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The '''Grand Pump Room''' in the Abbey Church Yard, [[Bath, Somerset]], England |
The '''Grand Pump Room''' is a historic building in the Abbey Church Yard, [[Bath, Somerset]], England. It has been designated as a Grade I [[listed building]] since 1950.<ref name="IoEmain">{{cite web|url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/Details/Default.aspx?id=442110|title=Grand Pump Room |work=Images of England|publisher=English Heritage|accessdate=2009-07-22}}</ref><ref name="BLB">{{cite web|url=http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en-509411-grand-pump-room-#.V8XcCJgrKM8|title=Grand Pump Room, Bath|website=British Listed Buildings|access-date=30 August 2016}}</ref> Along with the [[Bath Assembly Rooms|Lower Assembly Rooms]], it formed a complex where social activity was centred, and where visitors to the city gathered.<ref>{{cite book |title=A Biographical Dictionary of British Architects, 1600–1840 |last=Colvin |first=Howard |authorlink=Howard Colvin |isbn=0-300-07207-4 |year=1997 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven }}</ref> |
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The main block, built of [[Bath stone]], was begun |
The present building replaced an earlier one on the same site, designed by John Harvey at the request of [[Beau Nash]], Bath's master of ceremonies, in 1706, before the discovery of Roman remains nearby. The main block, built of [[Bath stone]], was begun by [[Thomas Baldwin (architect)|Thomas Baldwin]], and the foundations of a Roman temple precinct were discovered during preparatory excavations. The North Colonnade of nine bays, with unfluted [[Ionic order|Ionic]] columns, was built by Baldwin in 1786–90.<ref name=NColList>{{cite web|title=North Colonnade at Grand Pump Room|url=https://www.historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1395195|work=National Heritage List for England|publisher=Historic England|date=2010-10-15|accessdate=2016-07-26}}</ref> |
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Baldwin was dismissed,<ref name="Forsyth2003">{{cite book|author=Michael Forsyth|title=Bath|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HXrQN-GkmdYC&pg=PP6|year=2003|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-10177-5|pages=6–}}</ref> as a result of financial mismanagement in his handling of the large sums of money allocated to the purchase of raw materials such as timber and stone. Archaeological evidence reveals that he laid the foundations for a [[portico]] at the north front of the Pump Room, but this was never completed, and Baldwin was declared bankrupt in September 1793.<ref name="Root">{{cite web|url=https://www.bathspa.ac.uk/Media/CHC%20Images/Vol%2005%20-%2004.%20Root%20-%20Thomas%20Baldwin%20-%20His%20Public%20Career%20in%20Bath,%201775-1793.pdf|author=Jane Root|title=Thomas Baldwin - His Public Career in Bath, 1775-1793|page=94-98|website=Bath Spa University|access-date=31 August 2016}}</ref> Another Bath-based architect and Baldwin's long-time rival, [[John Palmer (Bath architect)|John Palmer]], took his place as city architect and continued the scheme from 1793, altering Baldwin's design of the northern elevation, moving the location of the capitals that had been intended for the portico.<ref name="BLB"/> Palmer orderd The building was opened by [[Princess Frederica Charlotte of Prussia|the Duchess of York]] on 28 December 1795<ref name=Listing>{{cite web|title=Grand Pump Room|url=https://www.historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1394019|work=National Heritage List for England|publisher=Historic England|date=2010-10-15|accessdate=2016-07-26}}</ref> and was finally finished in 1799.<ref name="IoEmain"/> |
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| ⚫ | The South Colonnade (completed 1789)<ref name=SColList>{{cite web|title=South Colonnade at Grand Pump Room|url=https://www.historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1395196|work=National Heritage List for England|publisher=Historic England|date=2010-10-15|accessdate=2016-07-26}}</ref> is similar to the North Colonnade but had an upper floor added in the late 19th century.<ref name="IoEScol">{{cite web|url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/Details/Default.aspx?id=442112|title=South Colonnade at Grand Pump Room|work=Images of England|publisher=English Heritage|accessdate=2009-07-22}}</ref> The colonnades and side wall of the Pump Room have a facade on [[Stall Street, Bath|Stall Street]], with [[Corinthian order|Corinthian]] half columns thought to have been influenced by the design of the Temple at [[Bassae]]. [[Willey Reveley]], a contemporary expert on [[Greek architecture]], was consulted about Palmer's revised plans.<ref name="Root"/> However, the aspect of the building was altered by the construction in 1897 of a concert hall designed by J M Brydon.<ref>{{cite web | title= Concert Hall | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=442115 | accessdate=2007-10-30}}</ref> |
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The interior of the Pump Room was described in [[John Feltham|Feltham]]’s ''Guide to all the Watering and Sea-Bathing Places etc.'' (1813) as follows:<ref>{{cite book|author=John Feltham|title=A guide to all the watering and sea-bathing places|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=NQ4HAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA331|year=1815|pages=331–}}</ref> |
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==Literary references== |
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<blockquote>This noble room was built in 1797 under the direction of Mr. Baldwin, architect. It is 60 feet long by 46 wide, and 31 feet high. The inside is set round with three quarter columns of the Corinthian order, crowned with an entablature, and a covering of five feet. In a recess at the West-end is the music gallery, and in another at the East an excellent time-piece, over which is a marble statue of king Nash, executed by Hoare, at the expense of the corporation. In the Centre of the South-side is a marble vase from which issue the waters, with a fire-place on each side.</blockquote> |
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The Pump Room was featured in [[Jane Austen]] novels, including ''[[Northanger Abbey]]'' and ''[[Persuasion (novel)|Persuasion]]''. It was a meeting place for the upper class. |
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The marble vase from which visitors could drink the waters for medicinal purposes is also mentioned in Tunstall's 1860 guide to taking the waters, which also gives admission prices for the Pump Room and the adjoining King's and Queen's Baths.<ref name="Tunstall1860">{{cite book|author=James Tunstall|title=The Bath Waters: Their Uses and Effects in the Cure and Relief of Various Chronic Diseases|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=C60HAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA166|year=1860|publisher=John Churchill|pages=166–}}</ref> Works by local artists [[William Hoare]] (died 1792)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pastellists.com/Articles/Hoare.pdf|title=Dictionary of Pastellists before 1800 (online edition)|author=Neil Jeffares|access-date=31 August 2016}}</ref> and [[Thomas Gainsborough]] (died 1788) were also displayed there. |
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Original drawings by Palmer were discovered during the 1990s, which revealed how he and his predecessor Baldwin had planned the [[Cross Bath]], which has since been restored in keeping with their intentions. The Cross Bath is now open to the public as a bathing spa, as part of the [[Thermae Bath Spa]] project.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thermaebathspa.com/news-info/about-the-spa/the-spa-project-buildings|title=The Spa Project Buildings|website=Thermae Bath Spa|access-date=31 August 2016}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | Next to the main street entrance to the [[Roman Baths (Bath)|Roman Baths]], visitors can drink the waters from the warm spring which is the source of the baths. The building now also houses a restaurant, where afternoon tea can be taken.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/SiteCollectionDocuments/Environment%20and%20Planning/Low%20res%20World%20Site%20Plan.pdf|title= City of Bath World Heritage Site Management Plan|publisher=Bath and North East Somerset Council|accessdate=2010-11-10}}</ref> Music in the restaurant is provided by the Pump Room Trio — the longest established resident ensemble in Europe<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bestloved.com/attractions/the-roman-baths-and-pump-room-in-bath-somerset-west-country-england-uk.php|title=The Roman Baths & Pump Room|publisher=Best loved hotels|accessdate=2009-07-22}}</ref> — or by a pianist. There has been music in the Pump Room since the opening of the original building in 1706, when Beau Nash put together his own band to perform there. A "Pump Room Orchestra" later came into being, with [[Gustav Holst]] being one of its guest conductors during the early 20th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bathchronicle.co.uk/history-pump-room-music/story-13677757-detail/story.html|title=At last a history of Pump Room music|website=Bath Chronicle|date=27 October 2011|access-date=31 August 2016}}</ref> |
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==Jane Austen== |
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The novelist [[Jane Austen]] was familiar with the Pump Room, which is used as a setting in her novels ''[[Northanger Abbey]]'' and ''[[Persuasion (novel)|Persuasion]]''. It was a meeting place for fashionable people, where "Every creature in Bath [...] was to be seen in the room at different periods of the fashionable hours".<ref>{{cite book|title=Northanger Abbey|author=Jane Austen|publisher=John Murray|date=December 1817}}</ref> It is here that Catherine Morland, the heroine of ''Northanger Abbey'' first meets her future husband, Henry Tilney. In ''Persuasion'', Admiral Croft retires to Bath to take the waters, because of his [[gout]]. The Pump Room was used as a filming location in screen adaptations of both novels.<ref name="movie">{{cite web|url=http://www.romanbaths.co.uk/sites/roman_baths/files/heritage/Bath_Movie_Map_A4.pdf|title=Bath Movie Map|website=Roman Baths|access-date=31 August 2016}}</ref> |
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==Film location== |
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In addition to adaptations of Austen's novels, the Pump Room has been used in films such as ''[[The Music Lovers]]'' (1969) and television series such as ''[[Bonekickers]]''. The neighbouring Abbey Churchyard was used in the filming of ''[[Other People's Children (TV series)|Other People's Children]]'' (2000) and ''[[Bertie & Elizabeth]]''.<ref name="movie"/> |
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==Gallery== |
==Gallery== |
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Revision as of 20:22, 31 August 2016
| Grand Pump Room | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Location | Bath, Somerset, England |
| Built | 1789-1799 |
| Architect | Thomas Baldwin and John Palmer |
Listed Building – Grade I | |
| Official name | Grand Pump Room |
| Designated | 12 June 1950[1] |
| Reference no. | 442110 |
Listed Building – Grade I | |
| Official name | North Colonnade |
| Designated | 12 June 1950[2] |
| Reference no. | 442111 |
Listed Building – Grade I | |
| Official name | South Colonnade |
| Designated | 12 June 1950[3] |
| Reference no. | 442112 |
  Location of Grand Pump Room in Somerset | |
The Grand Pump Room is a historic building in the Abbey Church Yard, Bath, Somerset, England. It has been designated as a Grade I listed building since 1950.[1][4] Along with the Lower Assembly Rooms, it formed a complex where social activity was centred, and where visitors to the city gathered.[5]
The present building replaced an earlier one on the same site, designed by John Harvey at the request of Beau Nash, Bath's master of ceremonies, in 1706, before the discovery of Roman remains nearby. The main block, built of Bath stone, was begun by Thomas Baldwin, and the foundations of a Roman temple precinct were discovered during preparatory excavations. The North Colonnade of nine bays, with unfluted Ionic columns, was built by Baldwin in 1786–90.[6]
Baldwin was dismissed,[7] as a result of financial mismanagement in his handling of the large sums of money allocated to the purchase of raw materials such as timber and stone. Archaeological evidence reveals that he laid the foundations for a portico at the north front of the Pump Room, but this was never completed, and Baldwin was declared bankrupt in September 1793.[8] Another Bath-based architect and Baldwin's long-time rival, John Palmer, took his place as city architect and continued the scheme from 1793, altering Baldwin's design of the northern elevation, moving the location of the capitals that had been intended for the portico.[4] Palmer orderd The building was opened by the Duchess of York on 28 December 1795[9] and was finally finished in 1799.[1]
The South Colonnade (completed 1789)[10] is similar to the North Colonnade but had an upper floor added in the late 19th century.[3] The colonnades and side wall of the Pump Room have a facade on Stall Street, with Corinthian half columns thought to have been influenced by the design of the Temple at Bassae. Willey Reveley, a contemporary expert on Greek architecture, was consulted about Palmer's revised plans.[8] However, the aspect of the building was altered by the construction in 1897 of a concert hall designed by J M Brydon.[11]
The interior of the Pump Room was described in Feltham’s Guide to all the Watering and Sea-Bathing Places etc. (1813) as follows:[12]
This noble room was built in 1797 under the direction of Mr. Baldwin, architect. It is 60 feet long by 46 wide, and 31 feet high. The inside is set round with three quarter columns of the Corinthian order, crowned with an entablature, and a covering of five feet. In a recess at the West-end is the music gallery, and in another at the East an excellent time-piece, over which is a marble statue of king Nash, executed by Hoare, at the expense of the corporation. In the Centre of the South-side is a marble vase from which issue the waters, with a fire-place on each side.
The marble vase from which visitors could drink the waters for medicinal purposes is also mentioned in Tunstall's 1860 guide to taking the waters, which also gives admission prices for the Pump Room and the adjoining King's and Queen's Baths.[13] Works by local artists William Hoare (died 1792)[14] and Thomas Gainsborough (died 1788) were also displayed there.
Original drawings by Palmer were discovered during the 1990s, which revealed how he and his predecessor Baldwin had planned the Cross Bath, which has since been restored in keeping with their intentions. The Cross Bath is now open to the public as a bathing spa, as part of the Thermae Bath Spa project.[15]
Next to the main street entrance to the Roman Baths, visitors can drink the waters from the warm spring which is the source of the baths. The building now also houses a restaurant, where afternoon tea can be taken.[16] Music in the restaurant is provided by the Pump Room Trio — the longest established resident ensemble in Europe[17] — or by a pianist. There has been music in the Pump Room since the opening of the original building in 1706, when Beau Nash put together his own band to perform there. A "Pump Room Orchestra" later came into being, with Gustav Holst being one of its guest conductors during the early 20th century.[18]
Jane Austen
The novelist Jane Austen was familiar with the Pump Room, which is used as a setting in her novels Northanger Abbey and Persuasion. It was a meeting place for fashionable people, where "Every creature in Bath [...] was to be seen in the room at different periods of the fashionable hours".[19] It is here that Catherine Morland, the heroine of Northanger Abbey first meets her future husband, Henry Tilney. In Persuasion, Admiral Croft retires to Bath to take the waters, because of his gout. The Pump Room was used as a filming location in screen adaptations of both novels.[20]
Film location
In addition to adaptations of Austen's novels, the Pump Room has been used in films such as The Music Lovers (1969) and television series such as Bonekickers. The neighbouring Abbey Churchyard was used in the filming of Other People's Children (2000) and Bertie & Elizabeth.[20]
Gallery
-
South Colonnade entrance -
Mineral water fountain -
The current restaurant -
Pump Room in 1798
.jpg)
See also
References
- ^ a b c "Grand Pump Room". Images of England. English Heritage. Retrieved 2009-07-22.
- ^ "North Colonnade at Grand Pump Room". Images of England. English Heritage. Retrieved 2009-07-22.
- ^ a b "South Colonnade at Grand Pump Room". Images of England. English Heritage. Retrieved 2009-07-22.
- ^ a b "Grand Pump Room, Bath". British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
- ^ Colvin, Howard (1997). A Biographical Dictionary of British Architects, 1600–1840. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-07207-4.
- ^ "North Colonnade at Grand Pump Room". National Heritage List for England. Historic England. 2010-10-15. Retrieved 2016-07-26.
- ^ Michael Forsyth (2003). Bath. Yale University Press. pp. 6–. ISBN 978-0-300-10177-5.
- ^ a b Jane Root. "Thomas Baldwin - His Public Career in Bath, 1775-1793" (PDF). Bath Spa University. p. 94-98. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
- ^ "Grand Pump Room". National Heritage List for England. Historic England. 2010-10-15. Retrieved 2016-07-26.
- ^ "South Colonnade at Grand Pump Room". National Heritage List for England. Historic England. 2010-10-15. Retrieved 2016-07-26.
- ^ "Concert Hall". Images of England. Retrieved 2007-10-30.
- ^ John Feltham (1815). A guide to all the watering and sea-bathing places. pp. 331–.
- ^ James Tunstall (1860). The Bath Waters: Their Uses and Effects in the Cure and Relief of Various Chronic Diseases. John Churchill. pp. 166–.
- ^ Neil Jeffares. "Dictionary of Pastellists before 1800 (online edition)" (PDF). Retrieved 31 August 2016.
- ^ "The Spa Project Buildings". Thermae Bath Spa. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
- ^ "City of Bath World Heritage Site Management Plan" (PDF). Bath and North East Somerset Council. Retrieved 2010-11-10.
- ^ "The Roman Baths & Pump Room". Best loved hotels. Retrieved 2009-07-22.
- ^ "At last a history of Pump Room music". Bath Chronicle. 27 October 2011. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
- ^ Jane Austen (December 1817). Northanger Abbey. John Murray.
- ^ a b "Bath Movie Map" (PDF). Roman Baths. Retrieved 31 August 2016.