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Frontespiece of 'De Nova Stella Disputatio' by Johannes van Heeck, 1605

Not to be confused with Johann Eck or Jan van den Hecke.

Johannes van Heeck, (Deventer 2 February 1579 - presumably Sant'Angelo Romano c.1620), (also known as Johann Heck, Joannes Eck, Johannes Heckius, and Giovanni Ecchio) was a Dutch physician, naturalist, alchemist and astrologer. Together with Prince Federico Cesi, Anastasio de Filiis and Francesco Stelluti, he was one of the four founding members of the Accademia dei Lincei, the first learned society dedicated to the advancement of understanding of the natural world through scientific enquiry.

Family Background

Johannes van Heeck was one of five children in a family of wealthy merchants. His father was Willem, son of Willem van Heeck, and his mother was Lutgardt, daughter of Gerrit. Between 1587 and 1591 his father, a Catholic, was one of Deventer's political leaders, elected senator and consul in 1589. For this reason, when Protestant forces under Maurice of Nassau took the city in 1591, Willem van Heeck was fined 150 guilders for being a leader of the Catholic party and a collaborator of the hated Phillip II of Spain.

Johannes received a humanist education, studying Latin, Greek, theology, astronomy and astrology, and making an exact observation of the comet that appeared in 1591, which he described in one of his later treatises as a bad omen for a life full of bitterness and pain. Under Calvinist rule, the position of his family became more precarious in Deventer and eventually his parents decided to send him to Italy to continue his education.

Early career

In a later autobiographical poem, he recounted the story of his travelling adventures in Germany and Switzerland. He traveled on to Milan, Parma, Ferrara, Venice, Bologna and Rome, staying for a while in Spoleto as a guest of the noble family of the Counts Gelosi, with whom he maintained a connection throughout his life, and in whose estate was the villa known as the "museum deauratum" where many of his manuscripts were composed.

Here he wrote some works of a moral literary character, such as his 1596 Epigrammata, and others on medical, magical and astrological topics. Among these was his Liber de Regimine Sanitatis Eorum Qui Studio Litterarum Incumbunt in which, inspired by De Vita Libri Tres ('The Threefold Life') of Marsilio Ficino, he examined the hygiene, diet and amorous habits of the literati. The second part of the work dealt with Ficino's ideas on magic. He discussed the influence of images on the spirit, and the occult virtues of certain plants, approaching his enquiry from the medical point of view rather than from that of the magician. He concluded the treatise with a list of secrets for healing common illnesses by using certain plants, and with a collection of "magic" recipes.

Following De Regimine we have four undated manuscripts dealing with plants and medicine:

• De Fructibus Tractatus ('Treatise on Fruits')
• Tractatus de Radicibus Herbarum Diversarum ('Treatise on the Roots of Various Herbs')
• Tractatus de Herbis ('Treatise on Herbs') and
• Tractatus de Herbis et Holeribus ('Treatise on Herbs and Vegetables')

In these he described the characteristics of various fruits, herbs and vegetables, their regions of origin, the time of their flowering, ways of preparing them and their specific medicinal use, on the basis of first-hand observation, supported by ancient sources, notably Dioscorides.

With financial backing from a supportive bishop, he then studied medicine at the University of Perugia, obtaining his doctor's degree in 1601. During this period, his writing focused on logic, theology and metaphysics. Among the more significant of his works while he studied at university were:

• Homines et Alia Animalia Prodigiosa Variarum Ignotarum Regionum (Of Humans and Other Animals)
• De mundiali machina (1598), a summary of astronomical knowledge
• De Planetarum Radiationibus in Singulis Zodiaci Signis (On the Movement of the Planets Through Each of the Signs of the Zodiac)
• another treatise on astronomy with numerous diagrams drawn by himself
• a treatise on apoplexy
• a treatise on angina pectoris entitled De Syncope (On Fainting)
• Cura Coelestis quae Inferorum Appellatur (Heavenly Care), written for doctors and for all who 'love philosophy'
• Super Plinii II Historias Naturales, a commentary on Pliny's 'Natural History' ancient encyclopedia, which expanded in scope beyond the classical original, thereby warranting the ambitious title 'Liber de Mirabilibus Creaturarum Dei' (Book of the Marvels of God's Creation'). In this work, van Heeck dealt with a number of contemporary concerns of natural science, such as geocentric theory and other Copernican views, which he argued strongly against.

He practiced as a doctor first in Maenza and then in Scandriglia in the province of Rieti, held by Duke Giovanni Antonio Orsini. In the course of his medical work, van Heeck became involved in a strange dispute. He treated his patients, who were mostly poor, with great zeal, using simple herbal medicines. For this reason he came into conflict with the apothecary of Scandriglia, one Casolini Ranieri, who made his living selling medicines with exotic names, more magical than scientific. Ranieri conceived a firm hatred of the foreign doctor, who was threatened to ruin his flourishing business. One night positioned himself on the route where van Heeck habitually passed and attacked him while he was alone, on horseback. Van Heeck fell from his horse but fended off his attacker with a sword. Still bleeding from his injuries, he was brought before the magistrate. Despite his plea of self-defense, he was imprisoned. The apothecary later died of his wounds, and van Heeck would have been left to rot in prison if he had not been released through the intervention of Federico Cesi, who sent Francesco Stelluti to get him out of prison and then invited him to his house in Rome. The period when Cesi, van Heeck and Stelluti lived together after van Heeck's release from prison was one of an intense exchange of ideas and the shaping of plans, which led to the idea of forming a mutual-instruction society.

Accademia dei Lincei

This close partnership between Cesi, van Heeck and Stelluti which led soon after to their founding of the Accademia dei Lincei, together with Anastasio de Filiis, on 17 August 1603. There is no doubt that van Heeck played a key role in the conception and organization of the Academy. He was the most experienced, educated and famous member of the group, and he clearly took the lead in many of the group's ventures, though he was the second youngest. Like all its members, he adopted a pseudonym ("Illuminato"), an emblem (a quarter-moon illuminated by a triangle from the sun) and the motto "A Patre luminum" ('from the father of lights'). It was van Heeck who chose as the Academy's patron saint John the Baptist, the apostle of arcane visions. He also drafted its articles of association, and devised its ceremonial.

Van Heeck referred to the Accademia as 'the most sagacious investigators of the secrets of nature, and dedicated to the Paracelsan disciplines' - indicating thereby that like the Swiss physician, they believed that empirical observation was essential for developing an understanding of the world, rather than reliance on established scholarly authorities.

There has been speculation that the connections between the Accademia's members were not confined to the intellectual sphere, and, specifically in the case of the relationship between Federico Cesi and Johannes van Heeck, that it was probably sexual in nature.

Travels in Europe

In the spring of 1604, Prince Cesi's father the Duke of Acquasparta was so concerned about the activities of the Accademia dei Lincei and what he considered the nefarious influence of van Heeck over his son that he denounced him to the Roman Inquisition. This effectively broke the four friends up, and van Heeck was obliged to say farewell to Cesi and leave Italy, embarking on a tour of numerous European countries. He went first to Siena, Pisa and Florence, then to Milan and Turin, where he met Giovanni Botero at the Court of Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy. Later he crossed the Alps and went to England, Norway, France, Poland, Germany and Bohemia.

While he was travelling, Federico Cesi sent him money regularly, to buy rare books on alchemy and the natural sciences, which were then added to his collection the Accademia dei Lincei. as well as collecting books, objects and rare plants for the Accademia's collections, van Heeck was also a kind of roving ambassador, telling educated men in each city about its work and publicising its activities to win the sympathy of the powerful and the learned.

During his travels, he was attacked by robbers and forced to swallow his membership ring of the Accademia in order to prevent it from falling into the hands of his attackers. His many observations on his travels are held in the Bibliothèque interuniversitaire de Montpellier under the title Fructus itineris ad Septentrionales.

https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8AqoDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT104&lpg=PT104&dq=heckius&source=bl&ots=Gi9gaFu1pm&sig=R2nmYpbUKlDRcOIMTGhEfURHiF8&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwifve7z_uLUAhUlIMAKHQUWCOw4ChDoAQg8MAU#v=onepage&q=heckius&f=false

After many months on the road he eventually found a place in Prague at the court of Emperor Rudolf II in Prague, a very enlightened and generous man who was interested in the research of the Accademia dei Lincei. Rudolf had been patron to Tycho Brahe until the latter's death in 1601, and at the time of van Heeck's arrival, was still patron to Johan Kepler. His court was a major international centre for scholars and researchers on many fields, and he owned one of the largest cabinet of curiosities ever assembled.

The supernova of 1604

See also: Kepler's Supernova

Kepler's illustration of the 1604 supernova in the foot of Ophiuchus (the serpent-bearer)

The standard model of the universe of that time, known as the Aristotelian model or the Ptolmaic system, held that the stars were fixed in their positions and unchanging. When unusual events took place in the sky, astronomers debated what caused them and where they were located. Some argued that they took place close to the earth, and therefore could be explained within the standard cosmological model. Others argued that they took place very far away, and therefore that the stars, contrary to what was commonly believed, could not be fixed in a 'firmament'.

In October 1604, a new star was seen. By night, it was the brightest star in the sky, and it was visible during the day as well for more than three weeks. It was studied by a number of astronomers, including Lodovico delle Colombe and Johannes Kepler, who then published their observations and conclusions. Both delle Colombe and Kepler

In his book, van Heeck set out and critiqued twelve positions put forward by other astronomers on the origins and location of supernovae. Claiming to use the measurement techniques developed by Tycho Brahe, he concluded that the supernova of 1604 showed no sign of parallax, which meant, within the cosmological models of the time, that the event could not have taken place near the earth, among the planets, but must have been located much further away, among the 'fixed' stars of the firmament or perhaps even further beyond.

Cesi greatly esteemed Kepler, and therefore edited van Heeck's text, removing anything hostile to him or to other astronomers - van Heeck had also attacked Brahe as a Calvinist and an anti-Aristotelian. Cesi also removed much of the defence of the Aristotelian cosmology, as it was important for the Accademia to align itself to new astronomical discoveries and not become entrenched in defending Aristotle. Van Heeck was furious at these editorial changes, which had been undertaken without his knowledge or permission.

add infor from https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iEueQqLQyiIC&pg=PA385&lpg=PA385&dq=johannes+van+heeck&source=bl&ots=yZst5i1T2m&sig=lX9HZJqoW2xjqRBLUhz99uNCux8&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjB3tuk7eLUAhViB8AKHYHEBwEQ6AEIYTAO#v=onepage&q=johannes%20van%20heeck&f=false

Later life

Federico Cesi's father died in 1610. This meant that the members of the Accademia could once again associate together freely and van Heck could return to Rome on a more permanent basis rather than only making occasional visits. One of the Accademia's original founders, Anastasio de Filiis, had died in 1608 and Cesi invited the elderly and highly esteemed Giambattista della Porta to join in his place. This helped the Accademia to re-establish itself and gave it greatly enhanced respectability after the mistrust it had experienced in its earlier years. The next person to join after Della Porta was Galileo Galilei.

Van Heeck eventually returned to Rome in 1614, but found the Accademia dei Lincei much changed, not least by the influence of Galileo Galilei.

Apparently by 1616 he had become insane, as he was excluded from meetings of the Accademia because of having an unsound mind. Nothing further is known about him.

Selected works

• De nova stella disputatio. Aloisius Zannettus, Rome 1605
• Disputatio de peste et quare praecipue grassatur tot ab hinc annis in Belgio, Deventer 1605 ('Discourse on the Plague, From Whence It Came Why It Lasted So Many Years in The Netherlands')
• Itineraris de septentrionales fructus ('Fruits of a Journey in the North')
• De mundi pernicie et haereticorum insania, quae in hac mundi senecta apud Belgas maxima est ('On the Destruction of the World and the Mania of Heretics, which in This Age of the World is Greatest in the Netherlands')

External links

• article on deciphering van Heeck's manuscript of “Itineris de septentrionales fructus”

References

The later years of Menelik's reign saw a number of modernising steps. Ethiopia's first bank, Bank of Abyssinia, was founded in 1905; its first hotel, the Etege Hotel, opened in 1907; its first school, the Menelik School, in 1908, and the first hospital, Menelik Hospital, in 1910.

deleted articles - Al Mansur Mahmud II and Al Muzaffar Umar II Mazzini memorial Sta Barbara chapel add relics St Nicholas church crooked

Muzaffar al-Sulaiman (Yemen) al-Malik al-Muzaffar (or al-Muazzam ) Sulaiman ( Arabic المعظم سليمان or الملك المظفر , DMG Azzam al-Malik ʿ al-Muẓaffar/al-Mu Sulaimān , † 1250 in Mansura ) of the dynasty of Ayyubid 1214-1215 was Emir of Yemen . His father was named Saad al-Din Shahanshah ( Sa ʿ d al-Dīn Šāhanšāh ) and he was a great-grandnephew of Saladin. 1214 married to the mother of his deceased cousin Sulaiman al-Nasir Ayyub and thus usurped the rule over Yemen. Against him, however, brought the family of the resident in Yemen Rasulids that brought several towns under their control. Sulaiman was set because of his failure one year later captured and in chains before Sultan al-Kamil Muhammad I of Cairo brought. He was replaced by his son in Yemen al-Mas'ud Yusuf before the country was governed from 1229 of the Rasulids. Sulaiman remained a prisoner until the 1249/50 incident in Egypt it sixth crusade was an opportunity to prove his loyalty to the Sultan. In the battle of Mansura however, he was killed. Source [ Edit ]

Abu al-Fida , Tiré the Annales d'Abou 'l-Feda , in: Reports of the Historiens Croisades (1872), Historiens orientaux I, p 87

Louis de Cahusac very good article on de wiki Dance Theory Libretti Encyclopedia Contributed articles on music and opera Encyclopédie, Philipp Blom, Fourth Estate, London 2004 p.140 He was also ‘from provincial government’ p.142

He was received by Pompadour, along with other enlightened figures Lever, Evelyne, Madame de Pompadour, ST Martin’s Griffin, NY 2000 p.69

http://www.rameau2014.fr/eng/RESSOURCES/Librettists/CAHUSAC-Louis-de-1706-1759 Louis de CAHUSAC (1706–1759). Cahusac was born in Montauban, where he worked at the Court of Aids, one of the sovereign courts under the Ancien Régime. He was a great lover of literature and was admitted to the Montauban Literary Society, founded by Lefranc de Pompignan. Having moved to Paris in 1736, he had several plays performed at the Comédie Française, while working as secretary-in-chief to the Comte de Clermont. Cahusac met Rameau at La Pouplinière’s salon when the composer was working with Voltaire for the royal court and he himself was basking in the triumph of his comédie-ballet, with music by Nicolas Racot de Grandval, L’Algérien ou Les Muses comédiennes (1744). It was the latter work, and also his play Zénéïde (1743), with its fairytale elements, that persuaded Rameau to work with him. Together they produced eight operas: Les Fêtes de Polymnie, for the French victory at Fontenoy (1745); Les Fêtes de l’Hymen et de l’Amour (1747); Zaïs (1748); Naïs (1749), for the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle; Zoroastre (1749, reworked in 1756); La Naissance d’Osiris (1754), for the birth of the future Louis XVI; Anacréon (1757); and probably also Les Boréades (1763). Collé criticised his loyalty to Rameau: ‘Only Cahusac held out; [Rameau] had made him into a sort of lackey for the provision of librettos; in his baseness of soul he had bent him to his will.’ In 1750 Cahusac wrote articles for the famous Encyclopédie, and the following year he became a member of the Royal Prussian Academy. 1754 saw the publication of his book La Danse ancienne et moderne, in which he proved that ‘dance should no longer be a ceremonial art, but an essential resource for drama’ (to quote the musicologist Thomas Soury). Cahusac was deeply in love with the singer Mlle Fel, whom he had known for ten years, and after the revival of Zoroastre in 1756 he asked her to marry him. The shock of her refusal drove him insane. He was interned at Charenton asylum, where he died, leaving behind a large fortune.