volgograd Oblast]], [[Stavropol Krai]], [[Samara Oblast]], [[Khakassia]], [[Irkutsk Oblast]] along the [[Molochna River]] in [[New Russia]], in [[Krasnodar Krai]], [[Armenia]] and [[Azerbaijan]] and along the [[Russian Empire]]'s boarders with [[Persia]]. While not all statistics for all provinces are readily available, there are more than 2500 in [[Privolnoye, Azerbaijan]] alone.<ref>[http://www.biu.ac.il/js/rappaport/Research/PDF/Hoveret%206_Eng-01-16.pdf Valvl Chernin "The Subbotniks"]</ref><ref>[http://eajc.org/page34/news22117.html Velvl Chernin, "Subbotnik Jews as a sub-ethnic group"]</ref> |
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==History== |
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The history of the Qaraimits is an interesting testimony to how Qaraimizm rather than Western [[Protestantism]] influenced the development of [[low-Church]] Christianity in Russia. The Judaizers entered Russia from Lithuania in the XV century as a mixture of Judaism and Christianity.<ref>S.V. Bulgakov "Handbook of heresies, sects and schisms" under Judaizers</ref> This gives Qaraimits a very distinct origin from other "Qaraite" groups also called Qaraims ({{lang-ru|Караимы}}) and Staroiudeyami ({{lang-ru|староиудеями}}) which could include the Lithuanian Karaites and [[Crimean Karaites]]. Under Russian authority these three groups could be treated together with the names Qaraims ({{lang-ru|Караимы}}), Russian Qaraims ({{lang-ru|Русские Караимы}}) and possibly also Russian Karaites ({{lang-ru|Русские Караиты}}) sometimes making it difficult to distinguish exactly which group is intended without careful examination of the context. |
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==Characteristics== |
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From 1870 they began to use the "Everyday Prayers for Qaraims" by [[Avraham Firkovich]] ([[Vilna]] 1870) for their liturgy, which in 1882 they were allowed to publish in Russian as "Порядок молитв для караимов". <ref>[http://lvov.judaica.spb.ru/judaizers-summary.shtml Alexander Lvov, "Plough and Pentateuch: Russian Judaizers as Textual Community" ] excerpts available online [http://lvov.judaica.spb.ru/case.shtml 1], [http://lvov.judaica.spb.ru/problems.shtml 2], [http://lvov.judaica.spb.ru/gersub.shtml 3]</ref> It was based on the Siddur tefillot ke-minhag ha-Karaim by Isaak ben Solomon Ickowicz. In 1935, Simon Firkovich introduced [[The Lord's Prayer]] into the Karaite Siddur under such inflluence.<ref>Mikhail Kizilov "Karaites in North-Eastern Europe: The Karaite Community of Troki between the Two World Wars"</ref> Unlike Crimean Karaites the Russian Karaites used the term karaimskii iazyk (Karaim language) to designate Hebrew and not the Turkic [[Karaim language]].<ref>Mikhail Kizilov "The Sons of Scripture: The Karaites in Poland and Lithuania in the Twentieth Century" page 91</ref> which is significant because unlike the Judaized Turkic of the Karaims, the Tatar language among Russian Karaites of the Volga had not the slightest trace of Hebrew loan words.<ref>''Grigoriev V'', [http://www.knigafund.ru/books/48935/read#page11 Jewish sects in Russia ]. // Журнал Министерства внутренних дел. — ., 1846.P. 15. — p. 11-49 «…Заметим только, что наречие татарского языка , которым говорят Русские Караиты, не заключает в себе ни малейшей примеси еврейских слов… » |
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(«…We note only that the [[Tatar language]], spoken by '''Russian Karaites''', does not contain even the slightest impurity of Hebrew words…»)</ref> Ironically it was the Crimean Karaites not the Qaraimized Sabbatarian Christians who escaped the Holocaust. At [[Babi Yar]] it was reported that they were singing "Let us face death bravely as Christ did" on their way to extermination.<ref>[[Babi Yar: A Document in the Form of a Novel]] by [[Anatoly Kuznetsov]] translated by David Floyd (London: 1. Cape, 1970), p. 95</ref> This may be because the Qaraimits while not denying their Russian origins, do regard themselves as Israelites albeit only in the Spiritual sense unlike modern Crimean and Lithuanian Karaites, though this was not always the case. The Qaraimits contacts with the Crimean and Lithuanian Karaites, who, to a degree, exemplified for them “a Jewish model to be imitated”, "were occasional and never formally arranged since, in particular, normative Karaism denied the acceptance of proselytes and regarded the very existence of a community of Karaites of non-Jewish origin senseless."<ref>[http://eajc.org/page34/news22117.html Velvl Chernin, "Subbotnik Jews as a sub-ethnic group"]</ref> |
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==Organization== |
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A "Central Spiritual Board" for the Russian Qaraim Abroad is mentioned in 2010 and again in 2011 <ref>Hannelore Müller "Religionswissenschaftliche Minoritätenforschung. Zur religionshistorischen Dynamik der Karäer im Osten Europas" page 74</ref><ref>Barry Dov Walfish "Библиография Караитика: Аннотированная Библиография Караимов И Караимизма" pages xxi and 764</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Revision as of 08:24, 19 March 2016
Qaraimits ([Караимиты] Error: {{Lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help)) is a Russian missioner publications term for Subbotniks [1][2]
References
- ^ Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary Жидовствующие: * Субботники (в миссионерской литературе — субботники-караимиты)(Qaraimits is Missioner name for Subbotniks); в Тамбовской губ. их называют староиудеями или бесшапочными. Бесшапочные не признают Талмуда, а считают единственным источником веры Ветхий Завет.
- ^ S.V. Bulgakov "Handbook of heresies, sects and schisms" under Qaraimits
Further reading
- А. Львов (2002). Геры и субботники - «талмудисты и караимы», Материалы Девятой ежегодной международной междисциплинарной конференции по иудаике. [Gers and Subbotniks: "Talmudists and Karaites". In: Papers of the Ninth Annual International Interdisciplinary Conference on Jewish Studies.]. Part 1 pp. 301–312. Moscow.
- А. Львов (2003). Субботники и евреи. Предисловие к публикации очерка Моисея Кузьмина «Из быта субботников» [Subbotniks and Jews. Foreword to the reedition of the essay by Moisei Kuzmin Life of Subbotniks] (in Russian). In: literary magazine Параллели ##2 and 3.
- А. Л. Львов, А. А. Панченко, С. А. Штырков. (February 2001). Полевые исследования культуры сектантов-субботников: экспедиция «Петербургской иудаики» в Ставропольский край